ADVANCED

MICROCONTROLLER
INTRODUCTION
Lecturer: Dr. Bui Ha Duc
Dept. of Mechatronics
Email: ducbh@hcmute.edu.vn

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INSTRUCTOR INTRODUCTION
• Full Name: Bui Ha Duc
• From: Vung Tau City
• Bachelor: HCMC University of Technology
• Ph.D: National University of Singapore
(NUS)
• Research fellow / TA in NUS
• Join HCMUTE in 2015
• Lecturer in Department of Mechatronics –
FME
• Teaching: Microcontroller, Embedded
system, Digital signal processing.

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COURSE OBJECTIVES
• Provide advanced knowledge of microcontroller
• MCU: ARM Cortex M

• Apply microcontroller to solve real problems

• Problem solving skill and team-work skill

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ORDER OF INTRUCTION

 Review about microcontroller and its architecture

 ARM microcontroller system
 Peripheral modules – IO, Timer, Interrupt…
 Wired Communication – UART, I2C, SPI, USB
 Wireless communication – Bluetooth, wifi, zigbee
 Storage module – SD card, external memory
 …

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ASSESSMENTS
• Assignments – 50%

• Group Project – 50%

o Progress report – 30%
o Final Product – 20%

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References
• Joseph Yiu - The Definitive Guide to ARM Cortex®-M0 and Cortex-
M0, 2016.
• Joseph Yiu - The Definitive Guide to ARM Cortex®-M3 and
Cortex-M4 Processors, 2013
• MCU datasheets:
• Holtek 32F52352
• STM32F4 (Optional)
• Holtek ESK32-30501
• Expansion board ESK32-2x001
• ARM CMSIS
• …
• Devices datasheets

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Software
• Keil Microcontroller Development Kit (MDK):
• Keil MDK helps you to create embedded applications for ARM Cortex-M
processor-based devices
http://www2.keil.com/mdk5/
• Documents:
http://www2.keil.com/mdk5/docs
• MDK consists of the MDK Core plus device-specific Software Packs

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What is Microcontroller?
Wiki definition:
• a small digital computer on a single integrated circuit
• Contain processor core(s), memory, I/O peripherals
• Programmable

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How does microcontroller work?
Algorithm

Code
(C / Assembly)
Compiler
List of Instructions

Inputs Outputs
MCU

• Instruction Fetch: get the instruction from memory into the processor
• Decode: decode the instruction to get the operation (what it has to do)
• Execute: Perform the operation
• Store: store the result back into another register
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Pipelining

Instruction Pipeline stage

1 IF D EX STR
2 IF D EX STR
3 IF D EX STR
4 IF D EX
5 IF D
Clock cycle 1 2 3 4 5 6

RISC (Reduced instruction set computers)

architecture

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Pipelining
• Laundry analogy

Can we make the

whole process faster ?

http://www.ece.arizona.edu/~ece462/Lec03-pipe/

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Pipelining

Significantly speedup the operation!

http://www.ece.arizona.edu/~ece462/Lec03-pipe/

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Inside a microcontroller

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Central Processor Unit (CPU)
CPU monitors and controls all
processes within the microcontroller

• Instruction decoder

• Arithmetical Logical Unit (ALU)

• Accumulator

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MEMORY
• Nonvolatile program memory
(ROM)
‒ store application software
‒ retain the information stored in
it even when power is removed
• Volatile variable memory
(RAM)
‒ Temporary storage of data
‒ Value will be lost when power is
removed
• Optional nonvolatile data
memory (EEPROM)
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Oscillator

• enable harmonic and synchronous

operation
• program instructions are slower than
oscillator rate

Why do we need oscillator

clock?
http://www.npeducations.com/2013/10/introduction-to-basics-of.html
How can microcontroller
know when an instruction
finish?
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Von Neumann architecture
• also known as the Princeton architecture
• Created in 1945 by the mathematician and physicist John
von Neumann

John von Neumann

(1903-1957)
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Harvard architecture
• The Harvard architecture is a computer architecture with
physically separate storage and signal pathways for
instructions and data

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Why ARM?
• ARM devices are steadily increasing in popularity.

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Why ARM?
• The growth in 32-bit overtake 8/16-bits
• Traditional 8/16-bit applications migrating to 32-bit

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Introduction to ARM microcontroller
HISTORY OF ARM Ltd
• Founded in November 1990 by a small group of engineers
• Advanced RISC Machines

• Company headquarters in Cambridge, UK

• Processor design in Cambridge, Austin, and Sophia Antipolis

• Sales, support, and engineering offices all over the world

• Best know for its range of RISC processor core designs

• Also produce software tools, models, cell libraries for partners

• ARM does not manufacture silicon

• ARM partners ship billion chips with ARM processors each year

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Introduction to ARM microcontroller

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ARM processor family

2003 2005 2009 2012

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ARM Processor Performance

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ARM Architecture Development

The evolution of ARM processor architecture

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ARM Architecture Development

ARM Instruction set enhancement

Cortex family

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Cortex family
• ARM Cortex™-A family:
• Applications processors for feature-rich OS and
3rd party applications

• ARM Cortex-R family:

• Embedded processors for real-time signal
processing, control applications

• ARM Cortex-M family:

• Microcontroller-oriented processors for MCU,
ASSP, and SoC applications

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Cortex-M family

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Cortex M0+ processors
• 2009 – ARM® Cortex™-M0 processor
released
• Low gate count
• High performance
• Easy to use
• Debug features

• 2012 – Cortex-M0+ processor released

• Same instruction set
• Supports all existing features of Cortex-M0
• New features
• Higher energy efficiency
• Ready for future applications

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Overview of the Cortex-M0+ Processor
• Processor
• ARMv6-M architecture
• Easy to use, C friendly
• Cortex-M series compatibility

• Nested Vectored Interrupt

Controller (NVIC)
• Flexible interrupt handling
• WIC support
• Memory Protection Unit (MPU)
• Debug from just 2 pins

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ARMv6-M architecture
• ARM is a 32-bit load / store RISC architecture
• The only memory accesses allowed are loads and stores
• Most internal registers are 32 bits wide
• Most instructions execute in a single cycle
• When used in relation to the ARM:
• Byte means 8 bits
• Halfword means 16 bits (two bytes)
• Word means 32 bits (four bytes)
• Doubleword means 64 bits (eight bytes)
• Most ARM’s implement two instruction sets
• 32-bit ARM Instruction Set: all instructions are 32 bits wide
• 16-bit Thumb Instruction Set: all instructions are 16 bits wide

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Thumb
• Thumb is a 16-bit instruction set
• Optimised for code density from C code (~65% of ARM code size)
• Improved performance from narrow memory
• Subset of the functionality of the ARM instruction set

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The Thumb-2 instruction set
• Variable-length instructions
• ARM instructions are a fixed length of 32
bits
• Thumb instructions are a fixed length of
16 bits
• Thumb-2 instructions can be either 16-bit
or 32-bit
• Thumb-2 gives approximately 26%
improvement in code density over
ARM
• Thumb-2 gives approximately 25%
improvement in performance over
Thumb
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Cortex-M0+ Instruction Set
• Only 56 Instructions

• 100% compatible with existing

Cortex-M0 processor

• Mostly 16-bit instructions

• All instructions operate on the

32-bit registers
Upward compatibility to the
• Option for single cycle 32x32 ARM Cortex-M3/Cortex-M4
multiply
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Cortex-M processors Instructions Set

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Processor Design
• Small silicon area (from 12K gates)

• 2-stage pipeline processor for maximum energy efficiency

• Reduce ratio between flip-flops and combinatorial logic
• Lower average CPI (Cycles Per Instruction)

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Processor Mode
• Cortex-M has only 2 processor mode
• Thread Mode for User tasks, is entered on Reset
• Handler Mode for OS task, is entered on all other exceptions
• Both modes have full access to all system resources
• No concept of privilege. Mechanism exists but has no meaning to M0

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Cortex-M0 Register Set
• All registers are 32 bits wide
• 13 general purpose registers
• Registers r0 – r7 (Low registers)
• Registers r8 – r12 (High registers)

• 3 registers with special meaning/usage

• Stack Pointer (SP) – r13
• Link Register (LR) – r14
• Program Counter (PC) – r15

• Special-purpose registers xPSR

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Programming with Cortex-M
• ARM Instruction sets are optimized for C Programming

• Programming tools:
• KEIL MDK 5
• IAR Embedded workbench
• ARM GNU

• ARM provided CMSIS (Cortex Microcontroller Software

Interface Standard), make it easier to port applications
within the ARM Cortex family

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CMSIS
Cortex Microcontroller System Interface Standard
• CMSIS enables consistent device support and simple software interfaces to the
processor and its peripherals
CMSIS Components
• CMSIS-CORE: a vendor-independent hardware abstraction layer for Cortex-
M processors
• CMSIS-RTOS: API that enables consistent software layers with middleware
and library components, designed for real-time operating systems.
• CMSIS-DSP: Fast implementation of digital signal processing.
• CMSIS-Driver: Generic peripheral interfaces for middleware and application
code.
• CMSIS-Pack: Easy access to reusable software components.
• CMSIS-SVD: System View Description, give consistent view to device and
peripherals
• CMSIS-DAP: Debug Access Port, connectivity to low-cost evaluation
hardware
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CMSIS

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Holtek HT32F52352
• 32-Bit ARM® Cortex™-M0+ Microcontroller
• Operate at a frequency of up to 48 MHz
• Program memory: 128KB
• Data memory: 16KB
• Integrated Nested Vectored Interrupt Controller
• 24-bit SysTick timer
• ADC: 12 channel, 12-bit
• Operating voltage: 2V-3.6V

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Holtek HT32F52352

USB 1

SPI 2

USART 2

2
Communication UART

I2C 2

I2S 1

SCI (ISO7816-3) 2

Communication interfaces

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Clock structure
• External 4 to 16 MHz crystal oscillator
• External 32,768 Hz crystal oscillator
• Internal 8 MHz RC oscillator trimmed to ±2 % accuracy at
3.3V operating voltage and 25°C operating temperature
• Internal 32 kHz RC oscillator
• Integrated system clock PLL
• Independent clock divider and gating bits for peripheral
clock sources

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Holtek HT32F52352 Diagram

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Holtek ESK32-30501

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Holtek ESK-2x001

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Holtek ESK-2x001
• RS232 connector
• Wakeup and two key buttons
• Touch keys
• Three LEDs
• I2C – compatible serial
interface EEPROM
• SPI – compatible serial
interface Flash
• SPI and EBI extension
interfaces for LCD display
applications
• SD card slot – SPI mode
• PWM output for Buzzer driving
• Backup battery
• SWD-20P debug Port
interface
• Smart card connector
• CMOS sensor connector
• Multi interface including
UART, I2C, SPI and GPIO
functions for connecting
various modules
• Audio input contains
microphone and stereo jack
• Audio output contains speaker
connector and stereo jack
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