Department of Mechanical Engineering

Course Name : DESIGN OF MACHINE MEMBERS– II

Course Number : R32033

Course Designation : Core

Prerequisites : DESIGN OF MACHINE MEMBERS– I & Mathamatics

III B Tech – II SEMESTER

(2017-2018)

D.Ashok
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
SYLLABUS

BEARINGS: Classification of bearings- applications, types of journal

lubrication - bearing modulus - full and partial bearings-clearance ratio –heat
Unit – I
dissipation of bearings, bearing materials - journal bearing design- ball and
roller bearings - static loading of ball & roller bearings, bearing life.

ENGINE PARTS; Connecting Rod: Thrust in connecting rod - stress due to

Unit – II whipping action on connecting rod ends - cranks and crank shafts, strength and
proportions of over hung and center cranks - crank pins, crank shafts.

Piston, forces acting on piston - construction design and proportions of piston

Unit – III
cylinder, cylinder liners.

Design of curved beams: introduction, stresses in curved beams, expression

Unit – IV for radius of neutral axis for rectangular, circular, trapezoidal and t-section.
Design of crane hooks, e –clamps.

POWER TRANSM1SSIONS SYSTEMS, PULLEYS: Transmission of

power by belt and rope drives, transmission efficiencies, belts - flat and v types
-ropes - pulleys for belt and rope drives, materials, chain drives.
Unit – V
DESIGN OF POWER SCREWS: Design of screw, square ACME, buttress
screws, design of nut, compound screw, differential screw, ball screw- possible
Failures.

SPUR & HELICAL GEAR DRIVES: Spur gears, helical gears - load
concentration factor - dynamic load factor, surface compressive strength -
bending strength - design analysis of spur gears - estimation of centre distance,
module and face width, check for plastic deformation, check for dynamic and
Unit – VI
wear considerations.
MACHINE TOOL ELEMENTS: Levers and brackets: design of levers - hand
levers-foot lever-cranked Lever - lever of a lever loaded safety valve-rocker
arm straight - angular - design of a crank pin - brackets- hangers- wall boxes.
TEXT BOOKS & OTHER REFERENCES

Text Books

1. Machine Design, V.Bandari, TMH Publishers.

2. Machine Design, Pandya & Shaw, charotar publishers.

Suggested / Reference Books

3. Machine Design, Md.jalalluddin, Anuradha publications

4. Machine Design, R.S.Khurmi, S.chand publications

5. Machine Design / R.N. Norton.

6. Data Books: (I) P.S.G College of Technology (ii) Mahadevan.

Websites References

1. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/112104115/

2. http://nptel.ac.in/video.php?subjectId=112106135

3. www.youtube.com/watch?v=NYiZQszx9cQ
https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-092-finite-element-
4.
analysis-of-solids-and-fluids-i-fall-2009/lecture-notes/
 TIME TABLE

Room No: 405&407 (ME -Block) W.E.F:

Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hour
Time 9:20 -10:10 10:10–11:00 11:00–11:50 12:40- 1:30 1:30 – 2:20 2:30-3:20 3:20 – 4:30

MON
11:50 – 12:40
Lunch Break
TUE

2:20-2:30
Break
WED

THU

FRI

SAT
PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEO’s)

Demonstrate the basic knowledge of science, mathematics, material Science,

PEO1 Engineering and technology to formulate and solve mechanical engineering

problems.

Design, synthesis and analyze mechanical, fluid, thermal and multidisciplinary

PEO2 component or systems by adopting analytical, numerical and experimental

techniques.

Function as an independent or as a team member in multidisciplinary activities

PEO3
teams with good professional and communication skills.

Recognize and adapt to emerging field of application in engineering and

PEO4 technology and develop self-confidence for continuing education and lifelong
learning process.
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (PO’s)

Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,

PO1 engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of
complex engineering problems.

Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze

PO2 complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified
PO3
needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the
cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge
PO4 and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation
of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.

Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources,
PO5 and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to
complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.

The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual

PO6 knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the
consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.

Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional

PO7 engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development

Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and

PO8
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.

Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a

PO9
member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities

with the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to
PO10
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
 Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of
the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as
PO11
a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.

Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability
PO12 to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of
technological change.

COURSE OUTCOMES:

1. Ability to design and select Journal and roller bearing from the data book
2. Ability to Design of engine parts connecting rod, crank shaft based on maximum bending and
twisting moment
3. Ability to Design of engine parts Pistons and cylinders based on maximum pressure.
4. ability to Analyze curved beams subjected to static loads to crane hook design
5. Ability to Design power transmission systems including power screws, belts, pulleys, rope and
wire drives.
6. Ability to Spur gear and helical gear design against static & dynamic loading along with wear
strength and calculate mechanical advantage of levers by measuring effort, resistance distances by
measuring force.
 Vision and Mission of the Institute

Vision
Our vision is to impart futuristic technical education transforming the students technically
superior, ethically strong, self disciplined to serve the nation as a valuable resource.

Mission
 To inculcate quality education by implementing innovative teaching-learning methods and
state-of-the-art facilities.
 To enrich the intellectual know-how, credibility and integrity of the students to necessitate
industry.
 To recognize as scholarly and influential leaders in engineering education, and to develop
human power with creativity, advanced technology and passion for the betterment of future
nation.
 Vision and Mission of the
Mechanical Engineering Department

Vision
To achieve excellent standards of quality education by keeping pace with rapidly changing
technologies and to become a center of excellence in Mechanical Engineering, producing innovative,
creative and self disciplined mechanical engineers to meet the global challenges.

MISSION

 To provide a platform to the students towards attaining quality education in Mechanical

Engineering and purse diverse careers in industry.

 To enhance the overall academic performance of the students gradually, thereby increasing their
placement potential.

 Maintaining vital, state-of-the-art research facilities to provide its students and faculty with
opportunities to create, interpret, apply and disseminate knowledge.
PSO (Programme Specific Outcomes):

PSO1: To impart Technical knowledge, skills and attitude to analyze the effects of Mechanical
elements for the requirements of industry and social needs.
PSO2: Ability to Plan, design, develops and tests an energy efficient manufacturing system for
required engineering applications.
PSO3: To expose the students towards advanced design and analysis tools for mechanical
System.
 MAPPING OF COURSE OUT COMES WITH PO’s & PEO’s, PSO’s

S.no Course Outcomes PO’s PEO’s PSO’S

Ability to design and select
Journal and roller bearing from PO1,PO2,PO4,PO7
1 PEO1,PEO4 Pso3
,PO8,PO12
the data book
Ability to Design of engine parts
connecting rod, crank shaft based PO1,PO12,PO4,
2 PEO1,PEO3 Pso1,pso3
on maximum bending and PO7,PO9,P10
twisting moment
Ability to Design of engine parts
Pistons and cylinders based on PO1,PO7,PO3,
3 PEO1,PEO2 Pso3
PO10
maximum pressure.
ability to Analyze curved beams
subjected to static loads to crane PO1,PO5,PO8,PO1
4 PEO2,PEO4 Pso1,pso4
1,P12
hook design
Ability to Design power
transmission systems including
5 PO1,PO4 PEO2,PEO4 Pso1,pso4
power screws, belts, pulleys,
rope and wire drives.
 Ability to Spur gear and helical
gear design against static &
dynamic loading along with wear
strength and calculate PO2,PO5,PO11,PO
6 PEO3,PEO4 Pso1,pso4
12
mechanical advantage of levers
by measuring effort, resistance
distances by measuring force.

COURSE SCHEDULE

Distribution of Hours Unit – Wise

Chapters Total
Unit Topic No. of
B1 B2 B3 hrs
BEARINGS: Classification of bearings-
applications, types of journal lubrication -
bearing modulus - full and partial bearings-
I clearance ratio –heat dissipation of bearings, Ch22 Ch14 Ch18 12
bearing materials - journal bearing design- ball
and roller bearings - static loading of ball &
roller bearings, bearing life.

ENGINE PARTS; Connecting Rod: Thrust in

connecting rod - stress due to whipping action
II on connecting rod ends - cranks and crank Ch28 Ch4 Ch22 12
shafts, strength and proportions of over hung
and center cranks - crank pins, crank shafts.

Piston, forces acting on piston - construction

III design and proportions of piston cylinder, Ch28 Ch5 Ch23 14
cylinder liners.
 Design of curved beams: introduction, stresses
in curved beams, expression for radius of
IV neutral axis for rectangular, circular, trapezoidal Ch16 Ch20 - 14
and t-section. Design of crane hooks, e –
clamps.
POWER TRANSM1SSIONS SYSTEMS,
PULLEYS: Transmission of power by belt and
rope drives, transmission efficiencies, belts -
flat and v types -ropes - pulleys for belt and
V rope drives, materials, chain drives. Ch15 Ch15 Ch19 16
DESIGN OF POWER SCREWS: Design of
screw, square ACME, buttress screws, design
of nut, compound screw, differential screw, ball
screw- possible Failures.
SPUR & HELICAL GEAR DRIVES: Spur
gears, helical gears - load concentration factor -
dynamic load factor, surface compressive
strength -bending strength - design analysis of
spur gears - estimation of centre distance,
module and face width, check for plastic
deformation, check for dynamic and wear
VI Ch27 Ch24 Ch20 15
considerations.
MACHINE TOOL ELEMENTS: Levers and
brackets: design of levers - hand levers-foot
lever-cranked Lever - lever of a lever loaded
safety valve-rocker arm straight - angular -
design of a crank pin - brackets- hangers- wall
boxes.

Contact classes for Syllabus coverage 7

Tutorial Classes : 06 ; Online Quiz : 2 ; Revision classes :1 per unit 82

Number of Hours / lectures available in this Semester / Year : 82

Books-1: Machine Design, V.Bandari, TMH Publishers.

Books-2: Machine Design, Pandya & Shaw, charotar publishers.
Books-3: Machine Design, Md.jalalluddin, Anuradha publications.

Lecture Plan

S. No. Topic Date of Completion

Unit-1
01 Introduction design of machine members-concepts
02 Introduction Bearings -concepts
03 Classification of bearings- applications, types
04 Journal bearing- lubrication- bearing modulus
05 clearance ratio, heat dissipation of bearings,
06 journal bearing design-problems
07 Introduction - ball and roller bearings
08 static loading of ball & roller bearings-problems
09 Ball & roller bearing design - problems
10 Bearing life - problems
11 Tutorial class
12 Revision
Unit-2
13 Introduction Engine – parts, concepts
14 Connecting Rod: forces acting on it.
15 stress due to whipping action-connecting rod ends
16 Design of connecting rod-problems
17 Design of connecting rod-problems
18 Design of connecting rod-problems
19 Introduction - cranks and crank shafts
20 Design of cranks and crank shafts
21 Design of cranks and crank shafts
22 Design of cranks and crank shafts
23 Design parameters analysis of crank-problems
24 Tutorial class
25 Revision
Unit-3
26 Introduction Engine cylinder - concepts
27 Design of engine cylinder- problems
28 Design of engine cylinder- problems
29 Design of engine cylinder- problems
30 Design of engine cylinder Piston - problems
31 Design of engine cylinder Piston - problems
32 Design of engine cylinder Piston - problems
34 Design of engine cylinder Piston - problems
35 Solved problems
36 Solved problems
37 Tutorial class
38 Revision
Unit-4
39 Introduction curved beams - basic concepts
40 stresses in curved beams
41 expression for radius of neutral axis for rectangular
42 radius of neutral axis for rectangular-problems
43 expression for radius of neutral axis for circular
44 expression for radius of neutral axis for trapezoidal
45 radius of neutral axis for trapezoidal -problems
46 expression for radius of neutral axis for t-section
47 radius of neutral axis for t-section-problems
48 Design of crane hooks, e –clamps- problems
49 Solved problems
50 Tutorial class
51 Revision
Unit-5
52 Transmission of power by belt- introduction
53 Belt drives-basic concepts and problems
54 Belt drives-basic concepts and problems
55 V- drives-basic concepts and problems
56 Rope drives-basic concepts and problems
 57 Rope drives-basic concepts and problems
58 Drives wheel design- problems
59 chain drive-basic concepts and problems
60 chain drive- problems
61 Introduction to screw – basic concepts
62 Design of screw-problems
63 Design of square ACME-problems
64 Design of buttress screws -problems
66 Design of nut, compound screw - problems
67 differential screw, ball screw- possible Failures
68 Solved problems
69 Tutorial class
Unit-6
71 Introduction to gear trains-basic concepts
72 Introduction to gear trains-basic problems
73 Introduction to Spur & Helical Gear Drives
74 Spur gears- dynamic load factor- bending strength
75 Spur gears design analysis -problems
76 Spur gears design analysis -problems
77 helical gears design analysis -problems
78 Introduction to Machine Tool Elements-basic concepts
79 Design of hand levers-problems
80 Design of foot lever-cranked Lever -problems
81 Design of a crank pin - problems
82 Design of brackets- hangers- wall boxes

Date of Unit Completion & Remarks

Unit – 1

Date :
Remarks:

Unit – 2

Date :
Remarks:

Unit – 3

Date :
Remarks:

Unit – 4

Date :
Remarks:

Unit – 5

Date :

Remarks:

Unit – 6

Date :

Remarks:
 Unit Wise Assignments

With different Levels of thinking (Blooms Taxonomy)

(Note: For every question please mention the level of Blooms taxonomy)

Unit – 1
1. a) What is meant by hydrodynamic lubrication? (L1)
b) The load on the journal bearing is 150 KN due to turbine shaft of 300 diameter
running at 1800 r.p.m. Determine the following: 1. Length of the bearing if the
allowable bearings pressure is 1.6 N/mm2, and Amount of heat to be removed by the
lubricant per minute if the bearing temperature is 600C and viscosity of the oil at 600C
is 0.02 kg/ms and the bearing clearance is 0.25 mm. (L2)

2. a) Explain wedge film and squeeze film journal bearings? (L2)

b) A 80 mm long journal bearing supports a load of 2800 N on a 50mm diameter shaft.
The bearing has a radial clearance of 0.05 mm and the viscosity of the oil is 0.021
kg/ms at the operating temperature. If the bearing is capable of dissipating 80 J/s,
determine the maximum safe speed. (L5)
3. a) Explain bearing characteristic number for journal bearings? (L2)
b) A journal bearing 60 mm is diameter and 90 mm long runs at 450 r.p.m. The oil
used for hydrodynamic lubrication has absolute viscosity of 0.06 kg/m-s. If the
diametrical clearance is 0.1 mm, find the safe load on the bearing(L5)
4. a) List the important physical characteristics of a good bearing material? (L2)
b) A full journal bearing of 50mm diameter & 100mm long has a bearing pressure of
1.4N/mm2. The speed of the journal is 900rpm & the ratio of journal diameter to the
diametrical clearance is 1000. The bearings is lubricated with oil whose absolute
viscosity at the operating temperature of 750c may be taken as 0.11kg/m-s. The room
temperature 350c. Find the amount of artificial cooling required. (L4)

Unit – 2
1. Design a plain carbon steel centre crankshaft for a single acting four stroke single
cylinder engine for the following data: Bore = 400 mm, Stroke = 600 mm; Engine
speed =200 rpm; Mean effective pressure = 0.5 N/mm2; Maximum combustion
pressure =2.5 N/mm2; Weight of flywheel used as a pulley = 50kN; Total belt pull =
6.5kN. When the crank has turned through 350 from the top dead centre, the pressure
on the piston is 1N/mm2 and the torque on the crank is maximum. The ratio of the
connecting rod length to the crank radius is 5. Assume any other data required for the
design. (L5)

2. a) Explain the various stresses induced in the connecting rod? (L2)

b) Design a connecting rod for an I.C. engine running at 1800 rpm and developing a
maximum pressure of 3.15 N/mm2. The diameter of the piston is 100 mm; mass of the
reciprocating parts per cylinder 2.25kg; length of connecting rod 380 mm; stroke of
piston 190 mm and compression ratio 6:1. Take a factor of safety of 6 for the design.
Take length to diameter ratio for big end bearing as 1.3 and small end bearing as 2 and
the corresponding bearing pressures as 10N/mm2 and 15N/mm2. The density of
 material of the rod may be taken as 8000kg/m3 and the allowable stress in the
bolts as 60 N/mm2 and in cap as 80 N/mm2. The rod is to be of I-section for which you
can choose your own proportions. Use Rankine formula for which the numerator
constant may be taken as 2 and the denominator 1/7500. (L5)
3.
What is the function of a connecting rod of an internal combustion engine? (L2)
4. a) Discuss about force acting on the connecting rod?
b) The following particulars refer to a 4 stroke diesel engine given: Piston diameter =
150mm, Stroke length = 180mm, Length of the connecting rod= 4 times of length of
crank Rated rpm of the engine =1500, Compression ratio = 6:1, Mass of reciprocating
parts per cylinder = 2.25kg, Speed = 1200rpm, Maximum explosion pressure = 5Mpa,
Factor of safety=6, Yield strength in compression 350Mpa. Determine
a. Cross section of I-section connecting rod assuming standard
proportions.
b. Sizes of gudgeon pin and crank pin considering bearing pressures of
15mpa and 10 MPa respectively.
Size of crank pin end bolts if the allowable stress not to exceed 40MPa. (L5)

Unit – 3
1. What are the methods and materials used in the manufacture of piston? (L5)

2. Design a cast iron piston for a single acting four stroke engine for the following data:
Cylinder bore = 100mm; Stroke = 125mm;
Maximum gas pressure = 5N/mm2;
Indicated mean effective pressure = 0.75 N/mm2;
Mechanical efficiency = 80%; Speed = 2000r.p.m.
Fuel consumption =0.15kg per brake power per hour;
Higher value of fuel =42 x103 kJ/kg; any calorific other data for the design
may be assumed. (L5)
3. Design a cast iron trunk type piston for a single acting four stroke engine developing
75 kW per cylinder when running at 600 r.p.m. The other avialable data is as follows:
Maximum gas pressure = 4.8 N/mm2; Indicated mean effective pressure = 0.65
N/mm2; Mechanical efficiency = 95%; Radius of crank = 110 mm; Fuel consumption
= 0.3 kg/BP/hr; Calorific value of fuel (higher) = 44 × 103kJ/kg; Difference of
temperatures at the centre and edges of the piston head =200ºC; Allowable stress for
the material of the piston = 33.5 MPa; Allowable stress for the material of the piston
rings and gudgeon pin = 80 MPa; Allowable bearing pressure on the piston barrel =
0.4 N/mm2 and allowable bearing pressure on the gudgeon pin = 17 N/mm2. (L5)
4. Explain the various types of cylinder liners. (L1)

Unit – 4
1. The section of a crane hook is rectangular in shape whose width is 30 mm and depth is
60 mm. The centre of curvature of the section is at a distance of 125 mm from the
inside section and the load line is 100 mm from the same point. Find the capacity of
the hook, if the allowable stress in tension is 75 MPa. Also determine the location of
the neutral axis and the stress at inner and outer fiber.(L3)
2. A crane hook of trapezoidal cross section has an inner fiber width = 120 mm, depth =
100 mm and inner radius = 120 mm. Calculate the width if stresses are numerically
 equal at inner and outer fibers. Also determine the capacity of the hook, if the
permissible stress is 100 MPa. (L3)
3. The C frame of a 100 kN capacity press is shown in figure 1. The material of frame is
grey cast iron whose ultimate tensile stress is 200 MPa and Factor of Safety =3.
Determine the maximum stress at both inner fiber and outer fiber. (L3)

4. 1. (a)Derive the bending stress equations for a curved beam subjected to bending only.
State the assumptions made in the theory. (L4)
(b) Derive an expression for the neutral axis if the cross section of the curved beam is
rectangular. (L4)

Unit – 5
1. a) Discuss the various types of power threads. Discuss their relative advantages and
disadvantages. (L2)
b) An electric motor driven power screw moves a nut in a horizontal plane against a
force of 75 kN at a speed of 300 mm/min. The screw has a single square thread of
6mm pitch on a major diameter of 40mm. The coefficient of friction at screw threads
is 0.1. Estimate power of the motor. (L3)
2. A vertical square threaded screw of a 75 mm nominal diameter and 10mm pitch,
supports a vertical load of 50 kN. It passes through the boss of a spur gear of 72 teeth,
which acts as a nut. For raising or lowering the load , the spur gear is turned by means
of a pinion having 24 teeth. The mechanical efficiency of the gear is 90%. The axial
thrust on the screw is taken –up by a collar bearing having a mean diameter of 110
mm. The coefficient of friction for the screw and nut is 0.15 and that for collar
bearing is 0.12. Determine.
The torque applied to the pinion shaft.
The maximum (principal) share stress induced in the screw and
Height of the unit, if the permissible bearing pressure is 12 MPa. (L3)
3. A screw jack carries a load of 22 kN. Assuming the coefficient of friction between
screw and nut as 0.15, design the screw and nut. Neglect collar friction and column
action. The permissible compressive and shear stresses in the screw should not exceed
42 MPa and 28 MPa respectively. The shear stress in the nut should not exceed 21
MPa. The bearing pressure on the nut is 14N/mm2. Also determine the effort required
the handle of 200 mm length in order to raise and lower the load. What will be the
efficiency of screw? (L4)
4. A screw jack is to lift a load of 100 kN through a height of 600 mm. the elastic
strength of screw material intension and compression is 200 MP a and in shear 120
MPa. The material of the nut is phosphor-bronze for which the elastic limit may be
 taken as 100 MPa in tension, 90 MPa in compression and 80 MPa in shear. The
bearing pressure between the nut and the screw is to exceed 18 N/mm 2 . Design the
screw jack. The design should include the design of,
(a) Screw
(b) Nut
(c) Handle and cup and Body. (L5)
Unit – 6
1 a) Explain the phenomenon of interference in involute gears. What are the conditions
to be satisfied in order to avoid interference? (L2)
b) 7.5 kW is to be transmitted from a motor shaft rotating at 1440 r.p.m to another
shaft with a speed reduction of 3:1. The starting torque may be taken as 50% higher
than the mean torque. The gears should be made of heart treated steel and the shaft of
mild steel. The pinion should have a minimum of 20 teeth. Design the gear drive.(L4)
2 Determine the module, face and number of teeth for a pair of gears if they are to
transmit 3.75 kW at 1800 rev/min. of the pinion, for intermittent service. The
material is to be good grade cast iron and the pinion is to have 18 teeth 200 full depth,
V.R =2.5. (L2)
3 A 15 kW and 1200 r.p.m motor drives a compressor at 300 r.p.m through a pair of
spur gears having 20 0 stub teeth. The centre to centre distance between the shafts is
400 mm. the motor pinion is made of forged steel having an allowable static stress as
210 MPa, while the gear is made of cast steel under light shock conditions, find from
the standpoint of strength Module 2. Face width and 3. Number of teeth and pitch
circle diameter of each gear. Check the gears thus designed from the consideration of
wear. The surface endurance limit may be taken as 700 MPa. (L3)
4 A pair of 200 full- depth involute tooth spur gear is to ransmit 30 kW at a speed of
250 r.p.m of the pinion. The velocity ratio is 1:4. The pinion is made of cast steel
having an allowable static stress, 100 MPa. While the gear is made of cast iron
having allowable static stress, =55 MPa. The pinion has 20 teeth and its face width
is 12.5 times the module. Determine the module, face width and pitch diameters of
both the pinion and gear from the stand point of strength only taking velocity factor
into consideration. The tooth form factor is given by the expression y=0.154 -
3
0.912/Number of teeth and velocity factor is given by, C = 3+v where v is peripheral
speed of the gear in m/s. (L2)
Case Studies
(With Higher Levels of thinking (Blooms Taxonomy))
Note: For every Case Study please mention the level of Blooms taxonomy

1(Covering Syllabus Up to Mid-1)

2(Covering Entire Syllabus)

 UNIT-I

1. What is meant by finite element?

Ans: A small units having definite shape of geometry and nodes is called finite element.
2. What is meant by node or joint?
Ans: Each kind of finite element has a specific structural shape and is inter- connected with
the adjacent element by nodal point or nodes. At the nodes, degrees of freedom are located. The
forces will act only at nodes at any others place in the element.
3. State the three phases of finite element method.
Ans: Preprocessing, Analysis & Post Processing
4. What is structural problem?
Ans: Displacement at each nodal point is obtained. By these displacements solution stress and
strain in each element can be calculated.
5. What is non structural problem?
Ans: Displacement at each nodal point is obtained. By these displacements solution stress and
strain in each element can be calculated.
6. What are the methods are generally associated with the finite element analysis?
Ans: Force method & Displacement or stiffness method.
7. Explain stiffness method.
Ans: Displacement or stiffness method, displacement of the nodes is considered as the unknown
of the problem. Among them two approaches, displacement method is desirable.
8. What is meant by post processing?
Ans: Analysis and evaluation of the solution result is referred to as post processing.
Postprocessor computer program help the user to interpret the result by displaying them in
graphical form.
9. Name the variation methods.
Ans: Ritz method & Ray-Leigh Ritz method.
10. What is meant by degrees of freedom?
Ans: When the force or reaction act at nodal point node is subjected to deformation. The
deformation includes displacement rotation, and or strains. These are collectively known as
 degrees of freedom.

UNIT-II

1. What is meant by discretization and assemblage?

Ans:The art of subdividing a structure in to convenient number of smaller components is known
as discretization. These smaller components are then put together. The process of uniting the
various elements together is called assemblage.
2. What is Aspect ratio?
Ans:It is defined as the ratio of the largest dimension of the element to the smallest
dimension. In many cases, as the aspect ratio increases the in accuracy of the solution increases.
The conclusion of many researches is that the aspect ratio should be close to unity as possible.
3. What are the h and p versions of finite element method?
Ans:It is used to improve the accuracy of the finite element method. In h version, the order
of polynomial approximation for all elements is kept constant and the numbers of elements are
increased. In p version, the numbers of elements are maintained constant and the order of
polynomial approximation of element is increased.
4. During discretization, mention the places where it is necessary to place a node?
Ans: a Concentrated load acting point
b.Cross-section changing point
c. Different material interjections point
d. Sudden change in point load
5. Differentiate between global and local axis.
Ans: Local axes are established in an element. Since it is in the element l e v e l , they change with
the change in orientation of the element. The direction differs from element to element.
Global axes are defined for the entire system. They are same in direction for all the elements
even though the elements are differently oriented.
6. What is Global coordinates & What is natural coordinates?
Ans:The points in the entire structure are defined using coordinates system is known as global
coordinate system.
Ans:A natural coordinate system is used to define any point inside the element by a set of
dimensionless number whose magnitude never exceeds unity. This system is very useful in
assembling of stiffness matrices.
7. Define shape function. What are the characteristics of shape function?

Ans:In finite element method, field variables within an element are generally expressed by
the following approximate relation:  (x,y) = N1(x,y)  1+ N2 (x,y)  2+ N3(x,y)  3 where
 1,2,3 & 4 are the values of the field variable at the nodes and N1, N2, N3, N4 are
interpolation function. N1, N2, N3, N4 are called shape functions because they are used to
express the geometry or shape of the element. The characteristics of the shape functions are
follows:
1. The shape function has unit value at one nodal point and zero value at the other nodes.
2. The sum of the shape function is equal to one.
8. Why polynomials are generally used as shape function?

Ans:Polynomials are generally used as shape functions due to the following reasons:
1. Differentiation and integration of polynomials are quite easy.
2. The accuracy of the results can be improved by increasing the order of the polynomial.
3. It is easy to formulate and computerize the finite element equations.
9. Give the expression for element stiffness matrix.
Ans: Stiffness matrix [K] = ∫[B]T [D][B]dv
Where, [B] = matrix is a strain displacement matrix
[D] = matrix is stress& strain relationship matrix
10. State the properties of a stiffness matrix.
Ans: The properties of the stiffness matrix [K] are,
1. It is a symmetric matrix
2. The sum of the elements in any column must be equal to zero.
3. It is an unstable element, so the determinant is equal to zero.

UNIT-III

1. State the assumptions made in the case of truss element.

Ans: The following assumptions are made in the case of truss element,
 All the members are pin jointed.
 The truss is loaded only at the joints
 The self weights of the members are neglected unless stated.
2. Write down the general finite element equation.
Ans: General finite element equation is,
{F} = [K] {u}

Where, {F} is a force vector

[K] is the stiffness matrix
{u} is the degrees of freedom
3. Distinguish between essential boundary condition and natural boundary condition.
 Ans: There are two types of boundary conditions. They are,
 Primary boundary condition (or) essential boundary condition: The boundary condition which
in terms of the field variables is known as primary boundary condition
 Secondary boundary condition or natural boundary condition: The boundary conditions which
are in the differential form of field variables is known as secondary boundary condition.
4. Write down the expression of stiffness matrix for a truss element?
Ans:

5. Write down the expression of shape function N and displacement u for one Dimensional bar element.

6. Is beam element an Isoparametric element?

Ans: Beam element is not an Isoparametric element since the geometry and displacement are defined
by different order interpretation functions.
7. Define Beam?
Ans: A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the beam's axis.
8. Give Stiffness matrix of a beam element?
Ans:

9. Explain force method.

Ans: In force method, internal forces are considered as unknowns of the problem. In displacement or
stiffness method, the displacements are considered as unknowns of the problem. Among the two
methods, displacement method is desirable.
10. What is natural co-ordinates?
 Ans: A natural co-ordinate system is used to define any point inside the element by a set of
dimensionless numbers, whose magnitude never exceeds unity. This system is useful in assembling of
stiffness matrices

UNIT-IV
1. How do you define two dimensional elements?
Ans: Two dimensional elements are defined by three or nodes in a two dimensional plane (ie., x,y
plane). The basic element useful for two dimensional analysis is the triangular element.
2. What is a CST element?
Ans: Three nodded triangular element is known as constant strain triangular element. It has 6
unknown degrees of freedom called u1, v1, u2, v2, u3, v3. The element is called CST because it has
constant strain throughout it.
3. What is LST element?
Ans: Six nodded triangular element is known as Linear Strain Triangular element. It has 12 unknown
displacement degrees of freedom. The displacement function for the element are quadratic instead of
linear as in the CST.
4. What is a QST element?
Ans: Ten nodded triangular element is known as Quadratic Strain Triangle.
5. What is meant by plane stress analysis?
Ans: Plane stress is defined as a state of stress in which the normal stress (ϭ) and the shear stress (Φ)
directed perpendiculars to the plane are zero.
6. Define plane strain.
Ans: Plane strain is defined to be a state of strain in which the strain normal to the xy plane and the
shear strains are assumed to be zero.
7. Write the shape function for a CST element?
Ans:

1. Write a displacement function equation for CST element?

Ans:
2. Write a strain-displacement matrix for CST element?
Ans:

3. Write down the stress-strain relationship matrix for plane stress condition.
Ans: For plane stress problems, stress-strain relationship matrix is,

4. Write down the stress-strain relationship matrix for plain strain condition.
Ans: For plain strain problems, stress-strain relationship matrix is,

UNIT-V

1. Give the stiffness matrix equation for an axi-symmetric triangular element?

Ans:

2. What are the ways in which a three dimensional problem can be reduced to a two Dimensional
approach.
Ans:
  Plane Stress: on dimension is too small when compared to other two dimensions. Example:
Gear – thickness is small
 Plane Strain: one dimension is too large when compared to other two dimensions.
Examples: Long Pipe (length is long compared to diameter)
3. What is the purpose of Iso parametric elements?
Ans: It is difficult to represent the curved boundaries by straight edges finite elements. A large
number of finite elements may be used to obtain reasonable resemblance between original body
and assemblage. In order to overcome this drawback, iso parametric elements are used i.e for
problems involving curved boundaries, a family of elements “isoparametric elements” are used.

4. Write down the shape functions for 4-noded rectangular element using natural coordinate system.
1
Ans: Shape functions: N1 = 4 (1-ε)(1-η)

1
N2 = 4 (1+ε)(1-η)
1
N3 = 4 (1+ε)(1+η)
1
N4 = 4 (1-ε)(1+η) where, ε and η are natural co-ordinates.

5. Write down the jacobian matrix for four noded quadrilateral elements.
J11 𝐽12
Ans: Jacobian Matrix,[J] =[ ]
𝐽21 𝐽22
1
Where, J11 = 4 [-(1-η)x1+(1-η)x2+ (1+η)x3-(1+η)x4]
1
J12 = 4 [-(1-η)y1+(1-η)y2+ (1+η)y3-(1+η)y4]
1
J21 = 4 [-(1-ε)x1-(1+ε)x2+(1+ε)x3+(1-ε)x4]
1
J22 = 4 [-(1-ε)y1-(1+ε)y2+(1+ε)y3+(1-ε)y4]

6. Write down the stiffness matrix equation for four noded isoparametric quadrilateral elements.
1
Ans: Stiffness matrix, [K] = t ∫−1[𝐷][𝐵][B]T*|𝐽|*𝛿ε*𝛿η
Where, t = thickness of the element
|𝐽| = Determinant of the jacobian
ε,η = Natural co-ordinates
[B] = strain-displacement matrix
[D] = stress-strain relationship matrix
7. Define super parametric element.
Ans: If the number of nodes for defining the geometry is more than the number of nodes used for
defining the displacements is known as super parametric element.
8. What is meant by sub parametric element?
Ans: If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is less than the number of nodded used
for defining the displacements is known as sub parametric element.
9. What is meant by isoparametric element?
 Ans: If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is same as number of nodes used for
defining the displacements then it is called iso parametric element.
10. Give examples for essential and non-essential boundary conditions.
Ans: The geometric boundary conditions are displacement, slope, etc. the natural boundary
conditions are bending moment, shear force, etc.

UNIT-VI
1. What is the difference between static and dynamic analysis?
Ans: Static analysis: The solution of the problem does not vary with time is known as static
analysis Example: stress analysis on a beam
Dynamic analysis: The solution of the problem varies with time is known as dynamic analysis
Example: vibration analysis problem.
2.
Ans:

3. The number of cycles per unit time is called?

Ans: Frequency.
4. The frequency equation of a bar element?
Ans:The frequency equation of a bar element is [k]-ω2[m]=0.
5. In order to determine the natural frequencies of a bar the following is set to zero in the governing
equation?
Ans: The nodal force vector.
6. Thermal analysis involving temperature dependent material properties takes_____time compared
to analysis involving constant material properties?
Ans: More.
7. FRP material is modeled as?
Ans: homogeneous & orthotropic
8. The minimum size of mass matrix for a singly stepped bar is
Ans: 3X3
9. Maximum D.O.F at any point in a structure can have?
Ans: 6
10. Principal modes of vibration of a multi-dof system are
Ans: orthogonal
 IV B.Tech II Semester – Subjective Examination-I
Finite Element Method
(Common to ME A & B Sections)
Subject Code: RT41033 Academic Year: 2016-17 R13 Regulation
Time: 1 ½ hours Date of Exam: 20/07/2017 Max Marks: 15
Note: 1) Answer all the questions
2) All questions carry equal marks

1. a) Write the application of Finite Element Method

b) For the spring system displacement as shown in figure K1 =200N/mm, K2=K4=150N/mm, K3
=200N/mm, F1=500N, F2=600N.

2. a) Define band width and explain briefly?

b)A rod is subjected to an axial load p=600KN as like shown in fig. find the nodal displacements,
element stresses and support reactions. Take E=200KN/mm2

3. a) Give difference between beam and truss element

b) For the two-bar truss as shown in figure. Determine the displacement at node 2 and the stresses
in both elements

Prepared by:
Mr.D.Ashok
Assistant Professor
Dept of ME
 IV B.Tech II Semester – Subjective Examination-II
Finite Element Method
(Common to ME A & B Sections)
Subject Code: RT41033 Academic Year: 2016-17 R13 Regulation
Time: 1 ½ hours Date of Exam: 10/9/2017 Max Marks: 15
Note: 1) Answer all the questions
2) All questions carry equal marks

1. Determine the natural frequencies of simply supported beam shown in figure. Compare the results
obtained using a two element model? (5Marks)

25mm
800 mm 75mm

2. Evaluate the element stresses For the element given in figure the model displacement are given as
u1=2 mm, u2=0.5mm,u3=3mm,v1=1mm,v2=0,v3=0.5mm.consider the plane stress condition.
Assume E=160Gpa,µ=0.25 & t=10mm. (5Marks)
3(4,5)

1(2,3)

2(4,1)

3. Determine the temperature distribution in ID rectangular cross section fin with 8cm long, 4cm
wide, 1cm thick. Assume that convective heat loss occurs from the end of the fin. Take K =
3W/cm K, h = 0.1W/cm2k and Tα = 20°C. tip temperature is 100°C. (5Marks)

Prepared by:
Mr.D.Ashok
Assistant Professor
Dept of ME
 TUTORIAL SHEET:

Date:27/06/16 1D-Bar Analysis

Date:03/08/16 1D- Truss Analysis

Date:15/09/16 1D- Beam Analysis

Date:27/09/16 CST Analysis

Date:1/10/16 Numerical Integration

Date:15/10/16 Heat Transfer Analysis

Page | 39
 TOPICS BEYOND SYLLABUS

S.NO. TOPIC

1 ANSYS – Static Structural Analysis & Static Thermal A Analysis

2 Frames-1-D analysis

3. Beam-2-D analysis

4. ANSYS –Explicit Dynamics

Page | 40
 ASSESMENT OF COURSE OUTCOMES: DIRECT
Blooms Taxonomy:

Exhibit memory of previously learned material by

LEVEL 1 REMEMBERING
recalling facts, terms, basic concepts, and answers
Demonstrate understanding of facts and ideas by
LEVEL 2 UNDERSTANDING organizing, comparing, translating, interpreting, giving
descriptions, and stating main ideas.
Solve problems to new situations by applying acquired
LEVEL 3 APPLYING
knowledge, facts, techniques and rules in a different way
Examine and break information into parts by identifying
LEVEL 4 ANALYZING motives or causes. Make inferences and find evidence to
support generalizations.
Present and defend opinions by making judgments about
LEVEL 5 EVALUATING information, validity of ideas, or quality of work based on
a set of criteria.
Compile information together in a different way by
LEVEL 6 CREATING combining elements in a new pattern or proposing
alternative solutions.

*Attach course assessment sheet

2016-2017

Page | 41
 ASSESMENT OF COURSE OUTCOMES: INDIRECT

CSP Rubric
S.N0 Criteria LEVEL ( Level : 3-Excellent Level :2-Good Level : 1-Poor)
Student speaks in phase with the given topic confidently
Communic

3
using Audio-Visual aids. Vocabulary is good
ation
Oral

Student speaking without proper planning, fair usage of Audio-Visual aids.

1 2
Vocabulary is not good
Student speaks vaguely not in phase with the given topic.
1
No synchronization among the talk and Visual Aids
Proper structuring of the document with relevant subtitles,
Writing Skills

3 readability of document is high with correct use of grammar.

Work is genuine and not published anywhere else
2 Information is gathered without continuity of topic,
2
sentences were not framed properly. Few topics are copied from other documents
Information gathered was not relevant to the given task,
1
vague collection of sentences. Content is copied from other documents
Student identifies most potential ethical or societal issues
Awareness
Social and

3
and tries to provide solutions for them discussing with peers
Ethical

3 Student identifies the societal and ethical issues

2
but fails to provide any solutions discussing with peers
1 Student makes no attempt in identifying the societal and ethical issues
3 Student uses appropriate methods, techniques to model and
Knowledg
Content

solve the problem accurately

e

4 2 Student tries to model the problem but fails to solve the problem
1 Student fails to model the problem and also fails to solve the problem

3 Listens carefully to the class and tries to answer questions confidently

Studen

Partici
pation

2 Listens carefully to the lecture but doesn’t attempt to answer the questions
t

5
1 Student neither listens to the class nor attempts to answer the questions
The program structure is well organized with appropriate
3 use of technologies and methodology. Code is easy to read and well documented.
analytical Skills
Technical and

Student is able to implement the algorithm producing accurate results

Program structure is well organized with
appropriate use of technologies and methodology.
6 2
Code is quite difficult to read and not properly documented.
Student is able to implement the algorithm providing accurate results.
Program structure is not well organized with mistakes in usage of
1 appropriate technologies and methodology. Code is difficult to read
and student is not able to execute the program
3 Independently able to write programs to strengthen the concepts covered in theory
Knowledg
Practical

7 2 Independently able to write programs but not able to strengthen the concepts learned in theory
Not able to write programs and not able to strengthen the concepts learned in theory
1
Student uses appropriate methods, techniques to model and solve the problem accurately in the context
3
Understanding
of Engineering

of multidisciplinary projects
Student tries to model the problem but fails to solve the problem in the context of multidisciplinary
core

2
8 projects
Student fails to model the problem and also fails to solve the problem in the context of
1 multidisciplinary projects

*Attach course assessment sheet

Page | 42
 ADD-ON TOPIC – CONTENTS & REVISION
Programme: B. Tech Year: III Class: ME
Semester: II Subject: DMM-II Academic Year: 2017-18

ADD-ON Topic Title FEM-Frames

Topics Suggested by Frames-1-D analysis

Advisory committee

Suggestion for improvising Frames-1-D analysis along with Beam & Truss analysis
by Faculty after discussion student need to learn
with Industry

Suggestion for further

improvising by Faculty
after considering Students ----
Feedback and topic
coordinators Feedback

Final Syllabus Analysis of Frames-1D Analysis

Signature: HOD
In charge Name:

Page | 43
Page | 44