Percentage

Study Material

PERCENTAGE
Example 2:
The word “percent” is derived from the latin 5
Express 45 6 % into fraction.
words “per centum”, which means “per
hundred”. Solution:
5
A percentage is a fraction with denominator 5 45 275 11
45 6
% = 100 = 6×100 = 24
6

hundred, It is denoted by the symbol %.

Fraction Equivalents of %
Numerator of the fraction is called the rate per
1 1 1
cent. 1% = 33 % =
100 3 3
1 2
2% = 50 40% = 5
VALUE OF PERCENTAGE: 1 1
4% = 25 50% = 2
Value of percentage always depends on
1 2 2
the quantity to which it refers: 5% = 66 % =
20 3 3
Consider the statement, “65% of the students in 1 1 3
64 %= 16 60% = 5
this class are boys”. From the context, it is 1 3
understood that boys from 65% of the total 10% = 10 75% = 4
1 17 4
number of students in the class. To know the 113% = 150 80% = 5
value of 65%, the value of the total number of 1 1 24
12 % = 96% =
student should be known. If the total number of 2 8 25
4 100% = 1
student is 200, then, 16% =
25
200×65 2 1 23
The number of boys = =130; 163% = 6 115% = 20
100
It can also be written as (200) × (0.65) =130. 1 1 4
20% = 133 % =
Note that the expressions 6%, 63%, 72%, 155% 5 3 3
1
etc. Do not have any value intrinsic to 25% =
4
themselves. Their values depend on the 
quantities to which they refer. Increas value
Increase % = Original value
× 100
To express the fraction equivalent to %:
Express the fraction with the denominator 100,
then the numerator is the answer. Example 3:
Rent of the house is increased from `
Example 1:
11 7000 to `7700. Express the increase in
Express the fraction 12 into the per cent.
price as a percentage of the original
Solution:
rent.
11 2
11 12 × 100 91 3 2 Solution:
= = = 91 %
12 100 100 3 Increase value = Rs 7700 – Rs 7000 =
To express % equivalent to fraction: Rs 700
𝑎
a% =100

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 Percentage
Study Material

Increas value 100−𝑥

Increase % = × 100 = first number if 100−𝑦
× 100 % of the
Original value
700 100−𝑦
× 100 = 10 second and the second is 100−𝑥
×
7000
∴ Percentage rise = 10% 100 % of the first.
  x% of a quantity is taken by the first,
y% of the remaining is taken by the second
Example 4: and z% of the remaining is taken by third
The cost of a bike last year was person. Now, if A is left in the fund,
Rs19000. Its cost this year is Rs 17000. then the initial amount
A×100×100×100
Find the per cent decrease in its cost. = in the
Decreas value
100−x 100−y (100−z)
Decrease % = Original value
× 100 beginning.
 x% of a quantity is added. Again, y% of
the increased quantity is added. Again z%
19000 −17000
% decrease = × 100 of the increased quantity is added. Now it
19000
2000 becomes A, then the initial amount
= 19000 × 100= 10.5%.
A × 100 × 100 × 100
∴ Percentage decrease = 10.5%. =
100 + x 100 + y (100 + z)
 If A is x % if C and B is y % of C, then
𝑥
A is × 100% of B.
𝑦 Example 6:
3.5% income is taken as tax and 12.5%
Example 5: of the remaining is saved. This leaves
A positive number is divided by 5 Rs. 4,053 to spend. What is the income?
instead of being multiplied by 5. By Solution:
what per cent is the result of the By direct method,
required correct value? 4053×100×100
Income = = Rs
Solution: 100−3.5 (100−12.5)

Let the number be 1, then the correct 4800.

answer = 5  If the price of a commodity increases by
The incorrect answer that was obtained r%, then reduction in consumption, so
1 as not to increase the expenditure is
=5 . 𝑟
1 100+𝑟
× 100 %.
∴ The required % = × 100 = 4%
5×5  If the price of a commodity decreases by
 If two numbers are respectively x% and r%, then the increase in consumption, so
y% more than a third number, then the as not to decrease the expenditure is
100+𝑥 𝑟
first number is 100+𝑦
× 100 % of the × 100 %.
100−𝑟
100+𝑦
second and the second is 100+𝑥
×
100% of the first. Example 7:
If the price of coal be raised by 20%,
 If two numbers are respectively x% and
then find by how much a householder must
y% less than a third number, then the

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Study Material

reduce his consumption of this 676

= 456976 × 625
= 494265
commodity so as not to increase his
approximately.
expenditure?
Solution:
20 Example 9:
Reduction in consumption = × The population of a city increase at the
100+20
100% rate of 4% per annum. There is an additional
annual increase of 1% in the population
20
= × 100 % = 16.67% due to the influx of job seekers. Find
100+20 percentage increase in the population
after 2 years.
POPULATION FORMULA Solution:
 If the original population of a town is P, The net annual increase = 5%
and the annual increase is r%, then the Let the initial population be 100.
population after n years is P 1 +  Then, population after 2 years =
100×1.05×1.05 = 110.25
𝑟100𝑛 and population before n years = Therefore, % increase in population =
𝑃
(110.25-100) = 10.25%
𝑟 𝑛
1+ If a number A is increased successively
100
by x% followed by y% and then z%,
 If the annual decrease be r%, then the
𝑟 𝑛 then the final value of A will be
population after n years is P 1 − 100 x y
A 1+ 1+ 1
and population before n years = 100 100
𝑃 z
1+
𝑟 𝑛 +
100 100
In case a given value decreases by an
Example 8: percentage then we will use negative
The population of a certain town sign before that.
increased at a certain rate per cent annum.  First Increase and then decrease:
Now it is 456976. Four years ago, it was If the value is first increased by x% and
390625. What will it be 2 years hence? then decreased by y% then there is
𝑥𝑦
Solution: 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 100 % increase or decrease,
Suppose the population increases at r %
according to the +ve or –ve sign
𝑟 4
per annum. Then, 390625 1+ 100
= respectively.
456976 If the value is first increased by x% and
𝑟 2 456976 676
then decreased by x% then there is only
∴ 1 + 100 = 390625
= 625 𝑥2
decrease which is equal to 100
.
Population 2 years hence = 456976
𝑟 2 Example 10:
1 + 100 A number is increased by 10% and then
it is decreased by 10%. Find the net
increase or decrease per cent.

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Solution: scores y marks fails by z marks, then the

10×10 100 𝑦+𝑧
% change = 100
= 1% maximum marks M =
𝑥
i.e. 1% decrease.  A candidate scoring x% in an
 Average percentage rate of change over examination fails by „a‟ marks, while
a period. another candidate who scores y% marks
New Value −Old Value 100
= × % where gets „b‟ marks more then the
Old Value 𝑛
minimum required passing marks. Then
n= period.
100 𝑎+𝑏
 The percentage error = the maximum marks M =
𝑦−𝑥
The Error
×100%  In an examination x% and y% students
True Value
respectively fail in two different
subjects while z% students fail in both
SUCCESSIVE INCREASE OR subjects then the % age of student who pass
DECREASE in both the subjects will be {100-(x + y -
 In the value is increased successively by z)}%
x% and y% then the final increase is
given by Example 12:
𝑥𝑦
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 100 % Vishal requires 40% to pass. If he gets
 In the value is decreased successively 185 marks, falls short by 15 marks,
by x% and y% then the final decrease is what was the maximum he could have
given by got?
𝑥𝑦 Solution:
−𝑥 − 𝑦 − 100 %
If Vishal has 15 marks more, he could
have scored 40% marks.
Example 11: Now, 15 marks more then 185 is
The price of a car is decreased by 10% 185+15 = 200
and 20% in two successive years. What per Let the maximum marks be x, then 40%
cent of price of a car is decreased after two of x = 200
years? 40 200×100
⇒ × x = 200 ⇒ x = = 500
Solution: 100 40

Put x = -10 and y = -20, then Thus, maximum marks = 500

−10 −20 Alternate method:
-10-20+ = −28% 100(185+15)
100 Maximum marks = =
40
∴ The price of the car decreases by 100×200
28%. = 500
40

STUDENT AND MARKS Example 13:

 The percentage of passing marks in an A candidate scores 15% and fails by 30
examination is x%. If a candidate who marks, while another candidate who
scores 40% marks, gets 20 marks more
then the minimum required marks to pass

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Study Material

the pass the examination. Find the Example 15:

maximum marks of the examination. If the length and width of a rectangular
Solution: garden were each increased by 20%,
By short cut method: then what would be the per cent increase
100(30+20)
Maximum marks = =200 in the area of the garden?
40−15

Solution:
2-DIMENSIONAL FIGURE AND By direct formula
AREA 20 (20+200)
% increase in area = =
 If the sides of a triangle, square, 100
rectangle, rhombus or radius of a circle 44%
are increased by a%, its area is  If A‟s income is r% more than that of
𝑎(𝑎+200) B, then B‟s income is less than that of A
increased by %
100 𝑟
 If the sides of a triangle, square, by × 100 %
100+𝑟
rectangle, rhombus or radius of a circle  If A‟s income is r% less than that of B,
are decreased by a % then B‟s income is more than that of A
Then its area is decreased by 𝑟
by × 100 %
𝑎(200−𝑎) 100−𝑟
%.
100 Example 16:
Example 14: If A‟s salary is 50% more than B‟s, then
If the radius of a circle is increased by by what percent B‟s salary is less than
10%, what is the percentage increase in A‟s salary?
its area? Solution:
Solution: Let B‟s salary be 𝑅𝑠 x
Let R be the radius of circle. Then, A‟s salary = x + 50% of x = 1.5x
Area of Circle, A =𝜋𝑅 2 B‟s salary is less than A‟s salary by
Now, radius is increased by 10% 1.5𝑥−𝑥 100
× 100 % = = 33.33%
1.5𝑥 3
New radius, R‟ = R + 10% of R = 1.1 R
Shortcut method,
New Area, A‟ = 𝜋 1.1𝑅 2 = 1.21 𝜋𝑅 2
B‟s salary is less than A‟s salary by
% increase in area = 50
1.21πR 2 −πR 2 100+50
× 100 %
×100=21% 50
πR 2 =150 × 100% = 33.33%
Shortcut Method:
Radius is increases by 10%.
10(10+200) Example 17:
So, Area is increased by =
100 Ravi‟s weight is 25% that of Meena‟s
21%
and 40% that of Tara‟s. What percentage of
 If the both sides of rectangle are
Tara‟s weight is Meena‟s weight.
changed by x% and y% respectively,
𝑥𝑦 Solution:
then % effect on area = x + y+100 (+/-
according to increase or decrease)

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 Percentage
Study Material

Let Meena‟s weight be x kg and Tara‟s weight B spends 70% of his salary and saves
be y kg. Then Ravi‟s weight = 25% of 30%
Meena‟s weight Given that
25
= 100 × 𝑥 .....(i) 20% of x = 30% of (50,000-x)
20 30
Also, Ravi‟s weight = 40% of Tara‟s 100
× 𝑥 = 100 × (50,000 − 𝑥)
weight 50x 30×50,000
100
= 100
40
= ×𝑦 .....(ii) 30×50,000×100
100 ⇒x = = 30,000
100×50
From (i) and (ii), we get
25 40
A‟s salary Rs 30,000
×𝑥 = ×𝑦 B‟s salary = Rs 50,000 – Rs 30,000 =
100 100
⇒ 25x = 40y Rs20,000
8
⇒ 5x = 8y ⇒ x = 5 y
Meena‟s weight as the percentage of GK Study Materials PDF Download
Tara‟s weight
8
𝑥 𝑦
= × 100 = 5
× 100 All subject Study Materials PDF
𝑦 𝑦
8 Download
= × 100 = 160
5
Hence, Meena‟s weight is 160% of
Tara‟s weight. 2018 Current Affairs Download – PDF
Download

Example 18:
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The monthly salaries of A and B
together amount to `50,000. A spends
80% of his salary and B spends 70% of his Telegram Channel Click Here
salary. If now their saving are the same,
then find the salaries of A and B.
Solution:
Let A‟s salary by x, then B‟s salary Join Us on FB : English –
(50,000-x) Examsdaily
A spends 80% of his salary and saves
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