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SOLIDS AND CRYSTAL

STRUCTURES

Ms. Cristina Soriano

Dr. Yvonne Ligaya Musico

PHASES OR STATES OF MATTER

 Gaseous State
 Condensed State
- Liquid state
- Solid state
Kinetic Molecular theory – explains the
properties of liquids and solids in terms of
motion of molecules

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SOLIDS

- Molecules are held rigidly in position

- Molecules have no freedom of motion
- Less empty space in solids than liquids
- Virtually incompressible
- Molecules are arranged in regular
configurations in three dimensions
- Has definite shape and volume

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INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES
- hold atoms together in a molecule
-stabilize individual molecules
-involve chemical bonding
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
-Attractive forces between
molecules
- much weaker than intramolecular
forces

TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

 Van der Waals Forces
- dipole-dipole
- Hydrogen bonding
- dipole-induced dipole
-dispersion forces
 Ion-dipole forces

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Dipole – Dipole interaction

- attractive forces between polar
molecules
- Polar molecules possess dipole
moments
- The larger the dipole moment the
greater the force
- Dipole moment – quantitative
measure of the polarity of bond
Dipole moment = Charge x
distance between charges

Hydrogen Bonding

- a special type of dipole-

dipole interaction between
hydrogen atom in a polar
bond such as N-H, O-H or
F-H, and an electronegative
O, N or F atom

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Dispersion Forces or London Forces

- attractive forces that arise as a result of
temporary dipoles induced in atoms or
molecules
Induced dipole – separation of (+) and (-)
charges in an atom or non-polar molecule
due to the proximity of an ion or polar
molecules

 Ion- Induced dipole

interaction

- attractive interaction
between an ion and the
induced dipole

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Dipole-induced
dipole interaction
 results when a polar
molecule induces a
dipole in an atom or in
a non-polar molecule
by disturbing the
arrangement of
electrons in the non-
polar species.

Ion-Dipole Forces
- attraction between an ion and a
polar molecules
- The strength of interaction
depends on the charge and size
of ions and on magnitude of the
dipole moment, size of
molecules
 Most commonly found in
solutions. Especially important
for solutions of ionic
compounds in polar liquids.

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source:chapter_12_powerpoint_l-1 M. Silberberg, McGraw – Hill International Edition

source:chapter_12_powerpoint_l-1 M. Silberberg, McGraw – Hill International Edition

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Categories of Solids
1. CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
- possess rigid and long-range order
- its atoms, molecules or ions occupy
specific positions and have regular
structure
2. AMORPHOUS SOLIDS
- lack regular three-dimensional
arrangement of atom
- without regular structure
- example: glass

Crystalline and Amorphous Solid

source:chapter_12_powerpoint_l-1 M. Silberberg, McGraw – Hill International Edition

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UNIT CELL – basic structural unit of a

crystalline solid

Seven Types of unit cells

LATTICE POINT – each sphere representing an atom, ion or molecules

COORDINATION NUMBER- number of atoms surrounding an atom in a

crystal lattice.

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lattice point

unit
cell

portion of a 3-D lattice portion of a 2-D lattice

source:chapter_12_powerpoint_l-1 M. Silberberg, McGraw – Hill International Edition

PROPERTIES OF CRYSTALLINE SOLID

(determined by attractive forces that hold the
particles together)

-Meltingpoint
- Density
- Hardness

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Classification of Crystals
(based on types of forces)
1. IONIC
2. MOLECULAR
3. COVALENT
4. METALLIC

IONIC CRYSTAL

 Consists of ions held by ionic

bonds
 Held by electrostatic
attraction
 Hard, brittle, high melting
point, poor conductor of heat Face centered cubic unit
cell of the NaCl
and electricity structure.

 Examples: NaCl, LiF, MgO,

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MOLECULAR CRYSTAL
 Consists of atoms or molecules held
together by van der waals forces and/or
hydrogen bonding
 Soft, low melting point, poor conductor of
heat and electricity
 Example: sucrose, iodine crystal, water

COVALENT CRYSTALS
 Called covalent network crystals
 Held together by covalent bond
 Hard, high melting point,
 Example: Diamond (C),
Quartz (SiO2)

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METALLIC CRYSTAL
 Held by metallic bond
 In a metal the bonding electrons are
spread or delocalized over the entire
crystal
 Soft to hard, low to high melting point,
good conductor of heat and electricity
 Examples: All metallic elements: Na, Mg,
Fe, Cu

CRYSTALLINE MATERIAL

 One in which atoms (or

ions) are situated in a
repeating or periodic
array over large atomic
distance
• atoms pack in periodic,
3D arrays
crystalline SiO2 • typical of:
-metals
Adapted from Fig. 3.18(a), -many ceramics
Callister 6e.
-some polymers

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NONCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL

 atoms have no
periodic packing
 amorphous
• occurs for:
-complex structures
-rapid cooling

Noncrystalline SiO2

Adapted from Fig. 3.18(a),

Callister 6e.

1. SIMPLE CUBIC STRUCTURE (SC)

• Rare due to poor packing (only Po has this structure)
• Close-packed directions are cube edges.

• Coordination # = 6
(# nearest neighbors)

(Courtesy P.M. Anderson)

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SCS

1/8 atom at
8 corners

coordination number = 6
source:chapter_12_powerpoint_l-1 M. Silberberg, McGraw – Hill International Edition

SCS Adapted from Fig. 3.19,

Callister 6e.

1
0

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2. BODY CENTERED CUBIC

STRUCTURE (BCC)
• Close packed directions are cube diagonals.
--Note: All atoms are identical; the center atom is shaded
differently only for ease of viewing.

• Coordination # = 8

(Courtesy P.M. Anderson)

Adapted from Fig. 3.2,
Callister 6e.

BCC

1 atom at
center

coordination number = 8

source:chapter_12_powerpoint_l-1 M. Silberberg, McGraw – Hill International Edition

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BCC

Unit cell contains:

1 + 8 x 1/8
= 2 atoms/unit cell

Adapted from
Fig. 3.2,
Callister 6e.

R
a

3. FACE CENTERED CUBIC

STRUCTURE (FCC)
• Close packed directions are face diagonals.
--Note: All atoms are identical; the face-centered atoms are shaded
differently only for ease of viewing.

• Coordination # = 12

(Courtesy P.M. Anderson)

Adapted from Fig. 3.1(a),
Callister 6e.

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FCC

1/8 atom at
8 corners

1/2 atom at
6 faces

coordination number = 12

source:chapter_12_powerpoint_l-1 M. Silberberg, McGraw – Hill International Edition

FCC

Unit cell contains:

6 x 1/2 + 8 x 1/8
= 4 atoms/unit cell
a
Adapted from
Fig. 3.1(a),
Callister 6e.

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