Main parts of the Encoder

Connecting pins of the speed module (encoder FC-

03):
1. VCC: Module power supply from 3.3V to 12V.

2.GND: Ground.

3.D0: Digital signal of the output pulses.

4.A0: Analog signal of the output pulses. Output signal in real time. (Usually
not used).

Main technical characteristics:

Dimensions: 32 x 14 x 7mm.

The sensor reading slot has a width of 5mm.

Two outputs, one Digital and one Analog.

LED power indicator.

LED indicator of the output pulses of pin D0.

schematic of FC-03 speed sensor

Descripton:
Here is a FC-03(Encoder) motor speed sensor module, the major goal is to
check the speed of roation of an electric motor. The module can be used in
association with an aurdino for motor speed detection, pulse count,
position limit, etc. but here we have to use only for speed detection of
motor. In principle, any rate meter simply measures the rate at which some
event occurs. Usually this is done by counting the events for a given period
of time (integration interval) and then simply dividing the number of events
by the time to get the rate.
Basically,the motor speed sensor module described is a simple device that
yields processed pulse trains when the visual path of its optical sensor is
physically interrupted by some sort of slotted wheel or similar mechanism
(an optical sensor commonly consists of a light emitting diode that provides
the illumination, and a phototransistor that senses the presence or absence
of that illumination). The transmissive optical sensor used here consists of
an infrared light emitting diode and a phototransistor. This both prevents
interference from stray external light sources and by having the two
components matched for a specific frequency of radiation, they are even
more immune to undesired interference.

Voltage sensor

Resistive Voltage Sensor

There are two ways in converting the resistance of the sensing element to
the voltage. First one is the simplest method that is to provide a voltage to
the resistor divider circuit comprises of a sensor and a reference resistor
which is represented below.

Resistive voltage sensor

The voltage that is developed across the reference resistor or sensor is

buffered and then given to the ADC. The output voltage of the sensor can
be expressed as
The drawback of this circuit is the amplifier present here will amplify the
whole voltage developed across the sensor. But, it is better to amplify only
the voltage change due to the change in resistance of the sensor. This is
achieved by the second method implementing the resistance bridge which
is shown below.
Here, the output voltage is

When R1 = R, then output voltage becomes approximately

A → Gain of Instrumentation Amplifier.

δ → Change in the resistance of the sensor analogous to some physical
action.
In this equation, gain have to be set high because only the voltage change
due to the change in resistance of the sensor is being amplified.