CHAPTER 2:

REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE AND
STUDY
 II. Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter is a presentation of the related literature and studies as well as the theories that

serve as basis of the present study. It also includes the synthesis state of the art, conceptual framework

as well as the definition of terms that will be beneficial for the researchers to deepen the understanding

about the studies.

RELATED LITERATURE SUMMARY

Based on absenteeism in university student and the effect in the academic performance (2012)

Natividad Crespo, Maria Teresa Paloma, and Mariano Mendez. The study provides new evidence

on the importance of considering variables related to physical, motivational and emotional factors that

affect the student, a good quality of teaching and good academic performance. It is required that the

student regularly assist to classes for this reason absenteeism in education is considered a first order

problem from the educational and personal point of view.

Truancy defined by Teasley (2005) as a period time when a student does not doing their school

work, has become and continuous problem among high school students in many countries. He had noted

numerous risk factors that contribute to student who are involved in truancy such as family health, low

income is one of the reasons of truancy, low income, poor school climate, drug and alcohol use and

alcohol use and community attitudes towards education.

 Tenibiaje (2009) opines that the impact of truancy is very obvious and usually a negative one on

truants student, parent and the society at large. Truancy results in loss of intellectual development and

lack of improvement of individual. Also, leads to poor academic performance at the end of school

periods, school terms and school year. Truancy as a threat to academic performance of the students is

believed by Nwachukwu (1998) to reduce the quality of education the child receives. It reduces the

standard of academic achievement of a child, it leads to the fall of educational of educational standards

in schools. It increases the rate of examination malpractice and poor examination results in both internal

and external examination.

According to Carter (2009), truancy is deliberate absence from school on the part of student

without the knowledge and consent of parents, for which no reasonable or acceptable excuse is given.

This definition broadens the concept considerably and make it synonymous with unexcused absence.

Collins (2010) conceptualized truancy in respect to students who have been registered with a school but

identified as not attending school when the law says they should. This includes absence from lessons.

Mangal S.K. (1997) in the first Edition of his book “Our Life and Psychology” gave

some factors which are responsible for truancy:-

Weak physical health of child

Undeveloped mental health of the child

Non-cooperative behavior of teachers

Indiscipline prevalent in the school.

Lack of interesting and co-curricular activities

Social and emotional maladjustment

RELATED STUDIES SUMMARY

Ferguson in 1952 conducted a study on Glasgow-School leavers and produced the results that

truants did more detected crimes than regular school attending students.

Francies A.Muller (1958) tried to compare truancy with the classroom disorders. He states that

unhappiness, unsuccessfulness is responsible for making a child, a truant, and physical conditions also

affect the truancy rate. Home and community environment play an important role in the development of

the child. He observes that truancy is the result of classroom disorders, home problems, such as grade

retardation, reading disability and personality problems.

Chauhan N.S. (1978) did the comparative study of truants and non-truants. Most of the

characteristics of delinquency arise out of truancy. Truancy results in delinquency. The phenomenon of

truancy appears to be grounded in none accepting to school as extensions of home.

Bahuguna B.D (1980) made a study of cause of irregular attendance in a few selected schools

of Delhi. The investigator concludes that truancy is due to following causes: Poor Achievement, Poverty

and in some cases early marriage and poor study atmosphere, Dislike for teacher and curriculum,

Administrative Laxity.

Sharma T.R (1981) made a survey of the problem of truancy among high school students. He

observed that truants are mostly boys and they are generally quite healthy. Main contributing factors are
uneducated father, illiterate mother, overcrowded houses, bad economic conditions, low intelligence,

and bad company

Parmel Yadav (1988) did his investigation on finding all the causes of truancy of the students

of reward. The main causes which strike most were: family cause, academic cause, economic cause,

social cause, natural calamities defective teaching and miscellaneous cause. To reduce the truancy rate,

Parents and teachers should be guided properly.

Theories and Hypotheses

From a sociological point of view, truancy can be considered as deviant behavior. The following

analysis will concentrate on three theories of delinquency:

1.) The social control theory (Hirschi 1969) plus its extension of family factors through the theory of

informal control by Sampson and Laub .(1993),

2) The theory of anomie that is combinable with the expectancy value theory, and

3) The theory of urban subcultures which also includes elements of the theory of anomie, the social

disorganization theory, the subculture theory and the theory of differential associations.
 Social
Control
Theory

Socio-
anomie
Subculture
Theory
Theory of Theory of
Urban
Subcultures Anomie

Figure 1. Theoretical Paradigm

Conceptual Framework

In this study, effect of truancy to Junior High School students of Abuyog National High School

of Abuyog East District, Sorsogon City was determined through survey questionnaire that had been

distributed. Researchers made some questions like the effects of truancy to the students in their academic

performance, and the reason for being always truant. Interventions could also be found to help and

resolve this problem.

 OUTPUT
Cause and effect of
INPUT PROCESS being truant.

Junior High School Survey Questionnaire Percentage of truancy

Students of Abuyog at ANHS
National High School
Student's Profile
Proposed Intervention
S.Y. 2019-2020

Figure 2. Conceptual Framework