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3.Stability Check
4.Wall Design
Design the fixed and free end cantilever abutments to the 20m span deck shown to carry Load Model 1 and
vehicles SV80, SV100 and SV196 for Load Model 3. Analyse the abutments using a unit strip method. The bridge
site is located south east of Oxford (to establish the range of shade air temperatures).
Vehicle collision on large abutments need not be considered as they are assumed to have sufficient mass to
withstand the collision loads for global purposes.
The ground investigation report shows suitable founding strata about 9.5m below the proposed road level and
1.5m below existing ground level. Test results show the founding strata to be a well drained, cohesionless soil
having an angle of shearing resistance (φ') = 34°, a critical state angle of shearing resistance (φ'cν) = 30° and a
weight density = 19kN/m3.
Backfill material will be Class 6N with an angle of shearing resistance (φ' bf;k) = 35° and weight density (γbf;k) =
19kN/m3.
A grillage analysis gave the following characteristic reactions for the various load cases:
Characteristic Reaction
(kN)
ULS Reaction
(kN)
Concrete Deck
180
240
Surfacing
45
60
gr1a
290
430
gr2
220
310
gr5
270
400
gr6
210
300
Characteristic Reaction
(kN)
A1
(γG;sup / γ G;inf)
A2
(γG;sup / γ G;inf)
Concrete Deck
1900
1.35 / 0.95
1.0 / 1.0
Surfacing
320
1.2 / 0.95
1.0 / 1.0
gr1a
1490
1.35 / 0
1.15 / 0
gr2
1120
1.35 / 0
1.15 / 0
gr5
1930
1.35 / 0
1.15 / 0
gr6
1470
1.35 / 0
1.15 / 0
From UK NA to BS EN 1991-1-5:2003 Figures NA.1 and NA.2 the minimum and maximum shade air temperatures
are -17 and +34°C respectively.
For bridge deck type 3 the corresponding minimum (T e,min) and maximum (T e,max) effective bridge temperatures
are -11 and +36°C from BS EN 1991-1-5:2003 Figure 6.1.
Hence the temperature range = 11 + 36 = 47°C.
Form EN 1991-1-5 Table C.1 - Coefficient of thermal expansion for a concrete deck = 10 × 10-6 per °C.
However CIRIA Report C660 ("Early-age thermal crack control in concrete") suggests that a value of 10 × 10-6 per
°C is unsuitable for some of the concrete aggregates used in the UK and suggest a value of 12 × 10-6 per °C
should be used if the type of aggregate has not been specified.
Hence the range of movement at the free end of the 20m span deck = 47 × 12 × 10-6 × 20 × 10 3 = 11.3mm.
The design thermal movement in the deck will be ± [(11.3 / 2) γF] = ±[11.3 × 1.35 /2] = ± 8mm.
Note: the required shear deflection (8mm) should be limited to between 30% to 50% of the thickness of the
bearing. The figure quoted in the catalogue for the maximum shear deflection is 70% of the thickness.
A tolerance is also required for setting the bearing if the ambient temperature is not at the mid range temperature.
The design shade air temperature range will be -17 to +34°C which would require the bearings to be installed at a
shade air temperature of [(34+17)/2-17] = 9°C to achieve the ± 8mm movement.
If the bearings are set at a maximum shade air temperature (T0) of 16°C then, by proportion the deck will expand
8×(34-16)/[(34+17)/2] = 6mm and contract 8×(16+17)/[(34+17)/2] = 10mm.
Let us assume that this maximum shade air temperature of 16°C for fixing the bearings is specified for T0 in the
Contract and design the abutments accordingly.
Note: Braking forces should not be taken into account at the surfacing level of the carriageway over the backfill
(See BS EN 1991-2:2003 Cl. 4.9.2)
Backfill
SLS
Combination 1
Combination 2
1.0
1.25
φ'bf;d = tan-1[tan(φ'bf;k)/γ M]
35.0°
35.0°
29.3°
0.271
0.271
0.343
K0 = 1-Sinφ'bf;d
0.426
0.426
0.511
1.0/1.0
1.35/0.95
1.0/1.0
19.0
25.65
19.0
19.0
18.1
19.0
1.0
1.2
1.2
Hap;d = γbf;dKaγSd;KZ 2/2
2.575Z 2kN/m
4.171Z 2kN/m
3.91Z2kN/m
Normal Traffic
Note: Df is used for determining the distibution of the Line Load in the wall for a metre strip analysis, but is not
included in the calculation when considering the overall stability of the wall.
Line Load kN/m (at ground level) = Hsc;F = F.Kd.(1 + ψ1)/Wabut = 2×330K d×1.75/11.6 = 99.57Kd
UDL kN/m 2 = σ h;ave = (σh1+ψ1.σ h2).Wlane/Wabut = (30+0.75×20)×K d×3/11.6 = 11.64Kd
SLS
Combination 1
Combination 2
1.0
1.35
1.15
Assume Abutments are to be backfilled in accordance with the Highways Agency Manual of Contract Documents
for Highway Works (MCHW), then compaction pressures due to construction vehicles are deemed to be coverered
if the surcharge model in Figure 2 and Table 7 of PD 6694-1:2011 (as shown above) is employed (see PD 6694-
1:2011 Clause 7.3.3).
1) Stability Check
Load Combinations
Backfill + SV/100 and SV/196 Surcharge + Deck Permanent load + gr1a (frequent value) on deck
Backfill + Normal Traffic Surcharge (frequent value) + Deck Permanent load + gr5 on deck
Backfill + Normal Traffic Surcharge (frequent value) + Deck Permanent load + gr2 (ψ 1LM1
with braking on deck)
(Braking not applied to free abutment if sliding bearings are provided)
Weight of wall stem = γG × twall × Z wall × γconc = 1.0 × 1.0 × 6.5 × 25 = 162.5kN/m
Weight of base = γG × Wbase × Z base × γconc = 1.0 × 6.4 × 1.0 × 25 = 160kN/m
Weight of backfill = γ G × Wheel × Z heel × γbf;d = 1.0 × 4.3 × 8.5 × 19 = 694.5kN/m
Backfill Force Hap;d = γG × γSd;K × Ka × γbf;d × Z 2/2 = 1.0 × 1.0 × 0.271 × 19 × 9.52 / 2 =
232kN/m
Frequent value of Surcharge UDL Force Hsc;udl = ψ1 × γQ × σ h;ave × Z = 0.75 × 1.0 × (10.34
× 0.271) × 9.5 = 20 kN/m
Frequent value of Surcharge Line Load Force Hsc;F = ψ1 × γQ × Hsc;F = 0.75 × 1.0 ×
(113.79 × 0.271) = 23 kN/m
Deck Maximum Permanent load (concrete + surfacingmax) = γ G × VDL = 1.0 × (164 + 43) =
207kN/m
Deck Minimum Permanent load (concrete + surfacingmin) = γ G × VDL = 1.0 × (164 + 17) =
181kN/m
Deck Vertical Traffic load (gr2) = γQ × Vtraffic = 1.0 × 89 =
89kN/m
Deck Horizontal Traffic load (gr2) = γQ × Hbraking = 1.0 × 36 =
36kN/m
Restoring Effects:
Minimum
Lever Arm
Moment About A
Stem
162.5
1.6
260
Base
160
3.2
512
Backfill
694.5
4.25
2952
Deck (VDLmin)
181
1.55
281
∑=
1198
∑=
4005
Maximum
Lever Arm
Moment About A
Stem
162.5
1.6
260
Base
160
3.2
512
Backfill
694.5
4.25
2952
296
1.55
459
∑=
1313
∑=
4183
Overturning Effects:
Lever Arm
Moment About A
Hap;d
232
3.167
735
Hsc;udl
20
4.75
95
Hsc;F
23
9.5
219
Hbraking
36
7.5
270
∑=
311
∑=
1319
Bearing Pressure:
PD 6694-1 Cl. 5.2.2 requires no uplift at SLS
Check bearing pressure at toe and heel of base slab = (V / A) ± (V × e × y / I) where V × e is the moment about the
centre of the base.
V = 1313kN/m
A = 6.4m2/m
I / y = 6.42 / 6 = 6.827m 3/m
Nett moment = 4183 - 1319 = 2864kNm/m
Eccentricity (e) of V about centre-line of base = 3.2 - (2864 / 1313) = 1.019m
Pressure under base = (1313 / 6.4) ± (1313 × 1.019 / 6.827)
Pressure under toe = 205 + 196 = 401kN/m2
Pressure under heel = 205 - 196 = 9kN/m2 > 0 ∴ OK (no uplift)
Also
BS EN 1997-1:2004, 2.4.8(4), allows the serviceability limit state for settlement to be verified by ensuring that a
“sufficiently low fraction of the ground strength is mobilized”. This requirement can be deemed to be satisfied if the
maximum pressure under a foundation at SLS does not exceed one third of the design resistance R/A' calculated
in accordance with BS EN 1997-1:2004, Annex D, using characteristic values of φ', cu and γ' and representative
values of horizontal and vertical actions.
From Annex D.4 for Drained Conditions:
R/A' = c'Ncbcscic + q'N qbqsqiq + 0.5γ'B'Nγbγsγiγ
c' = 0
γ' = γ × γ G;inf = 19 × 1.0 = 19kN/m3
q' = 1.5 × 19 = 28.5 kN/m2 (Foundation 1.5m below existing ground level)
Nq = eπtanφ'dtan2(45 + φ'd / 2)
φ'd = φ' = 34° (γ M = 1.0)
Nq = eπtan34tan2(45 + 34 / 2) = 29.4
Nγ = 2(N q - 1)tanφ' d = 2 × (29.4 - 1) × tan34 = 38.3
bq = bγ = 1.0 (α = 0)
B' = B - 2e = 6.4 - 2 × 1.019 = 4.362
sq = 1 + (B' / L')sinφ' d = 1 + (4.362 / 11.6) × sin34 = 1.21
sγ = 1 - 0.3(B' / L') = 1 - 0.3(4.362 / 11.6) = 0.89
m = (2 + B' / L') / (1 + B' / L') = (2 + 4.362 / 11.6) / (1 + 4.362 / 11.6) = 1.73
iq = [1 - H / (V + A'c' dcotφ'd)] m = [1 - 311 / 1313] 1.73 = 0.63
iγ = [1 - H / (V + A'c' dcotφ'd)] m+1 = [1 - 311 / 1313] 2.73 = 0.48
R/A' = 0 + (28.5 × 29.4 × 1.0 × 1.21 × 0.63) + (0.5 × 19 × 4.362 × 38.3 × 1.0 × 0.89 × 0.48 = 639 + 678 = 1317
kN/m 2
1/3(R/A') = 1317 / 3 = 439 kN/m2 > 401 kN/m2 ∴ settlement check OK.
γG;sup
γG;inf
γQ
γSd;K
Combination 1
Combination 1 Surfacing
1.35
1.2
0.95
0.95
1.35
1.2
Combination 2
1.00
1.00
1.15
1.2
Comb.1
Comb.2
Min. weight of wall stem = γG;inf × twall × Z wall × γconc
154
162.5
219
162.5
152
160
216
160
660
694.5
937.5
694.5
Ka
0.271
0.343
376
353
27
29
31
33.7
Deck Maximum Permanent load (concrete + surfacingmax) = γ G;sup × VDL
273
207
172
181
120
102
49
41
Combination 1
Restoring Effects :
Minimum
Lever Arm
Moment About A
Stem
154
1.6
246
Base
152
3.2
486
Backfill
660
4.25
2805
Deck (VDLmin)
172
1.55
267
∑=
1138
∑=
3804
Maximum
Lever Arm
Moment About A
Stem
219
1.6
350
Base
216
3.2
691
Backfill
937.5
4.25
3984
393
1.55
609
∑=
1765.5
∑=
5634
Overturning Effects:
Lever Arm
Moment About A
Hap;d
376
3.167
1191
Hsc;udl
27
4.75
128
Hsc;F
31
9.5
295
Hbraking
49
7.5
368
∑=
483
∑=
1982
Combination 2
Restoring Effects :
Minimum
Lever Arm
Moment About A
Stem
162.5
1.6
260
Base
160
3.2
512
Backfill
694.5
4.25
2952
Deck (VDLmin)
181
1.55
281
∑=
1198
∑=
4005
Maximum
Lever Arm
Moment About A
Stem
162.5
1.6
260
Base
160
3.2
512
Backfill
694.5
4.25
2952
Deck (VDLmax + Vtraffic)
309
1.55
479
∑=
1326
∑=
4203
Overturning Effects:
Lever Arm
Moment About A
Hap;d
353
3.167
1118
Hsc;udl
29
4.75
138
Hsc;F
33.7
9.5
320
Hbraking
41
7.5
308
∑=
457
∑=
1884
Bearing Pressure:
EN 1997-1:2004 Cl. 6.5.4 restrict eccentricity of loading to 1/3 of the width of the footing at ULS
V = 1326kN/m
Nett moment = 4203 - 1884 = 2319kNm/m
Eccentricity (e) of V about centre-line of base = 3.2 - (2319 / 1326) = 1.451m
Base width / 3 = 6.4 / 3 = 2.131 > 1.451 ∴ OK
Assume rectangular pressure distribution under the base as described in EN 1997-1:2004 Annex D
Effective base width B' = B - 2e = 6.4 - 2 × 1.451 = 3.498m
Pressure under base = (1326 / 3.498) = 379kN/m2
Analysing Load Cases 2 to 7 for the fixed abutment and the free abutment using a simple spreadsheet the
following results were obtained:
Notation:
Case 2, 6 and 7 - results of fixed abutment with dowels and free abutment with sliding bearings.
Case 2a, 6a and 7a - results of fixed abutment with dowels and free abutment with elastomeric bearings.
Case 2b, 6b and 7b - results of both abutments with elastomeric bearings.
All other cases are not affected by the bearing arrangement.
Fixed Abutment:
Sliding
SLS
Comb.1
Comb.2
Resistance
692
657
553
Case 2
Case 2a
306
375
476
569
453
522
Case 3
290
454
437
Case 4
289
453
436
Case 5
275
435
416
Case 6 & 6a
311
483
458
Case 7& 7a
274
433
402
Bearing
Pressure
SLS
Toe
SLS
Heel
Comb.1
Vd/A' / R/A'
Comb.2
Vd/A' / R/A'
Case 2
Case 2a
359
435
23
-52
384 / 1054
478 / 773
341 / 354
447 / 257
Case 3
393
30
418 / 1199
370 / 426
Case 4
377
36
402 / 1188
354 / 419
Case 5
392
42
418 / 1281
362 / 473
Case 6 & 6a
401
427 / 1082
380 / 380
Case 7 & 7a
377
45
403 / 1265
336 / 485
Free Abutment:
Sliding
SLS
Comb.1
Comb.2
Resistance
711
675
568
Case 2
Case 2a
Case 2b
312
382
339
486
580
522
463
532
490
Case 3
297
465
447
Case 4
269
464
447
Case 5
282
445
426
Case 6 & 6a
Case 6b
282
307
445
479
426
455
Case 7 & 7a
Case 7b
239
260
387
415
363
387
Bearing
Pressure
SLS
Toe
SLS
Heel
Comb.1
Vd/A' / R/A'
Comb.2
Vd/A' / R/A'
Case 2
Case 2a
Case 2b
361
436
390
25
-49
-3
386 / 1070
478 / 793
417 / 957
342 / 360
444 / 262
375 / 320
Case 3
395
31
420 / 1212
371 / 431
Case 4
379
37
404 / 1202
355 / 424
Case 5
394
43
421 / 1294
364 / 477
Case 6 & 6a
Case 6b
364
391
50
23
390 / 1257
416 / 1145
337 / 453
366 / 405
Case 7 & 7a
Case 7b
334
365
92
67
368 / 1480
395 / 1387
300 / 578
326 / 539
Note:
1) Numbers in bold indicate failed results.
2) Slight differences in results between the example and the spreadsheet for Case 6 are due to rounding off errors
in the example.
It can be seen that the use of elastomeric bearings (Case 2) will govern the critical design load cases on the
abutments. We shall assume that there are no specific requirements for using elastomeric bearings and design
the abutments for the lesser load effects by using sliding bearings.
Loads on the back of the wall are calculated using 'at rest' earth pressures. Serviceability and Ultimate load effects
need to be calculated for the load cases 2 to 7 shown above. Again, these are best carried out using a simple
spreadsheet.
Using the Fixed Abutment Load Case 6 again as an example of the calculations:
Wall Design
SLS
Combination 1
Combination 2
1.0
1.25
φ'bf;d = tan-1[tan(φ'bf;k)/γ M]
35.0°
35.0°
29.3°
K0 = 1-Sinφ'bf;d
0.426
0.426
0.511
1.0
1.35
1.0
19.0
25.7
19.0
1.0
1.2
1.2
4.047Z 2kN/m
6.569Z 2kN/m
5.825Z 2kN/m
Hap;d(kN) =
292
475
421
827
1295
1193
ψ1γQ;sup =
0.75
1.013
0.863
ψ1γQ;supHsc;F = ψ1γQ;sup113.79KdDf =
24
33
34
204
281
289
28
38
39
119
162
166
1.0
1.35
1.0
Deck concrete =
164
221
164
1.0
1.2
1.0
Deck surfacing =
43
52
43
10
14
10
γQ;sup =
1.0
1.35
1.15
89
120
102
5
Variable Horizontal Reaction (Braking) =
36
49
41
Moment = H × 6.5 =
234
319
267
Analysing the fixed abutment and free abutment with Load Cases 2 to 7 using a simple spreadsheet the following
results were obtained for the design moments and shear at the base of the wall:
Fixed Abutment:
SLS Moment
(Permanent)
SLS Moment
(Variable)
SLS Moment
(Total)
Case 2
840
539
1379
Case 3
840
442
1282
Case 4
840
427
1267
Case 5
840
335
1175
Case 6
840
565
1405
Case 7
840
279
1119
Moment
ULS Comb.1
Shear
ULS Comb.1
Moment
ULS Comb.2
Shear
ULS Comb.2
Case 2
2086
590
1908
534
Case 3
1954
569
1811
518
Case 4
1934
570
1792
519
Case 5
1809
545
1664
494
Case 6
2120
594
1928
535
Case 7
1734
531
1525
469
Free Abutment:
SLS Moment
(Permanent)
SLS Moment
(Variable)
SLS Moment
(Total)
Case 2
878
551
1429
Case 3
878
451
1329
Case 4
878
437
1315
Case 5
878
342
1220
Case 6
878
338
1216
Case 7
878
885
Moment
ULS Comb.1
Shear
ULS Comb.1
Moment
ULS Comb.2
Shear
ULS Comb.2
Case 2
2163
606
1979
547
Case 3
2029
584
1880
531
Case 4
2009
585
1860
532
Case 5
1881
560
1729
507
Case 6
1876
560
1724
507
Case 7
1428
489
1266
434
Concrete to BS 8500:2006
Use strength class C32/40 with water-cement ratio 0.5 and minimum cement content of 340kg/m3 for exposure
condition XD2.
Nominal cover to reinforcement = 60mm (45mm minimum cover plus a tolerance Δc of 15mm).
Reinforcement to BS 4449:2005 Grade B500B: fy = 500N/mm 2
It is usual to design reinforced concrete for the ultimate limit state and check for serviceability conditions.
M ULS = 2163kNm/m, VULS = 606kN/m, M SLS = 1429kNm/m [878(permanent)+551(variable)]
cl. 3.1.6(101)P
cl. 3.1.7
αcc = 0.85
cl. 2.4.2.4
Table 3.1
Fig. 3.3
Cl. 3.2.7(4)
i) Before creep has occurred the cracked section properties will be based on the short-term modulus for all
actions.
Let dc = depth to neutral axis then equating strains for cracked section:
εs = εc(d - d c) / d c
Equating forces:
AsEsεs = 0.5bdcεcEc,eff
Hence dc = [-AsEs + {(A sEs)2 + 2bAsEsEc,effd}0.5] / bE c,eff
dc = [-8378 × 200000 + {(8378 × 200000)2 + 2 × 1000 × 8378 × 200000 × 33400 × 920} 0.5] / (1000 × 33400) =
258mm
Cracked second moment of area = As(d-dc)2 + Ec,effbd c3 / 3Es
INA = 8378 × (920 - 258) 2 + 33.4 × 1000 × 2583 / (3 × 200) = 4.63 × 10 9 mm4 (steel units)
Approximate concrete stress σc = M / z c + N / A c
N (Case 2) = 164 + 43 = 207 kN
σ c ≅ {1429 × 10 6 × 258 / (4.63 × 10 9 × 6.0)} + {207 × 10 3 / (258 × 10 3)} = 13.3 + 0.8 = 14.1 N/mm2
cl. 7.2(102)
EN 1992-1-1
ii) After all creep has taken place the cracked section properties will be based on the long-term and short-term
modulus for the various actions.
Short-term modulus = Ecm
Long-term modulus = Ecm / (1+φ)
Effective modulus E c,eff = (Mqp + M st)Ecm / {Mst + (1 + φ)Mqp}
Table 3.1
Cl. 3.1.4
Annex B (B.6)&(B.8c)
(B.3b)
(B.4)
(B.5)
(B.2)
cl. 7.2(102)
cl. 7.2(5)
Crack Control:
Cl. 7.3.4(1)
Cl. 7.3.4(3)
Cl. 7.3.2(3)
Cl. 7.3.4(2)
Cl. 7.3.4(2)
Table 3.1
(εsm - εcm) = [133 - {0.4 × 3.02 × (1 + 6.0 × 0.0419) / 0.0419}] / 200000 = 0.485 × 10 -3
0.6σs / Es = 0.6 × 133 / 200000 = 0.399 × 10 -3 < 0.485 × 10 -3 ∴ OK
Crack width wk = sr,max(εsm - εcm) = 366 × 0.485 × 10 -3 = 0.18 mm
Hence B40 bars at 150 centres are adequate for the rear face at the base of the wall.
Shear Capacity
Cl. 6.2.2(101)
Cl. 3.1.2(102)P
cl 6.2.2(6)
Alternative Solution:
If the reduction factor β is not used to reduce the applied shear force actions then the allowable shear force VRd,c
may be enhanced if the section being considered is within 2d of the support.
Considering the effects of casting the wall stem onto the base slab by complying with the early thermal cracking of
concrete to C660 then B32 horizontal lacer bars @ 100 c/c will be required in both faces in the bottom 0.5m of
the wall, reducing to B25 bars @ 200 above 1.3m from the bottom of the wall.
Base Design
Maximum bending and shear effects in the base slab will occur at sections near the front and back of the wall.
Calculations need to be carried out for serviceability and ultimate limit states using 'at rest pressures'
Using the Fixed Abutment Load Case 6 again as an example of the calculations:
CASE 6 - Fixed Abutment Serviceability Limit State
Restoring Effects:
Lever Arm
Moment About A
Stem
162.5
1.6
260
Base
160
3.2
512
Backfill
694.5
4.25
2952
296
1.55
459
∑=
1313
∑=
4183
Overturning Effects:
Lever Arm
Moment About A
Backfill
365
3.167
1156
Surcharge UDL
31
4.75
147
24
9.5
228
36
7.5
270
∑=
456
∑=
1801
Bearing Pressure at toe and heel of base slab = (V / A) ± (V × e × y / I)
V = 1313kN/m
A = 6.4m2/m
I / y = 6.42 / 6 = 6.827m 3/m
Nett moment = 4183 - 1801 = 2382kNm/m
Eccentricity (e) of V about centre-line of base = 3.2 - (2382 / 1313) = 1.386m
Pressure under base = (1313 / 6.4) ± (1313 × 1.386 / 6.827)
Pressure under toe = 205 + 267 = 472kN/m2
Pressure under heel = 205 - 267 = -62kN/m2 (uplift)
Adjust for uplift:
Reduced length of pressure under base = 3(B/2 - e) = 3 × (6.4 / 2 - 1.386) = 5.442 m
Pressure under toe = 2 × 1313 / 5.442 = 483 kN/m2
Pressure at front face of wall = 483 × 4.342 / 5.442} = 385kN/m 2
Pressure at rear face of wall = 483 × 3.342 / 5.442} = 297kN/m2
SLS Moment at a-a = (385 × 1.12 / 2) + ([483 - 385] × 1.12 / 3) - (25 × 1.0 × 1.12 / 2)
= 257kNm/m (tension in bottom face).
SLS Moment at b-b = (297 × 3.3422 / 6) - (695 × 4.3 / 2) - (25 × 1.0 × 4.32 / 2) = -
1173kNm/m (tension in top face).
Weight of wall stem Comb.1 = γG;sup × 162.5 = 1.35 × 162.5 = 219 kN/m
Weight of wall stem Comb.2 = γG;sup × 162.5 = 1.0 × 162.5 = 163 kN/m
Weight of base Comb.1 = γG;sup × 160 = 1.35 × 160 = 216 kN/m
Weight of base Comb.2 = γG;sup × 160 = 1.0 × 160 = 160 kN/m
Weight of backfill Comb.1 = γG;sup × 694.5 = 1.35 × 694.5 = 938 kN/m
Weight of backfill Comb.2 = γG;sup × 694.5 = 1.0 × 694.5 = 695 kN/m
B/fill Force Hap;d Comb.1 = γG;sup × γSd;K × K0 × γbf;d × Z 2 / 2 = 1.35 × 1.2 × 0.426 × 19 ×
9.52 / 2 = 592kN/m
B/fill Force Hap;d Comb.2 = γG;sup × γSd;K × K0 × γbf;d × Z 2 / 2 = 1.0 × 1.2 × 0.511 × 19 ×
9.52 / 2 = 526kN/m
Frequent value of Surcharge UDL Force Hsc;udl Comb.1 = ψ1 × γQ;sup × σ h;ave × Z = 0.75 × 1.35 × (10.34 ×
0.426) × 9.5 = 42kN/m
Frequent value of Surcharge UDL Force Hsc;udl Comb.2 = ψ1 × γQ;sup × σ h;ave × Z = 0.75 × 1.15 × (10.34 ×
0.511) × 9.5 = 43kN/m
Dispersion Factor D f for line load = (1 + Z / 2) / (1 + Z) = (1 + 9.5 / 2) / (1 + 9.5) = 0.55 < 0.67 ∴ Df = 0.67
Frequent value of Surcharge Line Load Force Hsc;F Comb.1 = ψ1 × γQ;sup × Hsc;F = 0.75 × 1.35 × (113.79 ×
0.426 × 0.67) = 33kN/m
Frequent value of Surcharge Line Load Force Hsc;F Comb.2 = ψ1 × γQ;sup × Hsc;F = 0.75 × 1.15 × (113.79 ×
0.511 × 0.67) = 34kN/m
Deck Maximum Permanent load (concrete + surfacingmax) Comb.1 = γ G;sup × 164 + γG;sup × 43 = 1.35 × 164 +
1.2 × 43 = 273kN/m
Deck Maximum Permanent load (concrete + surfacingmax) Comb.2 = γ G;sup × 164 + γG;sup × 43 = 1.0 × 164 + 1.0
× 43 = 207kN/m
Deck Vertical Traffic load (gr2) Comb.1 = γQ;sup × 89 = 1.35 × 89 = 120 kN/m
Deck Vertical Traffic load (gr2) Comb.2 = γQ;sup × 89 = 1.15 × 89 = 102 kN/m
Deck Horizontal Traffic load (gr2) Comb.1 = γQ;sup × 36 = 1.35 × 36 = 49 kN/m
Deck Horizontal Traffic load (gr2) Comb.2 = γQ;sup × 36 = 1.15 × 36 = 41 kN/m
Restoring Effects:
V
Comb.1/Comb.2
Lever Arm
Moment About A
Comb.1/Comb.2
Stem
219/163
1.6
350/261
Base
216/160
3.2
691/512
Backfill
938/695
4.25
3987/2954
393/309
1.55
609/479
∑=
1766/1327
∑=
5637/4206
Overturning Effects:
H
Lever Arm
Moment About A
Backfill
592/526
3.167
1875/1666
Surcharge UDL
42/43
4.75
200/204
33/34
9.5
314/323
49/41
7.5
368/308
∑=
716/644
∑=
2757/2501
Assume rectangular pressure distribution under the base as described in EN 1997-1:2004 Annex D
Combination 1:
V = 1766 kN/m
Nett moment = 5637 - 2757 = 2880 kNm/m
Eccentricity (e) of V about centre-line of base = 3.2 - (2880 / 1766) = 1.569m
Effective base width B' = B - 2e = 6.4 - 2 × 1.569 = 3.262m
Pressure under base = (1766 / 3.262) = 541 kN/m 2
Combination 2:
V = 1327 kN/m
Nett moment = 4206 - 2501 = 1705 kNm/m
Eccentricity (e) of V about centre-line of base = 3.2 - (1705 / 1327) = 1.915m
Effective base width B' = B - 2e = 6.4 - 2 × 1.915 = 2.57m
Pressure under base = (1327 / 2.57) = 516 kN/m2
Combination 1:
ULS Shear at a-a = (541 × 1.1) - (1.35 × 1.0 × 1.1 × 25) = 558
kN/m
ULS Shear at b-b = 541 × (3.262 - 2.1) - (1.35 × 1.0 × 4.3 × 25) -
938} = -454 kN/m
ULS Moment at a-a = (541 × 1.12 / 2) - (1.35 × 25 × 1.0 × 1.1 2 /
2) = 307 kNm/m (tension in bottom face).
ULS Moment at b-b = (541 × (3.262 - 2.1)2 / 2) - (1.35 × 25 × 1.0
× 4.32 / 2) - (938 × 4.3 / 2) = -1963 kNm/m (tension in top face).
Combination 2:
ULS Shear at a-a = (516 × 1.1) - (1.0 × 1.0 × 1.1 × 25) = 540 kN/m
ULS Shear at b-b = 516 × (2.57 - 2.1) - (1.0 × 1.0 × 4.3 × 25) - 695} = 560 kN/m
ULS Moment at a-a = (516 × 1.12 / 2) - (1.0 × 25 × 1.0 × 1.12 / 2) = 297 kNm/m (tension in bottom face).
ULS Moment at b-b = (516 × (2.57 - 2.1)2 / 2) - (1.0 × 25 × 1.0 × 4.32 / 2) - (695 × 4.3 / 2) = -1668 kNm/m (tension
in top face).
Analysing the fixed abutment and the free abutment with Load Cases 2 to 7 using a simple spreadsheet the
following results were obtained:
Section a-a
ULS Shear
Comb.1/Comb.2
SLS
Moment
ULS Moment
Comb.1/Comb.2
Case 2
509/501
235
280/276
Case 3
539/515
253
297/283
Case 4
521/497
244
286/273
Case 5
527485
250
290/267
Case 6
558/541
258
307/298
Case 7
445/433
235
272/238
Section b-b
ULS Shear
Comb.1/Comb.2
SLS
Moment
ULS Moment
Comb.1/Comb.2
Case 2
480/588
1184
1962/1676
Case 3
364/466
1071
1835/1610
Case 4
372/468
1069
1830/1607
Case 5
290/365
973
1716/1519
Case 6
453/561
1178
1961/1668
Case 7
281/311
934
1663/1436
Section a-a
ULS Shear
Comb.1/Comb.2
SLS
Moment
ULS Moment
Comb.1/Comb.2
Case 2
511/500
236
281/275
Case 3
542/516
254
298/284
Case 4
523/498
246
288/274
Case 5
530/487
251
292/268
Case 6
494/455
234
272/250
Case 7
440/372
212
242/205
Section b-b
ULS Shear
Comb.1/Comb.2
SLS
Moment
ULS Moment
Comb.1/Comb.2
Case 2
479/582
1239
2054/1765
Case 3
365/464
1124
1924/1693
Case 4
373/467
1122
1918/1690
Case 5
291/365
1023
1800/1597
Case 6
327/394
1040
1815/1611
Case 7
172/192
741
1428/1266
Considering the effects of casting the base slab onto the blinding concrete by complying with the early thermal
cracking of concrete to C660 then a minimum steel area of B25 distribution bars @ 200 c/c will be required to
comply with clause 7.3.2(2) of BS EN 1992-1-1.
Design for shear and bending effects at section a-a for the Fixed Abutment and b-b for the Free Abutment using a
simple spreadsheet for slab member capacities:
Section a-a: Muls = 307 kNm/m, Vuls = 558 kN/m, M sls = 258 kNm/m (Mperm = 181 kNm/m + Mvar = 77 kNm/m)
B25's @ 150 c/c give Muls = 1262 kNm/m > 307 ∴ OK, Vuls = 731 kN/m (at d from support) > 558 ∴ OK, M sls =
1103 kNm/m > 258 ∴ OK
Section b-b: Muls = 2054 kNm/m, Vuls = 582 kN/m, M sls = 1239 kNm/m (Mperm = 860 kNm/m + Mvar = 380
kNm/m)
B40's @ 150 c/c give Muls = 2975 kNm/m > 2054 ∴ OK, Vuls = 996 kN/m (at d from support) > 582 ∴ OK, M sls =
2065 kNm/m > 1239 ∴ OK
Local Effects
Hence Normal Traffic Surcharge + Backfill has worst effect on curtain wall.