ChE193 ST1L BarcelR LitaC LopezA Revised Energy Balance

ENERGY BALANCE FOR NITROCELLULOSE PRODUCTION
ChE 193 ST-1L
Barcel, Ranz Ricko S.

Lita, Clare Anne T.
Lopez, Angelica M.
Dr. Butch G. Bataller

Faculty-in-charge
ENERGY BALANCE FOR PREPARATION OF FEEDSTOCK
Note: The calculations are on a per day basis.
PRE-HYDROLYSIS
Nitric Acid Solution

Nitric Acid
Heat Water
Fresh miscanthus sinensis Fresh miscanthus sinensis

PRE-HYDROLYSIS
Moisture Moisture
Cellulose Cellulose
Hemicellulose Hemicellulose
Lignin Lignin
Ash Ash
Other extractives Nitric Acid Other extractives
Water
Hemicellulose
Figure 2.1. Pre-hydrolysis tank input and output streams.
Table 2.1. Input and output values for the pre-hydrolysis.

INPUT OUTPUT
FRESH miscanthus sinensis’ FRESH miscanthus sinensis’
Moisture 2.660386548 Moisture 2.660386548
Cellulose 30.86048396 Cellulose 30.86048396
Hemicellulose 18.06698065 Hemicellulose 9.033490324
Mass, kg Lignin 5.52178008 Lignin 5.52178008
Ash 1.300633424 Ash 1.300633424
Other Other
0.7094364129 0.7094364129
extractives extractives
Total 59.11970107 Total 50.08621075
Temperature, K 298.15 363.15
Cp, kJ/kg-K 1.03
0.2-0.4% NITRIC ACID
0.2-0.4% NITRIC ACID SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Component Mass, kg ΔH (kJ/mol) Component Mass, kg
Nitric Acid Nitric Acid
Excess -186.81 Excess
Solution Solution
Water excess 6792.8 Water Excess
Total - Hemicellulose 9.033490324
POWER (W), kWh Total Excess
0.167997827051064891
Solution:
SOURING

Nitric Acid
Heat
Water
Fresh miscanthus sinensis’ Fresh miscanthus sinensis’

SOURING
Moisture Moisture
Cellulose Cellulose
Ash Ash
Other extractives Nitric Acid Solution
Nitric Acid
Water
Other extractives
Figure 2.2. Input and output streams for souring.
Table 2.2. Input and output values for souring.

INPUT OUTPUT
FRESH miscanthus sinensis’ FRESH miscanthus sinensis’
Ash 1.300633424 Ash 1.300633424
Mass, kg Other
0.7094364129
extractives
Total 34.82150393
Total 35.53094034
Cp, kJ/kg-K 1.03
0.2-0.4% NITRIC ACID
0.2-0.4% NITRIC ACID SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Component Mass, kg ΔH (kJ/mol) Component Mass, kg
Nitric Acid Nitric Acid
Excess -186.81 Excess
Solution Solution
Water Excess 6792.8 Water excess
Total - Ash 1.300633424
POWER (W), kWh Total excess
0.00710421738901670635
Solution:
OVEN-DRYING
Heat
Cellulose Cellulose
OVEN
Moisture Moisture
Cellulose Cellulose
Water
Figure 2.3. Input and output streams for oven-drying.

Table 2.3. Feed input and output values for oven-drying.
INPUT OUTPUT
COOKED RESIDUE AIR-DRIED RESIDUE, kg
Mass, kg Cellulose 30.86048396 Cellulose 30.86048396
Total 33.52087051 Total 30.93883234
CP, kJ/kg-K 1.5 1.5
Cp, water, kJ/kg-K 4.18 4.22
HR, kJ/kg 1116.032157 4906.46851
POWER (W), kWh WATER
Mass, kg 2.582038164
31.7750103587533417
Temperature, K 378.15
Solution:
ADSORPTION OF NITRATES
Work
Figure 2.4. Adsorption of nitrates from wastewater using activated carbon input and output.
Table 2.4. Feed input and output for adsorption of nitrates.
FEED INPUT FEED OUTPUT
Wastewater, kg 566806.7731 Treated Wastewater, kg 566741.4748
Activated Carbon, g 698378.1498 Activated Carbon, kg 698.3781498
-
NO3 concentration, mg/L Nitrates, kg 65.298357
115
Total, kg 567505.1513
Total, kg 567505.1513
Assumptions:
1. Power requirement of the mixing tank is associated using the specifications from
SIPUXIN Light Industry Machinery.
2. The capacity of each mixing tank is 5000L.
Sample Calculation:
Overall Energy Balance:
1 kJ = 0.0002777778 kWh
700 units of mixing tank
CETRIFUGATION
Work
Figure 2.5. Separation of activated carbon with nitrates and treated wastewater by
centrifugation.
Table 2.5. Feed input and output for centrifugation.
Treated WW, kg 566806.7731 Treated Wastewater, kg 566741.4748
Activated Carbon, g 698.3781498 Activated Carbon and 698443.4482
NO3-, kg
NO3- , kg 65.298357
Total, kg 567570.4496
Total, kg 567570.4496
Assumptions:
1. Continuous Decanter Centrifuge for Solid Separation will be used as an equipment for
centrifugation under continuous process.
2. Specification from GN Solid Control will be used for the power requirement of the
centrifuge.
3. Maximum capacity of the centrifuge is 250 GPM at 1800 RPM
Sample Calculation:
1 m=1J
Q = 4147203.5 kJ
1 kJ = 0.0002777778 kWh
Using the 250 GPM capacity of the centrifuge

1 gallon = 3.785412 L
per centrifuge
3 centrifuge units will be used
DESORPTION
Work
Figure 2.6. Recovery of nitrates from activated carbon by desorption using sodium hydroxide.
Table 2.6. Feed input and output for desorption.
Nitrates, kg 65.298357 Nitrates, kg 65.298357
Activated Carbon, kg 698.3781498 Activated Carbon, kg 698.3781498
Total, kg 763.6765.68Total, kg 763.6765068
1N Sodium Hydroxide
Quantity in excess
Assumptions:
1. Power requirement of the mixing tank is associated using the specifications from
SIPUXIN Light Industry Machinery.
2. The capacity of each mixing tank is 5000L.
3. Same capacity with adsorption process.
Sample Calculation:
1 kJ = 0.0002777778 kWh
700 units of mixing tank
CENTRIFUGATION
Work
Figure 2.7. Separation of nitrates from activated carbon by centrifugation.

Table 2.7. Feed input and output for centrifugation.
Nitrates, kg 65.298357 Nitrates, kg 65.298357
Activated Carbon, kg 698.3781498 Activated Carbon, kg 698.3781498
Assumptions:
1. Continuous Decanter Centrifuge for Solid Separation will be used as an equipment for
centrifugation under continuous process.
2. Specification from GN Solid Control will be used for the power requirement of the
centrifuge.
3. Maximum capacity of the centrifuge is 250 GPM at 1800 RPM
Sample Calculation:
1 m=1J
Q = 4147203.5 kJ
1 kJ = 0.0002777778 kWh
Using the 250 GPM capacity of the centrifuge

1 gallon = 3.785412 L
per centrifuge
3 centrifuge units will be used
ENERGY BALANCE FOR NITRATION
NITRATION
Nitrating Acid Mixture

Nitrate Solution
Heat Sulfuric Acid
Water
Cellulose Feed NITRATION Nitrated Cellulose

CHAMBER
Moisture Moisture
Cellulose Cellulose
Nitrating Acid Mixture
Figure 2.8. Nitration chamber input and output streams.

Table 2.8. Input and output values for the nitration chamber.
INPUT OUTPUT
CELLULOSE FEED NITRATED CELLULOSE, kg
Mass, kg Nitrating Acid
1381.817395
Total 30.93883234 Mixture
Total 1412.756227
Cp, kJ/mol-K 0.1985972 0.210774
H 92.32834457 160797.0318
NITRATING ACID MIXTURE
Component Mass, kg ΔH (kJ/mol)
Nitrate Solution 392.7878134 -206.6
Sulfuric Acid 853.9117727 -118.4
Water 135.1178089 1.88915776
Total 1381.817395 -323.1108422
HEAT (Q), kJ
161027.9771
Solution:
( )
WATER (H2O) COOKING
Water Heat
Residue Cooked Residue

H2O COOKING
Moisture Moisture
Cellulose Cellulose
Nitrates Nitrates
Water
Figure 2.9. Input and output streams for water cooking.

Table 2.9. Input and output values for water cooking.
INPUT OUTPUT
RESIDUE COOKED RESIDUE
Mass, kg
Nitrates 392.7878134 Nitrates 392.7878134
Total 423.7266457 Total 423.7266457
Cp 1.5 1.5
WATER WATER, kg
Mass, kg quantity is in excess quantity is in excess
U, kJ/kg 104.8277 376.8876
HEAT (Q), kJ
41313.34796
Solution:
( )
AIR-DRYING
Heat
Cooked Residue Air-Dried Residue

AIR-DRYING
Moisture Moisture
Cellulose Cellulose
Nitrates Nitrates
Water
Figure 2.10. Input and output streams for air-drying.

Table 2.10. Input and output values for air-drying.
INPUT OUTPUT
COOKED RESIDUE AIR-DRIED RESIDUE, kg
Mass, kg
Total 423.7266457 Total 423.7070586
CP, kJ/kg-K 1.5 1.5
HR, kJ/kg 164.6862026 174.5622183
WATER
Mass, kg 0.019587096
HEAT (Q), kJ
-4181.311838
Solution:
( )
OVEN-DRYING
Heat
Air-dried Residue Nitrocellulose

OVEN
Moisture Moisture
Cellulose Cellulose
Nitrates Nitrates
Water
Figure 2.11. Input and output streams for oven-drying.

Table 2.11. Feed input and output values for oven-drying.
INPUT OUTPUT
COOKED RESIDUE OVEN-DRIED RESIDUE, kg
Mass, kg
Total 423.7070586 Total 423.6512354
CP, kJ/kg-K 1.5 1.5
HR, kJ/kg 174.5622183 158.8018563
HEAT (Q), kJ WATER
Mass, kg 0.055823223
-6686.641458
Solution:
( )

ChE193 ST1L BarcelR LitaC LopezA Revised Energy Balance

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ChE193 ST1L BarcelR LitaC LopezA Revised Energy Balance

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ENERGY BALANCE FOR NITROCELLULOSE PRODUCTION

ChE 193 ST-1L

Barcel, Ranz Ricko S.

Dr. Butch G. Bataller

Note: The calculations are on a per day basis.

Nitric Acid Solution

Fresh miscanthus sinensis Fresh miscanthus sinensis

Figure 2.1. Pre-hydrolysis tank input and output streams.

Table 2.1. Input and output values for the pre-hydrolysis.

Nitric Acid Solution

Fresh miscanthus sinensis’ Fresh miscanthus sinensis’

Figure 2.2. Input and output streams for souring.

Table 2.2. Input and output values for souring.

Figure 2.3. Input and output streams for oven-drying.

700 units of mixing tank

Using the 250 GPM capacity of the centrifuge

700 units of mixing tank

Figure 2.7. Separation of nitrates from activated carbon by centrifugation.

Using the 250 GPM capacity of the centrifuge

ENERGY BALANCE FOR NITRATION

Nitrating Acid Mixture

Cellulose Feed NITRATION Nitrated Cellulose

Figure 2.8. Nitration chamber input and output streams.

WATER (H2O) COOKING

Residue Cooked Residue

Figure 2.9. Input and output streams for water cooking.

Cooked Residue Air-Dried Residue

Figure 2.10. Input and output streams for air-drying.

Air-dried Residue Nitrocellulose

Figure 2.11. Input and output streams for oven-drying.

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