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Design science

A concept of Design Science was introduced in 1957 by R. Buckminster Fuller[1] who defined it as a systematic form of
designing.[2] He expanded on this concept in his World Design Science Decade proposal to the International Union of Architects
in 1961.[3] The term was later used by S. A. Gregory in the 1965 'The Design Method' Conference [4] where he drew the
distinction between scientific method and design method. Gregory was clear in his view that design was not a science and that
design science referred to the scientific study of design. Herbert Simon in his 1968 Karl Taylor Compton lectures [5] used and
popularized these terms in his argument for the scientific study of the artificial (as opposed to the natural). Over the intervening
period the two uses of the term (systematic designing and study of designing) have co-mingled to the point where design science
may have both meanings: a science of design and design as a science.

Contents
A science of design
Design as a science
Design as a science in information systems
See also
References

A science of design
Simon's The Sciences of the Artificial,[6] first published in 1969, built on previous developments and motivated the further
development of systematic and formalized design methodologies relevant to many design disciplines, for example architecture,
engineering, urban planning, computer science, and management studies.[7][8][9][10][11][12] Simon's ideas about the science of
design also encouraged the development of design research and the scientific study of designing.[13]

There has been recurrent concern to differentiate design from science.[4][14][15] Nigel Cross differentiated between scientific
design, design science and a science of design.[16] A science of design (the scientific study of design) does not require or assume
that the acts of designing are themselves scientific, and an increasing number of research programs take this view.[17] Cross uses
the term 'designerly ways of knowing' to distinguish designing from other kinds of human activity.[18]

Design as a science
The design-science relationship continues to be debated[19][20] and there continue to be many efforts to reframe or reform design
as science. For example, the axiomatic theory of design by Suh[21] presents a domain independent theory that can explain or
prescribe the design process. The Function-Behavior-Structure (FBS) ontology by Gero,[22][23] presenting a domain independent
ontology of design and designing, is another example. Early efforts that use mathematics to formalize the design process include
Braha’s Formal Theory of Design (FDT), which is a domain independent mathematical and computational theory of the design
process.[24]

Design as a science in information systems


There has been a particular emphasis on design as a science within information systems. Hevner and Chatterjee provide a
reference on Design Science Research (DSR) in Information Systems,[25] including a selection of papers from the DESRIST
conferences (http://desrist.org/), a look at key principles of DSR, and the integration of action research with design research.
Vaishnavi, Kuechler, and Petter offer a resource on design science research in information systems that outlines the origins and
philosophical grounding for design science research, explains the design science methodology, and offers a bibliography of
articles that discuss design science methods or offer exemplars of design science.[26] In 2010, 122 professors promoted design
science in information system research by signing a memorandum (http://memo.iwi.unisg.ch/en/).

Hevner et al. provide a set of seven guidelines which help information systems researchers conduct, evaluate and present design-
science research.[27] The seven guidelines address design as an artifact, problem relevance, design evaluation, research
contributions, research rigor, design as a search process, and research communication.

Later extensions of the design science research approach detail how design and research problems can be rationally decomposed
by means of nested problem solving.[28] It is also explained how the regulative cycle (problem investigation, solution design,
design validation, solution implementation, and implementation evaluation) fits in the framework. Peffers et al.[29] developed a
model for producing and presenting information systems research, the Design Science Research Process. The Peffers et al. model
has been used extensively and Adams provides an example of the process model being applied to create a digital forensic process
model.[30]

See also
Design science research
Design methods
Design research
Design thinking

References
1. Fuller, R. Buckminster (1957). "A Comprehensive Anticipatory Design Science" (https://books.google.com/?id=Tn
xUAAAAMAAJ&q=%22a+comprehensive+anticipatory+design+science%22&dq=%22a+comprehensive+anticipat
ory+design+science%22). Royal Architectural Institute of Canada. 34. Retrieved 2016-09-14 – via Google Books.
2. Fuller, R. Buckminster. "Fuller on Design Science" (https://bfi.org/design-science/primer/fuller-design-science).
Buckminster Fuller Institute.
3. Fuller, R. Buckminster; McHale, John (1964). "World Design Science Decade documents" (https://bfi.org/design-s
cience/primer/world-design-science-decade). Buckminster Fuller Institute. Southern Illinois University. Retrieved
2016-09-14.
4. Gregory, Sydney (1966). The Design Method. UK: Butterworth.
5. Simon (1996). 'The Sciences of the Artificial. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-69191-8.
6. Simon, Herbert A. The Sciences of the Artificial, MIT Press.
7. Baldwin; Clarke (2000). 'Design Rules, Vol. 1: The Power of Modularity. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-02466-2.
8. Banathy (1996). 'Designing Social Systems in a Changing World. Plenum, New York. ISBN 978-0-306-45251-2.
9. Long; Dowell (1998). " 'Conceptions of the discipline of HCI: Craft, applied science, and engineering". Cambridge
University Press. Missing or empty |url= (help)
10. Romme (2003). " 'aking a difference: Organization as design". Organization Science. Missing or empty |url=
(help)
11. Van Aken (2004). " 'Management research based on the paradigm of the design sciences: The quest for field-
tested and grounded technological Rules". Journal of Management Studies. Missing or empty |url= (help)
12. Warfield (1990). " 'A Science of Generic Design". Intersystems Publishers. Missing or empty |url= (help)
13. Cross, Nigel (2007). "Forty years of design research". Design Studies. 28 (1): 1–4.
doi:10.1016/j.destud.2006.11.004 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.destud.2006.11.004).
14. Cross; Naughton, Walker (1981). " 'Design method and scientific method". Design Studies. pp. 195–201. Missing
or empty |url= (help)
15. Willem (1990). " 'Design and Science". Design Studies. Missing or empty |url= (help)
16. Cross (2001). " 'Designerly Ways of Knowing: Design Discipline versus Design Science". Design Issues. pp. 49–
55. Missing or empty |url= (help)
17. Gero (2004). " 'The PhD Program in Design Science at the University of Sydney, Development and Prospects of
PhD Programme in Design Science Education". Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan. Missing or empty
|url= (help)
18. Cross (2007). 'Designerly Ways of Knowing. Birkhauser. ISBN 978-3-7643-8484-5.
19. Farrell, R. and C. Hooker (2012) 'The Simon—Kroes model of technical artifacts and the distinction between
science and design', Design Studies, 33 (5) pp. 480-495 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2012.05.001
20. Galle, P. and P. Kroes (2014) 'Science and design. Identical twins?' Design Studies, 35 (3) pp. 201-231
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2013.12.002
21. Suh (1990). The Axiomatic Theory of Design. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-504345-7.
22. Gero, John (1990). " 'Design prototypes: a knowledge representation schema for design". AI Magazine. 11 (4):
26. doi:10.1609/aimag.v11i4.854 (https://doi.org/10.1609%2Faimag.v11i4.854).
23. Gero (2004). " 'The situated function-behaviour-structure framework". Design Studies. Missing or empty |url=
(help)
24. Braha, Dan; Maimon, Oded (1998). A Mathematical Theory of Design: Foundations, Algorithms, and
Applications. Springer.
25. Hevner; Chatterjee (2010). 'Design Research in Information Systems. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4419-5652-1.
26. Vaishnavi, V., Kuechler, W., and Petter, S. (2004/17). “Design Science Research in Information Systems” January
20, 2004; last updated December 20, 2017. URL: http://desrist.org/design-research-in-information-systems
27. Hevner; Salvatore T. March; Jinsoo Park; Sudha Ram (2004). "Design science in information systems research".
MIS Quarterly. Missing or empty |url= (help)
28. Wieringa (2009). " 'Design Science as nested problem solving". 4th International Conference on Design Science
Research in Information Systems and Technology. Missing or empty |url= (help)
29. Peffers; Tuunanen, Gengler; Rossi, Hui; Virtanen, Bragge (2006). " 'The Design Science Research Process: A
Model for Producing and Presenting Information Systems Research" (http://6a.1b.7aae.static.theplanet.com/site
s/default/files/documents/000designscresearchproc_desrist_2006.pdf) (PDF). springer.
30. Adams (2013). " 'The Advanced Data Acquisition Model (ADAM): A process model for digital forensic practice" (ht
tp://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/14422/2/02Whole.pdf) (PDF). Murdoch University.

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