All India Radio, Kakkanad April 2016

ALL INDIA RADIO, KAKKANAD APRIL 2016
1. INTRODUCTION
Radio Broadcasting was pioneered in India by the Madras Presidency Club Radio in
1924. The club worked a broadcasting service for three years, but owing to financial
difficulties gave it up in 1927.
In the same year some enterprising businessmen in Bombay started the Indian
Broadcasting Company with stations at Bombay and Calcutta. This company failed in
1930, in 1932 the Government of India took over broadcasting. A separate department
known as Indian Broadcasting Service was opened.
The Service was later designated „All India Radio‟ (AIR) and was placed
under a separate Ministry-the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. The AIR is
controlled by a Director General, who is assisted by several deputy directors and a chief
Engineer.
Broadcasting, in its significance reach and impact constitutes the most powerful
medium of mass communication in India. Its importance, as a medium of information
and education is particularly great in a vast and developing country like India where
the reach of the printed word is not very wide or deep. While the total circulation of
all the newspapers in India, including both English and Indian language papers, is
around 8 million, there are, according to recent estimate, nearly 400 million
potential listeners to All India Radio.
Broadcasting in India is a national service, developed and operated by the

Government of India. ALL INDIA RADIO operates this service over a network of
broadcasting stations located all over the country.
As a national service, catering to the complex needs of a vast country. All India
Radio seeks to represent in its national and regional programmes, the attitudes,
aspirations and attainments of all Indian people and attempts to reflect, as fully and
faithfully as possible, the richness of the Indian scene and the reach of the Indian mind.
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2. PRESENT SETUP
Currently there are two complexes in All India Radio, Kakkanad. They are:
1. Studio cum office complex

2. Transmitter complex
The studio centre is the place where the programs are recorded, edited, produced,
and played back at the time of transmission. Even in the case of OBs (outside
broadcasts), the events being broadcast from the OB spot are invariably routed through
the studio centre for convenience of switching and other technical reasons. Thus +the
studio centre becomes the eventual outlet for all programs. The programs emanating from
the studio centre are transported electronically to the transmitting centre through the
Studio-to-Transmitter Link (STL). This is because, in most cases, broadcast transmitters
are located several kilometers away from the studio centre, usually in the outskirts of the
city. In practice, STL can be any one of the several technical options available which
include telephone lines, coaxial cables, microwave link, FM radio link etc.
The transmitting centre is the place which houses the radio transmitter and the antenna
system with the help of which the programs are transformed into 'radio' frequencies and
radiated in the form of 'electromagnetic' waves. In general, MW broadcasts are limited to
a radius of around 200 Kms., while SWs can reach (under favorable conditions) as far as
4000 Kms. FM (frequency modulation) radio, on the contrary, can provide only line-of-
sight coverage that is, at best, about 60 Kms
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3. STUDIO CUM OFFICE COMPLEX, KAKKANAD, KOCHI
A broadcasting studio is a room in studio complex which has been specially

designed and constructed to serve the purpose of originating broadcasting programs.
Whenever any musician sings and we sit in front of a performing musician to listen to
him, we enjoy the program by virtue of the superb qualities of our sensory organs namey
ears. However, when we listen to same program over the broadcast chain at ever home
through domestic receivers, the conditions are entirely different. These changes that we
experiences are because of the audio processing that are performed in a broadcasting
studio.
There three studios at AKASHVANI, KAKKANAD,KOCHI studio complex.
They are:
1 .MUSIC STUDIO
2. TALK STUDIO
3. PLAY STUDIO
Music and talk studio are together known as recording studio. A recording studio is a
facility for sound recording and mixing. Ideally both the recording and the monitoring
spaces are specially designed by an acoustician to achieve optimum acoustic properties.
Recording studios may be used by recording musicians, voice over dialogue replacement
in film, Television or animation, Foley or to record their accompanying musical sound
tracks. The typical recording studio consists of a room called “STUDIO” or “LIVE
ROOM”, where instrumentalists and vocalists perform; and the “CONTROL ROOM”,
where sound engineers operate professional audio for analog or digital recording to route
and manipulate the sound.
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Any radio broadcasting system can be understood as consisting of the following major
sub-systems:
1. Studio & Control Room

2. Studio-to-Transmitter Link (STL)
3. Transmitter
4. Radio propagation medium, and
5. Reception system (radio set).
The studio centre is the place where the programs are recorded, edited, produced, and
played back at the time of transmission. Even in the case of OBs (outside broadcasts), the
events being broadcast from the OB spot are invariably routed through the studio centre
for convenience of switching and other technical reasons. Thus the studio centre becomes
the eventual outlet for all programs.
The programs emanating from the studio centre are transported electronically to the
transmitting centre through the Studio-to-Transmitter Link (STL). This is because, in
most cases, broadcast transmitters are located several kilometers away from the studio
centre, usually in the outskirts of the city. In practice, STL can be any one of the several
technical options available which include telephone lines, coaxial cables, microwave link,
FM radio link etc.
The transmitting centre is the place which houses the radio transmitter and the antenna
system with the help of which the programmes are transformed into 'radio' frequencies
and radiated in the form of 'electromagnetic' waves.
In general, MW broadcasts are limited to a radius of around 200 Kms., while SWs can
reach (under favourable conditions) as far as 4000 Kms. FM (frequency modulation)
radio, on the contrary, can provide only line-of-sight coverage that is, at best, about 60
Kms
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The equipments in AIR can be used for the following purposes:
1. For recording of programs originating from any studio.

2. For recording of programs available in the switching.
3. Consoles in control room.
4. For dubbing of programs available on cassette tape.
3.1 MUSIC STUDIO
The music studio is an acoustically treated room attached to a control room.The studio
consists of five microphones and sufficient musical instruments. The control room
consists of work stations/computers and a control console for adjusting and checking the
quality of the program. These arrangements together are used for producing musical
programs Live musical programs can be also conducted here. Sony sound forge is the
software which is commonly used for processing the raw version of the recorded
program. The processed version of the recording is saved to the server and then it is
made available for broadcasting by scheduling it to the program list using the software
virtual studio.
3.2 TALK STUDIO
The talk studio is similar to a music studio which is an acoustically treated live
room and a control room. The live room consists of only two microphones. It is equipped
with a telephone connection which is a user friendly attribute for recording phone- in
programs. The control room consists of an additional phone –in console for conducting
phone – in programs. The acoustics of the talk studio is entirely different from a music
studio. It is conducted in such a way that the reverberation time is minimized and no echo
is experienced. The recording produced and processed at the talk studio is then forwarded
to the playback studio for transmission. Talk studio can be also used to produce live chat
programs.
3.3 PLAYBACK STUDIO
A playback studio is entirely different from all other studios. It consists of transmission
console,microphones,two workstation/computers.
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Its main functions is co-ordinating the programs,announcements and advertisements.All

the recorded programs will be available in the work station used and the programs are
send to the control room for broadcasting as per the schedule.Before the transmission of
the first program a tone of 1kHz and signature tone will be aired.A GPS clock is used
both in the studio complex and transmitting section to avoid time delay.
3.4 CONTROL ROOM STUDIO CONSOLE
The studio console is the major equipment used in the STUDIO CONTROL ROOM. It
is with the help of this device the different programs that are produced and that are
received from other stations routed to air. The various inputs to the console are the
programs from various studios,the programs that are received using a C BAND receiver
which is broadcasted from Delhi and the programs that are received via an ISDN link
from Calicut and Thiruvananthapuram. The Outputs from the console is taken through
two master amplifier which one is active ata time. This output is transmitted to the
STUDIO TRANSMITTER LINK(STL).
Fig. 3.1 Control room console
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3.5 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM AT STUDIO
The air conditioning at the studio complex is done using AC plants. There are three AC
plants at the studio, among which two are sufficient for the purpose. These two plants
supply conditioned air to different parts of studio via AC ducts that runs all over the
ceiling.
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4. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF STUDIO
Block diagram of studio complex consists of control room, talk studio, playback studio,
music studio dubbing/editing studio and control room server. It also consists a switcher
which connects all these things. The block diagram is shown in the figure below.
CONTROL ROOM TALK STUDIO
PLAYBACK DUBBING/EDITING
STUDIO STUDIO
SWITCHER
MUSIC STUDIO CONTROL ROOM

SERVER
Fig.4.1. Block diagram of studio
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5. STUDIO TRANSMISSION LINK (STL)
The programs produced at the studios are not transmitted from the same complex with
intention of preventing the problems due to interference and radiation. Instead, the
programs are transmitted from the transmission complex which is situated Dooradarshan
TV station located about two kilometers away at Kakkanad. The high quality sound
programs from AIR studio centre are normally transported to the AIR transmitting centre
with the help of a transmission link named as the STUDIO TRANSMITTER
LINK(STL).
AIR is having three types of STL called STL-01,STL-02 and STL-05. The numbers 01,02
and 05 describe the number of baseband(50hz to 15Khz) channels that could be
transported. At KOCHI we are using STL-01 since we are transmitting only one
baseband channel.
For quality transmission of the programs, STL is realized using four methods. They are:
1. Microwave link
2. 10W FM transmitter link
3. ISDN link
4. BSNL dial up link
Fig.5.1.Studio to transmitter link
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5.1 MICROWAVE LINK
Radio and television broadcast companies originate their signals in studios, but must get
them to the transmitter site. In many cities, a nearby hill or mountain holds most of the
transmitters. A microwave studio transmitter link(STL) delivers the signal without wires.
Positioned at a fixed location and using radio waves, a microwave transmitter sends
those waves across space to be received by a microwave receiver at another fixed
location.Microwave is broadband,so it can transmit a substantial amount of information
from point to point for use in cell phone and wireless internet service,with no need for
any other equipment between the two fixed locations.
The microwave STL system consists of a transmitting system (STL-TX) housed in the
studio premises and a receiving system (STL-RX) housed in the AIR transmitting
center.A low loss cable connects the STL TX/RX to the microwave dish antenna of
diameter 2m mounted on an approximately 50m tall self-supporting tower at either
end.Inaddition,a VHF service channel in duplex mode is provided at both the ends for
voice communication between the AIR studio and transmitting through a multi-element
yagi antenna mounted on the top of the tower.The need for the service channel arises
from the fact that there is no RF monitoring facility of the transmitter sound program at a
STL-TX.
The STL system is meant to operate unattended round the clock.The microwave STL
TX/RX is powered by an external power supply unit kept adjacent to the STL rack with
floating batteries. This unit takes 230V, 50Hz AC and supplies 24V DC to STL TX/RX.
The service channel is energized by another external power supply unit placed over that
of STL TX/RX.
5.2 SERVICE CHANNEL (RT 33)(VHF Link)
The service channel is mounted at the top of the transmitter and receiver racks. It is a
VHF trans-receiver. The transmitter output power is 15watts YAGI (antenna mounted at
the top of the towers on either end is used for the service channel. This antenna may be
used both in horizontal and vertical polarizations.Normally vertical polarization is
used.The hand set with a press to talk).PM switch is employed at either end for service
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communication.These units can be revised from the racks and kept at any other
convenient location at either end M/s.Meltron has developed an interface unit with which
telephone facilities can be extended to the transmitter sole with this service channel
without the use of land lanes.
5.3 INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK(ISDN)
ISDN is a set of communication standards for simultaneous digital transmission of voice

video, data and other network services over the traditional circuits of the public switched
telephone network. It was first defined in 1988 in the CCITT red book. Prior to ISDN the
telephone system was viewed as a way to transport voice, with some special services
available for the data. The key features of ISDN is that it integrates speech and data on
the same lines, adding features that were not available in the classic telephone system.
There are several kinds of access interfaces to ISDN defined as Basic Rate
Interface(BRI), Primary Rate Interface(PRI), narrow band ISDN(N-ISDN) and
Broadband ISDN(B-ISDN). ISDN is a circuit switched telephone network system, which
also provides access to packet switched networks, designed to allow digital transmission
of voice and data over ordinary telephone copper wires, resulting in potentially better
quality than an analog phone can provide.
For AIR, the ISDN link is facilitated by BSNL. AIR is making use of broadband ISDN.
In addition to STL system ISDN acts asa a channel for live broadcasting of AIR
programs.
5.4 FM TRANSMITTER
Here in AIR, KAKKANAD we use 10KW FM transmitter link.
The principle of working of a modern FM transmitter is given in the block diagram. The
L and R audio signals are converted into the stereo signals by a stereo coder. Stereo
signals are also called MULTIPLEXED signals,and then frequency modulates the VHF
oscillator which is a Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) of the Phase Locked
Loop(PLL). The PLL is the automatic frequency control system in the FM transmitter is
maintained within the specified tolerance limit of +2KHz. In this arrangement the phase
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of the VHF oscillator is compared with that of reference crystal oscillator operating at
10MHz. The phase of the output from the two frequency dividers are then compared in
in a phase comparator and the resultant error amplified rectified and filtered to get a dc
error voltage of positive negative polarity which corrects shift in the VHF oscillator
frequency. The FM signal obtained at the output of VHF oscillator is then amplified in a
VHF power amplifier. This amplifier is the basic building block in the series of FM
transmitters.
5.5 BSNL DIAL UP LINK
This link between the studio complex and the transmitter is the least preferred
and the least used one. If all the other system fails then the program signals are
transmitted via the regular BSNL telephone cables. Techniques are used at the
transmission station to receive these signals and then it is fed to the modulator .Soon after
the announcement, the announcer mike is faded out and the studio mike is faded in and
the announcer gives the signal to the studio to start the prograillme. This is in case of a
live programme from the studio. If the programme is a recorded one, the announcer starts
the concerned tape deck and fades-in the relevant fader and the programme starts getting
broadcast.
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6. TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS
6.1 SEQUENCE OF EVENTS BEFORE A TRANSMISSION
Having studied the overview of how the broadcasting process happens, let us also
note the sequence of events that take place before and at the start of a typical radio
transmission.Half-an-hour before start: The control room generates a lKHz continuous
tone and feeds it to the transmitter via STL. The transmitter is switched on to full power
and kept switched on for rest of the time. To begin with the lKHz tone is also faded in for
testing, bur faded out after a few seconds, keeping only the blank carrier on the air.
Ten minutes before start: The lKHz tone which is on the STL all the while is faded in
upto about 30% modulation level. At this stage, the station can be tuned into by radio sets
in the service area. You will hear the lKHz tone at a constant level on the set when you
tune in.
One minute before start: The lKHz tone is faded out by the control room and the
signature tune of the station (or the broadcast network) is faded in. The fader control in
the transmitting station is adjusted so that signature tune is faded in for full depth of
modulation.
A few seconds before start: The signature tune is faded out and a standard time signal in
the form of discreet pips in one second intervals is faded in. The last pip denotes the
correct time.
Exactly at the correct time: The control room sends a signal to the announcer booth to
alert the announcer to start the programme. Simultaneously the red warning lamps are on
outside the sound lock and inside the concerned announcer booth.
The announcer fades-in the recorded tape 'VandeMataram '(in the case of morning
transmissions of AIR). At the end of the song, the announcer fades it out and fades in the
announcer mike to make the opening announcement. This includes information about the
station name, frequency and wavelength of transmission and then the name of the
programme to follow.
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7. ANTENNAS
Antenna is usually a metallic device (a rod or a wire) used for radiating or receiving
electromagnetic waves. The radio frequency power developed in the final stage of a
transmitter is delivered through cables/feeders, without themselves consuming any power
to the transmitting antenna. The RF energy gets converted into electromagnetic waves
and travels in the free space at the speed of light. The receiving antenna picks up the
radio waves and delivers useful signal at the input of a receiver for reception of signals.
The transmitting and receiving antennae are reciprocal in the sense, any characteristics of
the antenna in general applies equally to both.
Antennas play a vital role in AIR also since these are the communication links between
the various stations and the transmitter complex as well. As the purpose differ the shape,
size and specifications varies in case of Antennas. In an AIR station we can see a wide
variety of Antenna systems. These include:
A C-band receiver antenna with a dish whose diameter is about 5m. This antenna
receives signals from other stations like Delhi.
A DTH receiver antenna with a dish whose diameter is about 1m. This antenna receives
signals from stations like Calicut and Thiruvananthapuram
Yagi antennas are mounted on the top of a mast of height around 45 m. This is the
transmitter antenna for the microwave studio transmitter link. And a similar receiver
antenna is mounted on a mast of height about 50m. This enables the line of sight
communication between the studio and the transmitter.
Similar to microwave transmitter antennas, FM transmitter and receiver antennas are also
mounted on the same masts at the studio and transmitter complexes.
Private FM channels have also installed their antennas on the mast at the transmitter
complex. A self-radiating mast of height 122m which itself acts as the antenna is present
at the transmitter complex.
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8. TRANSMITTER COMPLEX, DOORADARSAN TV STATION
8.1100KWBEL HMB 140MW TRANSMITTER
A radio transmitter is an electronic device which, with the aid of antenna produces radio
waves. The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency alternating current which is
applied to the antenna. When excited by this alternating current ,the antenna radiates
radio waves. The transmitter combines the information to be carried with the radio
frequency signal which generates the radio wave which is often called the carrier.
Here in ALL INDIA RADIO, KAKKANAD ,KOCHI the 100KW BEL HMB
Transmitter performs the amplitude modulation. This transmitter mainly consists of three
parts;
1. A Power supply circuit to transform the input electric power to the

higher voltages needed to produce the required output power.
2. A Quartz crystal oscillator that generates sinusoidal wave at a
frequency of 4MHz and associated frequency dividers to divide the high
frequency wave to the transmission frequency 630KHz.
3. A Modulator circuit to add the information to be transmitted to the
carrier wave produced by the oscillator.
Transmitter complex include the following rooms;

1. Power supply
2. HT room
3. Transmitter
4. Cooling
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8.1.1 POWER SUPPLY:
 Main supply to the transmitter: 415V 3PHASE 50Hz AC

 Supply voltage to PA and Modulator: HT 11KV
 Screen voltage to PA Valve: 800V
 Screen voltage to Modulator Valve: 1070V
 Plate voltage to RF driver: 1900V
 Grid bias to PA Modulator & RF driver: -650V
 Supply voltage to cathode of RF driver: -600V
 Screen voltage of RF driver: -100V
 Audio Unit: +24V &+10V
8.1.2TRANSMITTER SECTION:
Transmitter section includes RF, Audio as well as modulator stages. RF section

generates the required operating frequency, here 630 KHz. Audio stage makes the audio
to reach up to the power requirement. Modulator stage further modulates the audio with
the RF.
Radio frequency stage (RF stage):
To feeder
CRYSTALO TRANSIST RF POWER
SCILLATOR OR POWER DRIVER AMPLIFIER
OR AMPLIFIER
Fig. 8.1.Radio frequency stage (RF stage)
The RF chain consists of a crystal oscillator followed by a wide band power amplifier
developing an output of 12-15 watts. This is followed by a driver stage working in class
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AB condition. The PA stage consists of CDQ 50 ceramic tetrode valve working as class
D amplifier.
 Crystal oscillator: - The basic frequency determining unit is crystal oscillator.

Two oscillator circuits are provided one in circuit and one is in standby. The
crystal oscillator is a self contained unit including its power supply and a
proportionately controlled oven and gives an output of 5V square wave which is
required to transfer the Transistor Power Amplifier.
 Transistor Power Amplifier: - The power amplifier is a self contained unit
including its power supply and delivers an output of about 12W and an output
impedance of 75 ohms. The stage works as a switching amplifier and is wide
band. The unit works on 20V DC which is derived by the rectifier. It is followed
by the transistorized regulator and series pass transistor.
 RF Driver: - The RF Driver stage provides the driving power required to develop
an output of 100KW to the final amplifier. Moreover, the wave shape required for
class D operation of the final stage is also generated in the driver.
 RF Power Amplifier: - The final stage RF amplifier consists of a single tube,
CDQ-50 beam power tetrode delivering carrier power output of 100 KW. High
level analog modulation is used using a class B modulator stage. The screen of the
PA tube is also modulated by a tap on modulation transformer.
Audio frequency stage (af stage):
AF DRIVER
PRE
HIGH PASS PRE CORRECTOR MODULATI
FILTER AMPLIFIER ON
PRE TRANSFOR
CORRECTOR MER
Fig: 8.2 Audio frequency stage
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The AF stage supply the audio power required to amplitude modulate the final RF
stage. The output of the AF stage is super imposed upon the DC voltage to the RF tube
via modulation transformer. An auxiliary winding in the modulation transformer provides
AF voltage necessary to modulate the screen of the final stage.
High pass filter: - The audio inputs from the speech rack are fed to active high pass filter
with cut off frequency 60Hz. Its main function is to suppress the switching transistor
from the audio input.
AF Pre amplifier: - The output of the high pass filter is fed to AF Pre amplifier, one for
each balanced audio line. Signal from the negative feedback network from the secondary
of the modulation transformer and the signals from the compensator also fed to this unit.
AF Pre corrector: - Pre amplifier output is fed to the AF Pre correctors. The pre corrector
amplifies the low level signal with high gain and high level signal with low gain.
AF Driver: - 2 AF drivers are used to drive the two modulator valves. The driver provides
the necessary DC bias voltage and also AF signal sufficient to modulate 100%. The
output of AF driver stage is formed by four transistors in series as it works with a high
voltage of about -400V. The transistors are protected with diodes and zener diodes
against high voltages.
AF Final Stage: - AF final stage is equipped with ceramic tetrodes CDQ 25. Filament
current of this tube is about 210 amps at 10V. The filament transformers are of special
leakage reactance type and their short circuit current is limited to about 2-3 times the
normal load current. Hence the filament surge current at the time of switching ON will
not exceed the maximum limit.
8.1.3 CONTROL AND INTERLOCK SYSTEM IN TRANSMITTER
Control and interlocking circuits of the transmitter are to perform four major functions: -
1. Ensure correct switching sequence.
2. Safety of the equipment
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3. Safety of the operating person
4. Indication of the status of the transmitter.
8.1.4 COOLING TECHNIQUES IN TRANSMITTER
In high power AM transmitter, a lot of power is dissipated in the valve as the input
power is not fully converted into output RF power due to the efficiency of the amplifier
which never reaches 100%. Hence the valves have to be cooled. In addition filaments are
drawing large current. Hence they also have to be cooled. The dissipated heat in the
valves also circulates in the concerned cubicle and heat develops there. Hence some kind
of cooling has to be provided to the transmitting equipment. Different types of cooling
are used in AIR transmitter at present.
a) Air cooling
b) Vapour cooling
c) Condensed vapour cooling
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9. ANTENNA TUNING UNIT(ATU)
Antenna Tuning Unit (ATU) is to match the feeder line impedance to the mast
impedance of MW transmitters for the transmission of power. So ATU is located between
the mast base and the feeder line and is very close to the mast base. Commonly „Feeder
unit‟ which is located in the aerial field, houses the ATU.
Generally the mast impedance is obtained in complex form i.e. real part
(resistive) and imaginary part (reactive) component. When the mast impedance is
expressed in polar form the negative angle indicate the mast is capacitive and positive
angle indicate the mast is inductive. Mast impedance depends on the height of the mast in
terms of wave length. This can be measured with impedance bridges.
ATU can be designed in number of ways. The methods used may be different
for different condition. Criteria depends on the requirements. Especially when directional
antenna system is employed by splitting power to different antenna, the phase angle of
the network is the most important parameter. In other cases mostly, simplicity and safety
against lightning is important. One of the methods adopted in the past was the reactive
component of the mast impedenceneutralized,by putting opposite reactive components of
same value in series at mast end side, to make the mast impedence purely resistive. Then
the resistive part of the mast impedence can be matched to the feeder line impedance by
selecting a suitable matching network. This matching network can be L,T or π network
and can be designed as phase lag or phase lead type. In this cases if a capacitor is put in
series, thereis a possibility of puncturing of capacitors due to lightning. Hence this
method is being discouraged.
The second method, which is most commonly used now, is first to convert the
antenna impedence to a parallel combination.
At AIR Kakkanad, Kochi we are using the first method and the matching network used
is pi network. Possibility of puncturing the capacitor bank is minimized by installing a
lightning arrest in the self radiating mast.
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10. CONCLUSION
Broadcasting, in its significance, reach and impact, constitutes the most powerful
medium of mass communication. In India All India Radio operates this service, over a
network of broadcasting stations located over the country. Starting with 6 broadcasting
stations in 1947, the AIR today has a network of 82 broadcasting stations. AIR „s
programme pattern combines three main elements: a national channel providing
programmes of countrywide interest and significance, a zonal service from each of the
four metropolitan centers (Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta and Madras); and regional services
from individual stations each catering to the needs and interests of its respective area.
Currently there are two complexes in AIR Kakkanad, Kochi studio cum office
complex and the transmitter complex. In studio complex, there are three studios, MUSIC,
TALK and the PLAYBACK. The first two together called to be the recording studio
facilities sound recording and mixing whereas the later helps in the coordinating of
programs, announcements and advertisements. The studio console is the major equipment
used in studio control room. The various inputs to the console are the programs from
various studios, the programs that are received using a C band receiver which is
broadcasted from Delhi and the programmes that are received via an ISDN link from
Calicut and Trivandrum. The outputs from the console is taken through two master
amplifiers among which one is active at a time.
The source to the transmitter complex is also realized using Microwave, FM

Transmitter, ISDN or BSNL DIAL UP links. In AIR Kakkanad, Kochi, transmitter
performs amplitude modulation in which the information is added to the radio signal by
varying its amplitude.The transmission frequency is at 630 KHz generated by quartz
crystal oscillator. RF driver stage provides the driving power required to develop an
output of 100kw to the final amplifier. High level anode modulation is used being a class
B modulator stage. AF stage supply the Audio power required to amplitude modulate the
final RF stage. The modulator stage consists of two CQK 25 ceramic tetrode valves
working in push pull class B configuration. The drive stages upto the grid of the
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modulator are fully transistorized. The transmitter complex is also equipped with various
control and interlocking systems. Due to the high power evolved, cooling systems are
also provided, utilizing ionized air, vapor and condensed vapor cooling techniques. The
transmitter complex is also equipped with a HT room for providing the required power
supplies
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All India Radio, Kakkanad April 2016

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ALL INDIA RADIO, KAKKANAD APRIL 2016

Broadcasting in India is a national service, developed and operated by the

1. Studio cum office complex

3. STUDIO CUM OFFICE COMPLEX, KAKKANAD, KOCHI

A broadcasting studio is a room in studio complex which has been specially

There three studios at AKASHVANI, KAKKANAD,KOCHI studio complex.

1. Studio & Control Room

The equipments in AIR can be used for the following purposes:

1. For recording of programs originating from any studio.

3.1 MUSIC STUDIO

3.2 TALK STUDIO

3.3 PLAYBACK STUDIO

Its main functions is co-ordinating the programs,announcements and advertisements.All

3.4 CONTROL ROOM STUDIO CONSOLE

Fig. 3.1 Control room console

3.5 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM AT STUDIO

4. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF STUDIO

CONTROL ROOM TALK STUDIO

MUSIC STUDIO CONTROL ROOM

Fig.4.1. Block diagram of studio

5. STUDIO TRANSMISSION LINK (STL)

Fig.5.1.Studio to transmitter link

5.1 MICROWAVE LINK

5.2 SERVICE CHANNEL (RT 33)(VHF Link)

5.3 INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK(ISDN)

ISDN is a set of communication standards for simultaneous digital transmission of voice

Here in AIR, KAKKANAD we use 10KW FM transmitter link.

5.5 BSNL DIAL UP LINK

6.1 SEQUENCE OF EVENTS BEFORE A TRANSMISSION

8. TRANSMITTER COMPLEX, DOORADARSAN TV STATION

8.1100KWBEL HMB 140MW TRANSMITTER

1. A Power supply circuit to transform the input electric power to the

Transmitter complex include the following rooms;

8.1.1 POWER SUPPLY:

 Main supply to the transmitter: 415V 3PHASE 50Hz AC

Transmitter section includes RF, Audio as well as modulator stages. RF section

Radio frequency stage (RF stage):

Fig. 8.1.Radio frequency stage (RF stage)

 Crystal oscillator: - The basic frequency determining unit is crystal oscillator.

Audio frequency stage (af stage):

Fig: 8.2 Audio frequency stage

8.1.3 CONTROL AND INTERLOCK SYSTEM IN TRANSMITTER

1. Ensure correct switching sequence.

2. Safety of the equipment

3. Safety of the operating person

4. Indication of the status of the transmitter.

8.1.4 COOLING TECHNIQUES IN TRANSMITTER

c) Condensed vapour cooling

9. ANTENNA TUNING UNIT(ATU)

The source to the transmitter complex is also realized using Microwave, FM

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