CNC MACHINE
It is a self-contained NC system for a single machine tool
[CIMS] Computer integrated manufacturing system: is the
manufacturing approach of used computer to control entire
production. This integration allows individual process to
exchange information with each other and initiate actions.
NC MACHINES
By EIA, a system in which actions are controlled by direct
insertion of numerical data at some point. The system
must automatically interpret at least some portion of this
data.
Basic components of NC machine:
1. Software: software is collection of programs, routines,
and symbolic languages that control the functioning of
the hardware and direct its operation.
2. Machine control unit [MCU]: This consist of
electronic device that can be read and understand the
program and convert it into mechanical action.
Types of [MCU]:
a) Housed MCU: its mount on the machine tool or
may be built in the casting of the machine.
b) Swing around: it is mount on the machine which
can swing around & adjusted as per requirement.
c) Stand alone MCU: it is enclosed in a separate
cabinet which installed at some place near to M/C.
Sub units of MCU:
1. Input devices/Reader unit. 2. Memory. 3. Processor.
4. Output channels and actuators. 5. Control panel.
6. Feedback channels and transducers.
3. Machine tool: a) Work table. b) Spindle. c) Pallets
system. d) Jigs and fixtures. e) Lubricating system.
ADVANTAGES OF NC AND CNC MACHINE
1. Batch production. 2. Increased flexibility. 3. Production
of complex part. 4. Reduced set-up time. 5. Increase
machining accuracy. 6. Lesser scrap: 7. Reduced
inspection. 8. Longer tool life. 9. Lower labour cost. 10.
Reduced floor space. Lesser human error. 11. Reduction
in transportation cost.
DISADVANTAGES OF NC MACHINE
1. Increase initial cost. 2. Skilled labour. 3. Lost of old
skills. 4. High maintenance.
APPLICATION OF NC MACHINE
1. Plasma arc welding. 2. Turning machine. 3. Grinding
machine. 4. Press working. 5. Sawing machine. 6. Laser
beam process. 7. Boring machine.
which uses a dedicated mini computer, controlled by the
instructions stored in its memory to perform all the basic
numerical control functions. In which no punched tape use
 Types of CNC
1. Straight CNC: it used computer to perform all
control function. Feed back like tool position,
speed etc. are given to computer.
2. Hybrid CMC: both a hard-wired logic circuit and
computer share the controlling function.
 Functions of CNC
1. Machine tool control. 2. In-process compensation.
3. Improved programming and operating features.
4. Diagnostics
 Basic components of CNC
1. Input device. 2. Machine control unit. 3. Machine
tool. 4. Driving system. 5. Feedback device. 6. Display
ADVANTAGES OF CNC MACHINE OVER NC M/S
1. More flexibility. 2. Reduced data reading error. 3. On
line editing program. 4. Diagnostic. 5. Conversion of unit.
6. Integration with DNC system.
DISADVANTAGES OF CNC
1. High initial cost. 2. Higher maintenance cost. 3. Skilled
CNC personnel. 4. Not suitable for long run application. 5.
Machine installed in air conditioned placed.
APPLICATION OF CNC MACHINE
The industries that are using CNC machines are
automotive industry, metal removing industries, industries
of fabricating metals, electrical discharge
machining industries, wood industries etc.
DIRECT NUMERICAL CONTROL [DNC]
It is defined as a type of manufacturing system in which
many NC or CNC machine are controlled remotely from a
single main frame computer (central computer).
Basic components of DNC machine:
1. Main frame computer. 2. Memory. 3. Communication
network. 4. Machine tool.
 Types of DNC
1. Dedicated machine control unit. 2. Behind tape read
 Functions of DNC
1. NC without punched tape. 2. NC part program
storage. 3. Data collection, processing, and reporting.
4. Communications.
ADVANTAGES OF DNC
1. No used punched tape and tape readers. 2. Master
computer can program simultaneously many NC machine.
3. DNC provides central control of machine tool. 4. MIS
[management information system] is provided in DNC.
DISADVANTAGES OF DNC
1. High cost of main frame computer. 2. Failure of main
frame (central computer) causes all machine to be down.
3. Cabling and interlinking communication need expertise.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL & CNC AXIS IDENTIFICATION CNC MILLING MACHINE
Conventional CNC The basis of axis identification is
1. Manual machine. 1. Automatic machine. the 3-diemensional Cartesian co-
2. Requires more floor area. 2. Lesser floor area need. ordinate system and the three axis
3. Low accuracy. 3. High accuracy. of movement are identified as X, Y
4. Production rate low. 4. Production rate high.
and Z axis.
5. Low initial cost. 5. High initial cost.
6. Low skilled person need. 6. High skilled person need. 1. Z – Axis. Perpendicular
to x-axis, parallel to work holding
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NC & CNC MACHINE device, parallel to spindle axis.
NC MACHINE CNC MACHINE 2. X – Axis. The X axis is
1. First generation of 2. These are advanced always horizontal and is always
automatic control machine. version of NC machine. parallel to the work holding
2. In this machine which 2. No required punched surface.
used punched tape or tape and punched card. In 3. Y – Axis. Perpendicular to both x and z axis.
punched card. which used mini computer. 4. Rotary axis. The rotary motion about the X, Y and Z
3. Hard wire system. 3. Soft wired system. axis are identified by A, B, C respectively. Clockwise
4. Less flexible than CNC. 4. More flexible than NC.
rotation is designated positive movement and counter
5. Maintenance is difficult. 5. Maintenance is easy.
6. It is simple to understand. 6. It is difficult to understand clockwise rotation as negative movement. Positive
And required less skilled and required more skilled rotation looking +X, +Y and +Z direction respectively.
workers. workers.
7. Difficult to ad newly 7. Easy to add newly Lathe machine ↔ 𝒛 ↑ 𝒙
developed options in it. developed options Horizontal boring machine ↔ 𝒛 ↑𝒙 ⋰𝒚
Shaper ↔ 𝑿 ↑ 𝒁 ⋰ 𝒀
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NC & DNC MACHINE
NC DNC
1. This is single stand-along 1. DNC can program many
machine. NC machine at same time. Selection of components to be machined on CNC
2. It has tape reader unit. 2. It does not need it. machine
3. MCU is located near the 3. MCU can be placed 1.The use orientation of the part.
machine tool. remotely even thousand 2.Operating and ambient temperature.
miles away. 3.Weight and stress capacity as functions of designing.
4.Strength and sturdiness.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SPM & NC MACHINE 5.Production cost analysis.
Conventional [ S.P.M.] NC. MACHINE
1. Suitable for mass 1. this can be applied to
production having identical short batch production run
part. or even a single part.
2. required more time for 2. complex setting up Input Devices: These are the devices which are used to
setting up. procedures are bypassed. input the part program in the CNC machine. There are
3. the programme or 3. the programme is stored three commonly used input devices and these are punch
sequence of operation is as the software. tape reader, magnetic tape reader
built into the hardware. Machine Control Unit (MCU): It is the heart of the CNC
4. more floor area required 4. lesser floor area required. machine. It performs all the controlling action of the CNC
for tooling and work holding.
machine,
Feedback System: This system consists of transducers
that acts like sensors.
Display Unit: A monitor is used to display the programs,
commands and other useful data of CNC machine.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL FOR CNC MACHINE
Driving System: The driving system of a CNC machine
CNC machine are very costly and complex in design. For
consists of amplifier circuits, drive motors and ball lead
proper working of this machine the flowing environmental
screw.
conditions are be maintained.
Punch cards also known as Hollerith cards. are paper
1. Dust free floor space and environment. 2. Working
cards containing several punched or perforated holes that
temperature should be within control limits. 3. Well air
were punched by hand or machine to represent data.
circulation. 4. Space should not be congested but should
These cards allowed companies to store and access
be quite open. 5. Electric power supply should be
information by entering the card into the computer.
regulated. 6. Proper lighting to the system. 7. The machine
should be protected from the moisture.