CHEMICAL

PROCESS
PRINCIPLE
PART 2:
ENERGY BALANCE
CHE531

PREPARED BY: FARIZA/FKKSHAHALAM/2019

 TOPICS&
LESSON
PLAN

COURSE
INTRODUCTION

COURSE
ASSESSMENT

PREPARED BY: FARIZA/FKKSHAHALAM/2019

COURSE OBJECTIVES

Identify the basic principles of energy balance (C2)

Analyze problems related to non-reactive, reactive and

transient systems (C4)

Evaluate process problems related to non-reactive,

reactive and transient balance (C5)
TOPICS & LESSON PLAN
WEEK TOPIC
1 Introduction to Energy Balance
2-6 Energy Balance of Non-reactive System
7 TEST 1
8-10 Energy Balance of Reactive System
11 Material & Energy Balance for Unsteady State System
12 TEST 2
13-14 (Cont. Topic Unsteady State) & Revision
 COURSE ASSESSMENT

TESTS COURSEWORK EXAMINATION

20% 20% 60%

the
IMPORTANCE of
ENERGY BALANCE
 Efficient energy utilisation is crucial
for the profitability of process plants

• Heat required for a process

• Rate of heat removal from a process
• Heat transfer/design of heat exchangers
• Process design to determine energy
requirements of a process
• Pump power requirements (mechanical energy
balance)
• Pattern of energy usage in operation
• Process control
• Process design & development
• etc
SYSTEM
&ENERGY
FORMS OF

PREPARED BY: FARIZA/FKKSHAHALAM/2019

 OPEN SYSTEM CLOSED SYSTEM
Mass and energy can cross the Only energy can cross the
boundary of the system boundary of the system

Massin

SYSTEM
+We mass
-Q
(heat loss)
Massout
+Q (heat)
FORMS OF ENERGY
𝑈𝑈
mass
INTERNAL ENERGY Gravitational constant
height
POTENTIAL ENERGY 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
1 2
KINETIC ENERGY 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 velocity
2
FLOW ENERGY (a.k.a. Work Flow) 𝑊𝑊𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
TOTAL ENERGY OF A FLOWING FLUID
𝐸𝐸̇ = 𝑚𝑚(𝑢𝑢
̇ + 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 + 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 + 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝) 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘�
𝑠𝑠
mass flowrate enthalpy
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘�
𝐸𝐸̇ = 𝑚𝑚(ℎ
̇ + 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 + 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝) 𝑠𝑠
2
𝑣𝑣 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘�
𝐸𝐸̇ = 𝑚𝑚(ℎ
̇ + + 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔) 𝑠𝑠
2
 MASS
𝑚𝑚̇ Mass entering and leaving the system
brings energy

ENERGY HEAT
TRANSFER Q Heat transfer is driven by the

MECHANISMS
temperature gradient

WORK
W Amount of force applied over distance
F I RS TLAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS

PREPARED BY: FARIZA/FKKSHAHALAM/2019

The principle underlying all energy balance calculations is the
law of conservation of energy, which states that energy can be
neither created nor destroyed.

𝐸𝐸̇ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝐸𝐸̇ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = ∆𝐸𝐸̇ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

 Consider a
CLOSED system
𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝐸𝐸𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = ∆𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
given below:
𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝐸𝐸𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = ∆𝑈𝑈 + ∆𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 + ∆𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
Final position of
the piston
(Final Volume) 𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝐸𝐸𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = ∆𝑈𝑈 + ∆𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 + ∆𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
Initial position
of the piston
(Initial Volume) Stationary system
mass
𝐸𝐸𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝐸𝐸𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = ∆𝑈𝑈
+Q (heat)
As a result of heat transfer TO the
system at constant P; the system
𝑄𝑄 − 𝑊𝑊 = ∆𝑈𝑈 = 𝑈𝑈𝑓𝑓 − 𝑈𝑈𝑖𝑖
expands, thus piston moves up (i.e
work is done by the system)
General Equation of energy balance for
an OPEN system is :
0 Steady State
𝐸𝐸̇ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝐸𝐸̇ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = ∆𝐸𝐸̇ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑣𝑣12̇ 𝑣𝑣22̇
𝑄𝑄̇ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 + 𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 + 𝑚𝑚(ℎ
̇ + + 𝑔𝑔𝑧𝑧1 ) = 𝑄𝑄̇ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + 𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + 𝑚𝑚(ℎ
̇ + + 𝑔𝑔𝑧𝑧2 )
2 2

Recall, the energy transfer mechanisms :

𝑣𝑣12̇
𝑄𝑄̇ heat transfer Mass
𝑚𝑚(ℎ
̇ + + 𝑔𝑔𝑧𝑧1 )
2
𝑊𝑊̇ Work