Experimental Investigation On The Performance
Of CI engine Using Dual Biodiesel
G.Vidyasagar Reddy1 Prof N. Govindha Rasu2
Assistant Professor Associate Professor
Dept of Mechanical Engineering School of Mechanical Engineering
Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering VIT University,Vellore
college
Tirupathi,517102
vidyasagar041@gmail.com
Abstract— In this present work focused on combination of two
different biodiesel blends with diesel. The present study brings
out an experiment of two bio diesels from jatropha oil
(B20J),Mahua oil (B20M) and Dual biodiesel(B10M+B10J )they
are blended with diesel. The effects of dual biodiesel works in
engine and exhaust emissions were examined in a single cylinder,
direct injection, air cooled and high speed diesel engine at various
engine loads with constant engine speed of 1500 rpm. Results
showed that at full load conditions the brake thermal efficiency
B20J is higher than other blends. BSFC lowest for diesel compare
to other blends. The emissions of CO and HC of dual biodiesel
are lower than that of diesel.But NOx is higher in dual biodiesel
compare diesel.
Keywords— Biodiesel, Dual biodiesel, Emission, Jatropha oil,
Mahua oil
1. Introduction
The increasing industrialization and motorization of the world
has led to a steep rise for the demand of petroleum-based
fuels. Petroleum-based fuels are obtained from limited
reserves. The another major global concern climate change
causes of global warming and the threat of supply fuel oil
uncertainties have adversely affect the developing countries.
Today the major portion of energy comes from fossil fuels.
The developing concern on environmental pollution caused by
the wide use of conventional fossil fuels has led to examine
for additional environment friendly and renewable fuels.
Wang et al. [1] reported that, the vegetable oils possess
almost the same heat values as that of diesel fuel. The engine
power output and the fuel consumption of the engine are also
closest compared with that of pure diesel. Vegetable oils can
directly be used in diesel engines, as they have calorific value
very close to diesel. The high viscosity and low volatility of
vegetable oils, however, leads to difficulty in atomizing the
fuel. This can be reduced by means of preheating the oil or
blending it with diesel or transesterification etc.
Bhaleet al. [2] investigated the cold flow properties of 100%
biodiesel fuel obtained from Mahua. The low temperature
flow properties of Mahua biodiesel are less favorable than
petroleum diesel fuel. However, blending with ethanol and
kerosene has improved the cold flow performance.
978-1-5090-3564-9/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE
T.Hari Prasad3
Professor
Dept of Mechanical Engineering
Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering
college
Tirupathi,517102
Lawrence et al.[3] revealed that prickly poppy methyl ester
(PPME) blended with diesel could be conveniently used as a
diesel substitute in a diesel engine. The test further showed
that there was an increase in break thermal efficiency, brake
power and reduction of specific fuel consumption for PPME
and its blends with diesel.
Venkatraman and Devaradjane et al.[4] performed the
experiments in a single cylinder DI diesel engine fueled with a
blend of pungam methyl ester for the proportion of PME10,
PME20 and PME30 by volume with diesel fuel for validation
of simulated results. The authors observed that there is a good
agreement between simulated and experimental results.
Ghaly et al.[5] reported that the research on the production of
biodiesel has increased significantly in recent years because of
the need for an alternative fuel which endows with
biodegradability, low toxicity and renewability.
Deepanraj et al.[6] described that the lower blends of biodiesel
increased the brake thermal efficiency and reduced the fuel
consumption. In addition to this, biodiesel blends produce
lower engine emissions than diesel.
Rahimi et al.[7] used Diesterol (combination of diesel fuel,
bioethanol and sunflower methyl ester) as a fuel for diesel
engines. The authors revealed that, as the percentage of
bioethanol in the blends is increased, the percentage of CO
concentration in the emission is reduced. This trend is due to
the fact that bioethanol has less carbon than diesel.
Mani et al.[8]investigated the diesel engine runs with waste
plastic oil asfuel. The authors concluded that, the smoke was
reduced by40% than diesel.
Muralidharan and Govindarajanet al.[9]prepared biodiesel
from non-edible palm oil bytransesterification and used as a
fuel in C.I engine. Theauthors reported that blend B5 exhibits
lower engineemissions of unburnt hydrocarbon, carbon
monoxide, oxidesof nitrogen and carbon dioxide at full load.
From the review of literatures, numerous works in the
utilization of biodiesel as well as its blends in engines have
been done. However, most of the literatures focused on single
biodiesel and its blends. From previous studies, it is evident
that single biodiesel offers acceptable engine performance and
emissions for diesel engine operation.
Very few experiments have been conducted with the 3. Experimentation
combination of dual biodiesel and diesel as a fuel . Most of the
literatures suggested that palm oil is a suitable substitute of 3.1 The Test Engine
diesel and a few research works have also been carried out
with mustard oil the present study brings out an experiment of
two bio diesels from jatropha and mahua oil and they are
blended with diesel. As a first level of experimentation, the
properties of above said fuels in various combinations were
found out in this work. This proved that the calorific value of
the dual biodiesels and its blends with diesel fuel is more than
the single biodiesel and its blends with diesel fuel. Hence it is
decided to select jatropha and mahua oil and diesel as the fuel
for this current analysis. In the second level performance and
exhaust emission characteristics of a diesel engine with dual
biodiesel and its blends and the results are compared with 3.2 Engine Tests
diesel. The experimental investigation was carried out using diesel
2. Materials and methods
fuel B20J(80% diesel and 20%jatropha) and B20M(80%
The two bio diesels (Jatropa and Mahua oil) are prepared by
diesel and 20%Mahua) and (80% diesel and 10%J+10%M)
the transesterification process. The dual biodiesel blends were
blends. The Engine chosen to carry out experimentation is a
prepared in different proportions as: Blend A-Diesel 80%,
single cylinder, four stroke, vertical, air cooled, direct
jatropha20% by volume basis: Blend B-Diesel
injection computerized Kirloskar make CI Engine. The
80%,Mahua20% by volume basis: Blend C-Diesel 80%,
detailed specifications of the engine is shown in table
jatropha 10% Mahua 10% by volume basis: : Blend D-Diesel Table 2. Test Engine specifications
100%. S.No Type Specifications
The various properties like kinematic viscosity, specific 1 Engine Four Stroke, Single Cylinder Vertical Air
gravity, calorific value, flash point temperature and fire point Cooled Diesel Engine.
temperature of baseline fuel, raw oils and two biodiesel mixed 3 Rated Speed 1500 rpm
4 Bore 87.5mm
blends were determined by using ASTM methods and Diameter
compared with diesel properties. The experiments were 5 Stoke 110 mm
conducted on a stationary single cylinder four stroke air 6 Compression 17.5:1
cooled diesel engine with electrical loading and the ratio
performance and emission characteristics were compared with 7 Loading Electric loading
8 Orifice 29.6 mm
baseline data of diesel fuel. Tests were conducted at a constant Diameter
speed and at varying loads for all dual biodiesel blends. 9 Coefficient 0.6
Engine speed was maintained at 1500 rpm (rated speed) of Discharge
during all experiment.
Table 1.Properties of different fuels 3.3 Experiment Procedure
Properties Unit Diesel Mahua Jatropha Dual First run the engine with the 100% diesel fuel with varying
of fuels biodiesel different loads and constant speed at 1500 rpm to measure the
Density at (Kg/m³) 839 844 841 840
15°C
performance parameters such as brake power, brake thermal
efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption and exhaust gas
Kinematic c(mm2/s) 3.18 3.12 3.2 3.19 temperature and also to measure the emission parameters like
viscosity at carbon monoxide, un burnt hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide
40°
emissions for diesel. Next run the engine with blends A,B&C
Calorific (MJ/Kg) 43.5 42.5 41.52 42.9 at varying different loads and constant speed and find the
value performance and emission characteristics. AVL DI GAS 444-
5 gas analyzer used to measures five emission gases.
Flash point (°c) 68 92 78 72 4.Result and Discussions
Fire point (°c) 88 102 96 92
Various physical and thermal properties of dual biodiesels of
Acid value, mg KOH 0.3 0.35 0.33 0.32 jatropha and Mahua and its blends were evaluated. The
performance of the engine was evaluated using several
Cetane - 53 56 52 54
index
parameters such as thermal efficiency, specific fuel
consumption and exhaust gas temperature.
Carbon (%) 0.1 0.03 0.05 0.08
residue

978-1-5090-3564-9/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE

 Fig 4 shows the variations in co emission with respect to
4.1 Brake Thermal Efficiency: variation in load. It is observed that co emissions decreases at
lower loads up to 75% then increase sharply at full load diesel
having higher co emissions compare to other blends. Carbon
monoxide is formed during the combustion process with rich
air-fuel mixtures regions and when there is in sufficient
oxygen to fully burn all the carbon in the fuel to CO2.[10,13]
This is because biodiesel contains higher oxygen than diesel
fuel which helps to complete the combustion. Maximum CO
emission for diesel, B20J,B20M and B10J+B10M are
0.15%,0.09%,0.13%,0.07% respectively.
4.4 HC Emissions:

Fig 2 . Brake thermal Efficiency vs load

Fig 2 shows the variations in brake thermal efficiency in case
of diesel, B20J,B20M and B10J+B10M. In all cases the brake
thermal efficiency increases in load up to 75% and then
decreases at full load due to incomplete combustion. From the
present test result it is observed that at full load the brake
thermal efficiency of B20J gives the higher efficiency
compared to other blends namely B0, B20M and B10M+B10J
because of its low calorific value and high heat content[10].
4.2 Brake specific fuel Consumption:

Fig 5 HC Emissions vs load

Unburned HC results from the incomplete combustion of fuel
and flame quenching.[14,15] fig shows the results at
maximum load. It can be seen that unburned HC emissions is
high in diesel compare to other blends. HC emissions reduced
as the percentage of bio diesel increase .Maximum HC
emission for diesel,B20J,B20M and B10J+B10M are
38.1ppm,36.3ppm,36.1ppm,32ppm respectively.
4.5 Oxides off nitrogen
g

Fig 3 . Brake specific fuel Consumption vs load

Fig 3 shows the variations in BSFC for diesel,B20J, B20M
and B10J+B10M.It is observed that BSFC first decreases for
all the fuels up to 50% load and then slightly increases with
increase in load. From the present test result it is observed that
BSFC lowest for diesel compare to other blends because of
high viscosity, density, low volatility and low heat content of
biodiesel when compared with that of diesel[11,12]. At
maximum load dual bio diesel having high BSFC when
compare to other blends.
4.3 Carbon monoxide Emission

Fig 6 Oxides of nitrogen vs load

From the literature it is revealed that NOx is directly

Fig 4 . Carbon monoxide Emission vs load
proportional to power output of the engine because NOx
emission increases with increase in combustion and exhaust
temperature. The present test results show that NOx emission
increases almost linearly with increase in engine load which is
because of higher cylinder pressure and temperature at higher
loads [16]. . From the present test result it is observed that

978-1-5090-3564-9/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE

dual bio diesel blend high NOx emission because of high [10] Yu CW, Bari S, Ameen AA. A comparison of combustion
characteristics of waste cooking oil with diesel as fuel in a direct
oxygen content. At full load NOx emissions
injection diesel engine.IMech E Part D 2002; 216: 237-43.
diesel,B20J,B20M and B10J+B10M are 1203% ppm,1210% [11] Barsic NJ, Hurmke Al. Performance and emission characteristics of
ppm,1269% ppm,1302%ppm respectively. a naturally aspirated diesel engine with vegetable oil fuel s. SAE 1981:
5. Conclusion 1173-87.
[12] Hurmke Al, Barsic NJ. Performance and emission characteristics of
In the present work an experimental investigation has been a naturally aspirated diesel engine with vegetable oil fuels (part 2). SAE
conducted in 4 stroke single cylinder, direct injection, air 1981: 2925-35
cooled and high speed diesel engine by using diesel, jatropha [13] Paul D. Automobile and pollution. Warrendale PA. USA: SAE: Inc;
and Mahua at different volume proportions. From the 1995
experimentation following conclusions were drawn. [14] Nwafor OMI, Rice G, Ogabinna AL. Effect of advance injection
timing on the performance of rape seed oil in diesel engines. Journal of
x At full load the brake thermal efficiency of B20 Renewable Energy 2008; 21: 433-44.
Jatropha gives the higher efficiency compared to [15] Pradeep V, Sharma RP. Evaluation of Performance, emission and
combustion parameters of a CI engine fuelled bio-diesel from rubber
other blends namely B0, B20M and B10M+B10J seed oil and its blends. SAE 2005; 26: 353.
because of its low calorific value and high heat [16] Barsic NJ, Hurmke Al. Performance and emission characteristics of
a naturally aspirated diesel engine with vegetable oil fuel s. SAE
content. 1981:1173-87.
x BSFC lowest for diesel compare to other blends
because of high viscosity, density, low volatility and
low heat content of biodiesel when compared with
that of diesel.At maximum load dual bio diesel
having 0.525kg/kwhr high BSFC when compare to
other blends.
x CO emission highest for diesel and lowest for dual
bio diesel because of high oxygen content.
x HC emission highest for diesel and lowest for dual
bio diesel because of unburned HC results from the
incomplete combustion of fuel and flame quenching.
x NOx emission highest for dual bio diesel and lowest
for diesel because of high oxygen content, high
viscosity, high volatility and low heat content of
biodiesel when compared with that of diesel.
6. References
[1] Wang Y.D., Al-Shemmeri T., Eames P., McMullan J., Hewitt N.,
Huang Y. and Rezvan S., 2006. An experimental investigation of the
performance and gaseous exhaust emissions of a diesel engine using
blends of a vegetable oil. Applied Thermal Engineering 26: 1684–1691.
[2[] Bhale P.V., Deshpande N.V. and Thombre S.B., 2009.Improving
the low temperature properties of biodiesel fuel.Renewable Energy 34:
794–800.
[3] Lawrence, P., Mathews, K., Deepanraj, B., 2011. The effect of
prickly poppy methyl ester blends on CI engine performance and
emission characteristics. Am. J. Environ. Sci. 7, 145–149.
[4] Venkatraman, M., Devaradjane, G., 2011. Computer modeling of a
CI engine for optimization of operating parameters such as compres-sion
ratio, injection timing and injection pressure for better performance and
emission using diesel-diesel biodiesel blends. Am. J. Appl. Sci. 8, 897–
902
[5] Ghaly, A.E., Dave, D., Brooks, M., et al, 2010. Production of
biodiesel by enzymatic transesterification: review. Am. J.Biochem.
Biotechnol. 6, 54–76.
[6] Deepanraj, B., Dhanesh, C., Senthil, R., et al, 2011. Use of palm oil
biodiesel blends as a fuel for compression ignition engine. Am. J. Appl.
Sci. 8, 1154–1158
[7] Rahimi, H., Ghobadian, B., Yusuf, T., et al, 2009. Diesterol: an
environment-friendly IC engine fuel. Renew. Energy 34, 335–342
[8] Mani, M., Subash, C., Nagarajan, G., 2009. Performance, emission
and combustion characteristics of a DI diesel engine using waste plastic
oil.Appl. Therm. Eng. 29, 2738–2744.
[9] Muralidharan, K., Govindarajan, P., 2011. The effect of bio-fuel
blends and fuel injection pressure on diesel engine emission for
sustainable environment. Am. J. Environ. Sci. 7, 377–382.

978-1-5090-3564-9/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE