INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING, (PCSIR) KARACHI

Lab. Manual

IE484: Communication Systems

Third Year Fall 2017

Submitted By

Submitted To
Engr. Dr. Farah Haroon
Associate Professor
 Communication Systems Introduction to MATLAB IIEE
6th Semester Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering LAB 1

OBJECTIVES: To get acquainted with MATLAB environment.

BRUSH UP:
MATLAB is a software program that allows you to do data manipulation and visualization,
calculations, math and programming. It can be used to do very simple as well as very sophisticated
tasks. It is also recognized as the interactive program for the design and analysis of Communication
tasks.
The modeled signals and systems in Communication are mostly analog (continuous-time) while the
simulation environment is digital (discrete-time). So using Matlab, we have certain constraints.
 A continuous time signal xc(t) is represented by a vector, [xc(t0) xc(t1) ... xc(tN-1)],
whose length is N, i.e. the signal is truncated and sampled.
 Time interval tN-1-t0 and sampling interval Ts=ti+1 - ti depend on the signal.
 Time interval is chosen large enough to obtain enough information. Sampling frequency
typically chosen much higher than the Nyquist frequency, 2*fmax.
 Sampling frequency Fs=1/Ts is chosen so large that the sampled signal “looks like” analog
signal in Matlab. The rule of thumb is 10 times the maximum frequency component.

STEPS TO BE TAKEN:
1. Try out commands (preceded with >>) in your Matlab command window

Creating scalar
>> s=2
Creating matrix
>> a=[1 3;6 9]
Creating vector
>> v=[1 5 9]
Summation
>> a+5
Multiplication
>> b=s*v
Element-by-element multiplication
>> v.*b
Checking length of a vector
>> length(v)
Checking size of a matrix
>> size(a)
Accessing certain element of a matrix
>> a(1,2)
Accessing certain elements of a vector
>> v(1:2)
Creating vector with elements from 0 to 0.5 with 0.1 step-size (begin:stepsize:end)
>> t=0:0.1:0.5
OR
>> t=linspace(0,0.5,6)

2. Create a M file as
File->New->M-file

3. Create a 50 Hz sinusoidal signal as

>> Fs=500; % sampling frequency = 10*50Hz
>> Ts=1/Fs; % sampling interval
>> t=0:Ts:0.1; % sampling time instants [s]
>> y=sin(2*pi*50*t); % signal vector
>> plot(t,y) % plot in time domain

4. Submit the above tasks in the form of proper report.

 Communication Systems Huffman Coding IIEE
6th Semester Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering LAB 2

OBJECTIVES: Analyze the characteristics and data compression employing Huffman source coding.

BRUSH UP:
Source coding is essential for an efficient transmission of data. It can be employed to reduce the
redundancy of source data, hence is utilized in data compression techniques. Huffman coding is one of
source coding techniques which allocates an unequal efficient code lengths to discrete source symbols of
unequal probabilities.

STEPS TO BE TAKEN:

1. Generate an independent source signal vector of length (1,15) of discrete five symbols.
2. Assign the respective probabilities and create the Huffman code directory.
3. Encode the generated data using Huffman encoder.
4. Calculate and display the respective entropy and average code length.
5. Decode and display the data and compare the results.
6. Submit yours findings and investigations in the form of proper report.
Communication Systems Parity Generation and Checking IIEE
6th Semester Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering LAB 3

OBJECTIVE:
To design and implement 4-bit even and odd parity circuits.

BRUSH UP:
Error can occur as digital codes are transferred from one point to another within the digital systems.
Errors occur as the bits may alter due to noise or component malfunction. The parity method
involves attaching the parity bit to the information bits in order to make total number of 1s either
even or odd.
A parity checker compares a parity bit from a parity generator with a parity bit created from the
original data applied to the generator. A parity generator can be modified to create a parity checker.

STEPS TO BE TAKEN:

1. What is the difference between Even and Odd parity systems.

2. Design and implement a 4-bit even parity generator and checker circuit.
3. Confirm the operation using Truth Table.
4. Repeat the above two steps for Odd parity circuit.
5. When does the parity method fail? Suggest some alternate solution.
6. Explain the checksum method of error detection.
Communication Systems Linear Block Codes IIEE
6th Semester Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering LAB 4

OBJECTIVE:
 To apply error-control coding techniques using Linear Block Codes.
 To design and generate Linear Block Codes.
BRUSH UP:
Error-control coding techniques are used to detect and/or correct errors that occur in the
message transmission in a digital communication system. The transmitting side of the error-control
coding adds redundant bits or symbols to the original information signal sequence. The receiving
side of the error-control coding uses these redundant bits or symbols to detect and/or correct the
errors that occurred during transmission. The transmission coding process is known as encoding,
and the receiving coding process is known as decoding.
Block code is an important class of error control coding. In block coding, successive blocks
of K information (message) symbols are formed. The coding algorithm then transforms each block
into a codeword consisting of n symbols where n>k. This structure is called an (n,k) code. The ratio
k/n is called the code rate.

STEPS TO BE TAKEN:
1. Assume that the generator matrix for a (6,3) linear block code is

0 1 1 1 0 0
G  1 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1

2. Specify the generator matrix as

G = [[0 1 1;1 0 1 ;1 1 0], eye(3)]
[k,n] = size(G)
3. Construct the message vector.
4. Use linear block code to produce the codewords pertaining to each message as
code0 = encode(msg0,N,K,'linear',G)
5. To recover the message vector, the codeword vector needs to be decoded as
dmsg0 = decode(code0,N,K,'linear',G)
6. To compute the number of errors and its error ratio.
[number, ratio] = biterr(msg0,dmsg0)
7. Conclude your results
 Communication Systems AM Modulation IIEE
6th Semester Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering LAB 5

OBJECTIVES:

Understand the phenomena of Amplitude Modulation and the effect of modulation index on the
modulated output.
Simulate the results both in time and frequency domain.

BRUSH UP:

In AM, the information signal varies the amplitude of the carrier in accordance with the amplitude
and frequency variations of the modulating signal.

Modulation index represented as m defines the depth of modulation. It is simply the ratio of the
modulating signal to the carrier voltage.
m = Vm/ Vc
Where, Vm and Vc are the peak values of the modulating and carrier signal.

From the modulated waveform, it can also be calculated as

m= Vmax - Vmin
Vmax + Vmin

Where, Vmax and Vmin are the max and min values of the envelope of the modulated o/p.

The spectrum of modulated output will consists of the carrier and sideband frequencies.

ASSIGNMENTS:

1. Using simulink create the following model of AM.

2. Set the properties of the modulating signal as

3. Set the parameters of the carrier signal as

4. With simulation time 1000, run the model and display the modulated output on the scope. From
the displayed waveform , measure the modulation index and compare with the set one.
5. What is the depth of modulation?

6. Now for the case of under modulation with carrier amplitude equal to 1, change the amplitude of
the modulating signal to 0.2 and 0.5 and repeat step4.

7. Now for the case of over modulation with modulating signal amplitude equal to 1, change the
amplitude of the carrier to 0.2 and 0.5 and display the waveforms.

8. Now create the next model again with simulink as

9. Set the amplitude of both the modulating signal and the carrier to 1 and sample time to
1/20000.

10. Set the frequency of the modulating signal to 1KhZ and the frequency of the carrier to
10KhZ.

11. Set the parameters of B-FFT as

12. Run and display the spectrum. Measure the carrier and side frequencies and compare with the
expected values.
 Communication Systems Implementation of AM Modulator IIEE
6th Semester Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering LAB 6

OBJECTIVES:
Implement and demonstrate an Amplitude Modulator using KL 900A communication trainer.

BRUSH UP:

AM modulator circuit using MC 1496 is shown in Figure. Carrier and audio signals are single-ended
inputs and are respectively connected to pin 10 and to pin 1. The gain of entire circuit is determined
by the R8 value. The R9 determines the amount of bias current. Adjusting the amount of VR1 or the
audio amplitude can change the percentage modulation.

Fig: Amplitude modulator using MC1496

The gain of entire circuit is determined by the R8 value. The R9 determines the amount of bias
current. Adjusting the amount of VR1 or the audio amplitude can change the percentage modulation.

Modulation index represented as m defines the depth of modulation. It is simply the ratio of the peak
modulating signal to the peak carrier voltage.

m = Vm/ Vc (1)

With Vmax and Vmin as the max and min values of the envelope of the modulated o/p, m
can also be calculated as

m= Vmax - Vmin (2)

Vmax + Vmin
ASSIGNMENTS:

1. Locate AM modulator circuit on Module KL-93002. Insert connect plugs in J1 and J3 to set
R8 =1k: and R9 =6.8kΩ.
2. Connect a 0.4Vp-p, 1 kHz sine wave to the audio input, and a 0.4Vp-p, 500 kHz sine wave to
the carrier input.
3. Connect the vertical input of the oscilloscope to the AM output (O/P). Observe the output
waveform. Calculate the percentage modulation of output signal using Eq (2) and compare
with Eq (1).
4. Repeat the steps 2-3 for an audio amplitude of 0.2 Vp-p.
5. Adjust the VR1 and mention its operation.
6. What is the effect of modulation index on the modulated waveform.
 Communication Systems Basic Operation of Spectrum Analyzer IIEE
6th Semester Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering LAB 7

OBJECTIVES:
Understand the basic operation of GSP-730 by using its parameter settings such as frequency,
amplitude and markers.
Measurement and analysis of a baseband signal.

BRUSH UP:
Spectrum analyzers are mainly used to measure physical quantities such as the frequency and
amplitude of a signal. For basic operation, the frequency range must be set first, then the reference
level amplitude.

Fig 1:Snapshot of GSP-730 Spectrum Analyzer

In Fig 1, the horizontal setting is frequency and the vertical axis is amplitude. Therefore a spectrum
analyzer is basically used to perform frequency and amplitude-related measurements.

Range of frequency, span and amplitude can be set using the keyboard shown in Fig 2.
Fig2: The Frequency, Amplitude and Span keys as well as the keypad and unit keys.

STEPS TO BE TAKEN:

a. Connect the Sinewave baseband signal 0.4 Vpp of frequency 1MHz from the function
generator to the input terminal of the GSP-730 using the RF wire.

b. Set the GSP 730 as follows.

 Center frequency: 2.5MHz
 Start frequency: 0kHz,
 Stop frequency: 5MHz
 Reference level: 10dBm
 RBW: Auto

c. Follow the following steps. When the first step is done, steps 2 and 3 (below) will have
already beenautomatically set. Students may do steps 2 and 3 here mentioned for reference
only.
 d. Utilize the Marker function on the spectrum analyzer

A function signal generator can also be used as a signal source in the above measurement, but be
aware that the amplitude of the output signal can’t be too high.
dBm is a power unit that is referenced to 1mW. The formula for

X dBm = 10*log(Px/1mW).

Because the output voltage of a signal generator is often used expressed as a voltage into a 50 ohm
load, you must convert voltage to power. A few common values are listed below:
Note: If voltage is measured without a load on an oscilloscope, the Vpp and Vm values should be
multiplied by 2. For instance, when we get a measured value of 4Vpp into no load, it is the
equivalent of 2Vpp into 50 ohms, or 10dBm after conversion.

e. Draw the spectrum showing the harmonics.

f. What is the spectrum of a theoretical sine wave and why is it different with the actual
measured one?
g. What is the frequency domain feature of the analyzed signal?
 Communication Systems DSB Modulation and Demodulation IIEE
6th Semester Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering LAB 8

OBJECTIVES:
To understand the phenomenon of DSB modulation and demodulation
Analyze the output both in time and frequency domain

BRUSHUP:
The drawback of conventional AM is its power wastage in the carrier signal. The solution to this is
DSBSC or DSB in which the spectrum consists of only two side frequencies with suppressed carrier
frequency.

The message signal can be recovered back from DSBSC using coherent detection. In this technique
the modulated signal is mixed with the carrier having the same frequency and phase as the carrier at
the transmitter. The mixed output is then passed through a LPF which recovers the message back.

ASSIGNMENTS:
1. Using simulink to create the following model with 1K message and 100K carrier.

2. Using high order LPF display and draw the oscillogram of modulated and demodulated
output.
3. Identify the type of demodulation and verify the results using calculations.
4. Using BFFT scope, analyze and draw the spectrum of modulated and demodulated output.
5. Conclude your results.