Couroupita guianensis Aubl.

Taxonomy Details:
Family Lecythidaceae (Magnoliophyta (flowering plants))

Scientific Name Couroupita guianensis Aubl.

Primary Citation Hist. Pl. Guiane 2: 708. 1775

Accepted Name This name is currently accepted.

Synonyms Heterotypic synonyms

Pekea couroupita Juss. ex DC., 1828. Prodr. (DC.). 3: 294.

Lecythis bracteata Willd., 1799. Sp. Pl. (ed. 4). 2: 1174.
Couroupita surinamensis Mart. ex O. Berg, 1858. Fl. Bras. (Martius). 14(1): 476. Couroupita guianensis var. surinamensis (Mart. ex O. Berg) Eyma, 1932. Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht. 4: 58.
Couroupita peruviana O. Berg, 1862. Linnaea. 31: 261.
Couroupita membranacea Miers, 1874. Trans. Linn. Soc. London. 30: 194.
Couroupita antillana Miers, 1874. Trans. Linn. Soc. London. 30: 191.
Couroupita venezuelensis R. Knuth, 1934. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 35: 341.
Couroupita froesii R. Knuth, 1934. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 35: 341.
Couroupita saintcroixiana R. Knuth, 1934. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 35: 341.
Couroupita acreensis R. Knuth, 1939. Pflanzenr. (Engler). IV, 219a: 46.
Couroupita idolica Dwyer, 1965. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 52: 358.
Couratari pedicellaris Rizzini, 1976. Rodriguésia. 28(41): 178.
Common Names Reference: Unspecified
     Coco sachapura; Geographic Location: Colombia
     bala de cañon (Spanish); Geographic Location: Costa Rica; Comments: Source: Reinaldo Aguilar 2009
     bala de cañón
     bola de cañon (Spanish)
     boskalebas; Geographic Location: Surinam
     cannon-ball tree (English)
     castanha de macaco; Geographic Location: Brazil
     coco de mono; Geographic Location: Venezuela
     granadillo de las huacas; Geographic Location: Panama
     iwadaballi; Geographic Location: Surinam
     kaupe; Geographic Location: Surinam
     kouroupitoumou; Geographic Location: French Guiana
     mamey hediono; Geographic Location: Venezuela
     maraco; Geographic Location: Colombia
     muco; Geographic Location: Venezuela
     taparo de monte; Geographic Location: Venezuela

Description Author: Ghillean T. Prance & Scott A. Mori

Type: French Guiana. Without locality, no date (st), Aublet s.n. (lectotype, BM; isolectotype, S, designated Mori & Prance, 1990).

Description: Trees, to 35 m tall, unbuttressed. Bark not fissured. Leaves in clusters at ends of branches; petioles 5-30 mm long; blades (6-)8-31(-57) x 3-10 cm, usually narrowly obovate to obovate, sometimes elliptic, glabrous adaxially, pubescent on
veins abaxially, often but not always with a tuft of trichomes (possibly domatia) in axils of secondary veins, the trichomes simple the base cuneate, the margins entire, the apex generally acute or acuminate; secondary veins in 15-25 pairs, the tertiary
veins weakly percurrent, prominulous, the higher order venation prominulous, forming well-defined areoles. Inflorescences cauline, usually unbranched racemes, sometimes branched and paniculate, sometimes covering entire trunk;
pedicel/hypanthium 12-60 mm long. Flowers zygomorphic, 5-6 cm diam.; calyx-lobes 6, broadly ovate, 4-5 x 4-6, the bases slightly imbricate, the margins ciliate; petals 6, most commonly yellow toward apices and pink to red toward bases abaxially,
pink to red except for white bases adaxially, some Peruvian collections with more yellow in petals; androecium prolonged on one side into flat hood, with stamen free area between staminal ring and hood proper, the hood white or pale yellow tinged
with pink externally, the ring stamens with white filaments and white or pale yellow anthers, the hood staminodes often white at very base, pink for most of length, and yellow at apex, sometimes white for most of length and yellow at apex, the
stamens with lateral dehiscence; ovary 6-locular. Fruits indehiscent, globose, 12-25 cm diam., the supracalyzine zone rounded, the infracalycine zone rounded to base, falling from tree at maturity. Seeds embedded in pulp, the pulp oxidizing bluish-
green when exposed to air, the testa with trichomes; embryo with 2 foliaceous cotyledons.

Common names: English: Cannon-ball tree. Spanish: bola de cañon. Panama: granadillo de las huacas, coco sachapura. Colombia: maraco. Venezuela: coco de mono, mamey hediondo, muco, taparo de monte. Surinam: boskalebas, iwadaballi, kaupe.
French Guiana: kouroupitoumou. Brazil: castanha de macaco (monkey nut). Peru: ayahuma, ayahúman (Smith et al., 2007).

Distribution: Amazonian Colombia, northern Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, Amazonian Ecuador, Amazonian Peru, and eastern and southwestern Amazonian Brazil. This species has been collected in Mesoamerica but these collections
most likely come from cultivated trees. In Brazil, the collections from Pará (Pires 1644) and Goiás (Heringer & Valmira 18415) have been checked by S. A. Mori and definitely represent this species and appear to have been made from native trees. In
South America, Couroupita guianensis is found mostly around the periphery of the Amazon Basin, displaying a distribution pattern called peri-Amazonian by Granville (1992). This species is frequently planted as a botanical curiosity in tropical and
subtropical botanical gardens in many parts of the world.

Ecology: We know of no ecological studies of C. guianenensis in which frequency, density, dominance, and habitat preferences have been reported. This species is most frequently found in wet areas of lowland forests but is not a species of
periodically flooded forests. In fruit, C. guianensis can be easily mistaken for C. subsessilis which may actually be the species accounting for some of the reports of C. guianensis growing in flood plain forests.

Phenology: Poiteau (1825) observed that trees of this species growing in their native habitat in sandy soils on the Ile de Cayenne, French Guiana lost their leaves in March and again in September, remained 18 days almost leafless, and then flowered
and flushed new leaves. Ormond et al. (1985) made observations on leaf fall, leaf flush, flowering, and fruiting during five-years on 13 trees of Couroupita guianensis growing outside their native range in the botanical garden of the Museu Nacaional in
Rio de Janeiro. These trees dropped and flushed new leaves two to three times a year. The leaves turn yellow, fall to the ground, and flush leaves within 15 days after the old leaves have fallen. Leaves were most frequently flushed just before the
onset of flowering and there was little synchrony in leaf fall and flush among the trees they observed. The trees flowered from November through May with a peak in January and February with any given tree flowering one to three times during this
period. The trunks of some trees were covered by flowering inflorescences that reached as long as 80 cm. and a given tree held as many as 1000 open flowers per day. Fruits in this area fell from October through April.

Pollination: The morphology and development of the flowers of C. guianensis have been well illustrated by Thompson (1921). In addition to being showy, its flowers are strongly and pleasantly aromatic. Ormond et al. (1981, 1982) determined that the
osmphores of this species are most abundant on the hood filaments and less common on the adaxial surface of the petals. Oil droplets are found in the cells of the epidermal and stomatal guard cells of the osmophores. In addition, the cells of the
mesophyll of these structures are rich in starch. After anthesis, oil droplets and starch are not nearly as plentiful. The internal temperature of the flowers at anthesis is seven degrees above ambient temperature. Ormond et al. (1981, 1982) suggest
that the oil droplets volatilize to yield the pleasant aroma and that the starch in the adjacent cells provides the energy for this process. The aroma, at least in some individuals, is dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (Knudsen & Mori, 1996). The
apices of the hood filaments are yellow, a color that attracts bees. Moreover, UV light is only reflected from the hood and has perhaps evolved to attract pollinators to rewards found in that part of the flower. The sweet aroma of these flowers is
strongest in the early morning and bees have been recorded visiting the flowers as early as 5:00 a.m.; the petals and androecium drop from the flowers around 12:00 p.m. (Ormond et al., 1981). Yarsick et al. (1986) report that the flowers of a
cultivated Venezuelan tree open gradually between 7:00 and 8:30 p.m. with the hood and ring anthers opening simultaneously. These authors confirm observations that the hood anthers are larger than the ring anthers - the former have an average of
2,850 tetrads and the latter 450 monads per anther. The flowers of C. guianensis are without nectar and are mostly visited by bees in search of pollen.Xylocopa brasilianorum has been reported to be the principal pollinator outside of the native range
of C. guianensis in the botanical garden of the Museu Nacional in Rio de Janeiro. Dahlgren (1924) states "The large black bumble-bees that visit the flowers force their way under the tip of the hood, between the two sets of stamens, and become
thoroughly dusted with pollen." It is likely that the bees observed by Dahlgren also represent a species of Xylocopa. Yarsick et al. (1986) report bees, wasps, and a flower fly visiting the flowers, but note that Xylocopa frontalis and a species of Bombus
appear to be the most efficient pollinators. Carpenter bees of the genus Xylocopa have also been observed pollinating cultivated trees of C. guianensis in India (Aluri & Reddi, 1990). Ormond et al. (1981) have demonstrated that bagged flowers do not
set fruit nor do the flowers in the bags end up with pollen on their stigmas. They demonstrated that two percent of artificially self pollinated flowers produce fruit whereas artificially cross-pollinated and naturally pollinated flowers yield 6% and 4%
fruit respectively. In their study, they observed a tree flowering out of phase with the other trees set fruit, and there are other unsubstantiated reports of cultivated trees growing in isolation producing fruit. Thus, it appears that C. guianensis is self-
compatible, but that there are more fruits set if out crossing takes place. Poiteau (1825) observed that the pollen of the hood was larger and yellow and that of the staminal ring smaller and white. Thompson (1927) was the first to suggest that pollen
from the hood does not germinate on the stigma, but it was Jacques (1965) who first observed that the ring and hood pollen are different. This observation has been confirmed by Mori et al. (1980), Ormond et al. (1981), and Yarsick et al. (1986).
These authors have demonstrated that the pollen of the staminal ring is found in monads and has a smooth exine while that of the hood is in tetrads and has a rougher exine. Ormond et al. (1981) add that the ring pollen is covered with droplets of a
lipid substance whereas that of the hood is dry. Examination of the stigma shows that monad pollen dominates the surface while tetrad pollen is rarely found there. The ring pollen shows a high degree of both in vitro and in vivo germination whereas
not a single pollen grain from the hood anthers germinates (Mori et al., 1980; Ormond et al., 1981). In conclusion, it has been clearly demonstrated that there are two types of pollen in the flower of Couroupita guianensis and that the most likely
pollinators are species of large bees, such as Bombus and Xylocopa, which are rewarded for their efforts with non-germinating pollen that they collect from the hood.

Dispersal: Fruits from different trees of C. guianensis display considerable variation in size, ranging from 12 to 25 cm in diameter with smaller ones having as few as 65 and larger ones as many as 550 seeds (Ormond et al., 1985; Schoenberg, 1983a).
The number of fruits produced per tree ranges from 50 to 150. Fruits reach maturity in about 12 months (Ormond et al., 1985), but Dahlgren (1824) noted that it takes as long as 18 months for fruits of this species to mature in Guyana. The number of
flowers and fruits produced by individuals of C. guianensis vary from one flowering period to the next, sometimes there is a major flowering and other times the flowering is minor. Fruit set is 0.8% following a major flowering and 3.4% after minor
flowering, but major and minor flowering events usually yield about the same number of fruits produced because of the greater number of flowers available during a major flowering period (Ormond et al., 1985). The anatomy and morphology of the
fruits of Couroupita guianensis have been described in detail by Schoenberg (1983a, 1983b). The cannon-ball like fruits of Couroupita guianensis fall and often crack open upon hitting the ground. The seeds are embedded in a six-segmented fleshy
pulp that oxidizes bluish-green when exposed to the air. Peccaries and domestic animals, such as chickens and pigs, are reported to eat the pulp and in so doing swallow the seeds. Prance and Mori (1979) report an observation made by H. W. Koepcke
who studied a tree of this species over a three-week period. A paca (Agouti paca) has been filmed at the Los Amigos Biological Station in Peru carrying a fruit it its mouth. The ground under the tree was covered by many fruits which remained
untouched until a herd of peccaries passed by and broke open the fruits and consumed the pulp. The seeds of species of Couroupita have exotestal trichomes which may protect the seeds and facilitate their passage through the digestive tracts of
animals (Tsou & Mori, 2002).

Predation: No observations recorded.

Field characters: The combination of tufts of trichomes in the axils of the secondary veins; conspicuous inflorescences arising from the trunk; showy aromatic flowers with the petals tinged with various degrees of pink or red; a flat androecial hood;
cannon-ball like fruits; and seeds embedded in a pulp that oxidize bluish-green when exposed to the air separate this species from all other Lecythidaceae. It can only be mistaken for the other two species of the genus, C. subsessilis found along
Amazonian rivers and the Central American C. nicaraguarensis. See "Taxonomic notes" below.

Taxonomic notes: Leaf and fruit collections of the three species of Couroupita are difficult to distinguish from one another. However, in flower they are easily separated. Both C. subsessilis and C. nicaraguarensis have white or pale yellow flowers
and bright, yellow-orange anthers in the staminal ring. In addition, C. subsessilis has a notched androecial hood and C. nicaraguarensis has stamens that run from the staminal ring all of the way onto the hood (see comparison of androecial hoods in
attached image).There is considerable variation in flower color and size as well as in fruit size and shape. Some trees have much more yellow in their flowers than found in the flowers of other trees (e.g., collections from Madre de Dios, Peru). Most
fruits are globose and resemble a cannon ball, but some fruits are longer than wide.

Uses: Couroupita guianensis is widely planted in tropical and subtropical botanical gardens and as an ornamental throughout the tropics and subtropics; it does well under cultivation as far north as the Fairchild Tropical Botanical Gardens in Florida.
 The pulp of the fruit of C. guianensis is used to feed animals such as chickens, muscovy ducks, turkeys, and pigs but it is not consumed by humans (Smith et al., 2007). Some of the reports of this species may actually have been misidentifications of C.
subsessilis which is found along large rivers in the Brazilian Amazon. However, the fruits of the three species of Couroupita are identifical and are all expected to have the potential to be used in the same way.

Etymology: This species is named after the geographic location of the type collection.

Conservation: IUCN Red List: lower Risk/least concern, ver 2.3 (assessed in 1998) (IUCN, 2009). Plantas Raras do Brasil: not on list (Giulietti et al., 2009).

Source: Based on Prance in Mori and Prance (1990).

Distribution Map all specimens of this taxon

(if georeferenced specimens are available)

Specimens Search for all records of Couroupita guianensis in the Virtual Herbarium

Images Search for images of Couroupita guianensis

Additional Resources

Rauh'a architectural modedl displayed by Couroupita guianensis. From F. Hallé, 2004. VIEW | DOWNLOAD

Link to GenBank sequence data for Couroupita guianensis

Title: Botanical line illustration of Couroupita guianensis. Drawing by B. Angell.

Rights: Rights belong to the creator, otherwise to NYBG.
Publisher: NYBG
Description: Fig. 36 in Flora Neotrop. Monogr. 21(II). 1990. Couroupita guianensis, A-B (Stahel 100), C-I (redrawn with permission from Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 21: figs. 9, 12). A. Habit. B. Cauliflorous inflorescence. C. Medial section of androecium,
note that all the hood appendages bear anthers. D. Cross section of ovary, note the six locules which are unique to this genus in the Lecythidaceae. E. Medial section of ovary. The ovules run the length of the locule and are attached to bilamellar
placentae in each locule. F. Indehiscent fruit. G. Medial section of fruit, note the lenticular-shaped seeds embedded in the pulp. H. Cross section of fruit, note the six wedge-shaped segments. I Apex of seedling with two foliaceous cotyledons.
Title: Flower of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by S. A. Mori.
Rights: Rights reside with creator, otherwise properety of NYBG.
Publisher: NYBG
Description: Anterior view of the flower of Couroupita guianensis based on from an unvouchered tree cultivated in Costa Rica.
Title: Flower of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by C. A. Gracie.
Rights: Rights reside with creator, otherwise property of NYBG.
Publisher: NYBG
Description: Lateral view of a flower of Couroupita guianensis showing the staminal ring and the hood with staminodia based on an unvouchered tree from a cultivated plant in Panama.
Title: Flower spread open of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by S. A. Mori.
Publisher: NYBG
Description: Flower spread open of Couroupita guianensis based on unvouchered tree at the Fairchild Tropical Botanical Garden, Coral Gables, Florida. Note inferior ovary, staminal ring, stigma in hole in middle of staminal ring, appendage-free
ligule, and hood with staminodes.
Title: Bract and bracteoles of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by S. A. Mori.
Publisher: NYBG
Description: Bract and bracteoles of Couroupita guianensis based on an unvouchered cultivated tree at the Fairchild Tropical Botanical Garden, Coral Gables, Florida. Note the two bracteoles directly below the hypanthium and the bract at the base
of the pedicel. The bract is caducous. The pedicel articulates just above the attachment of the bracteoles.
Title: Flower and fruit of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by C. Gracie.
Rights: Rights reside with creator, otherwise property of NYBG.
Publisher: NYBG
Description: A flower and fruit of Couroupita guianensis among old inflorescence rachises. From a tree cultivated at Summit Gardens, Panama.
Title: Medial section of a flower of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by W. W. Thomas
Rights: Rights reside with creator, otherwise property of NYBG.
Publisher: NYBG
Description: Medial section of a flower based on an unvouchered tree cultivated in Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil.
Title: Flower of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by A. Vasco-Gutierrez.
Description: Flower of Couroupita guianensis based on a non-vouchered tree cultived at the botanical garden in Caracas, Venezuela. Note that there is considerable flower color variation in this species.
Title: Medial section of a bud of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by X. Cornejo.
Publisher: NYBG
Description: Medial section of a bud of Couroupita guianensis based on X. Cornejo & Grochowski 8030 from Jatun Sacha, Napo, Ecuador. Note that the cut part of the flower has oxidized nearly black in color and the the ovules extend throughout
the length of the locules.
Title: Tree of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by A. Vasco-Gutierrez.
Publisher: NYBG
Description: Tree of Couroupita guianensis with cauline inflorescences and infructescences based on a non-vouchered tree cultived at the botanical garden in Caracas, Venezuela.
Title: Inflorescences of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by S. A. Mori.
Publisher: NYBG
Description: Inflorescences of Couroupita guianensis based on a cultivated tree in Grenada.
Title: Fruits of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by L. E. (Kicke) Gámez Alvarez
Publisher: NYBG
Description: Fruits of Couroupita guianensis based an unvouchered photo by L. E. Gámez Alvarez in Venezuela.
Title: Indehiscent fruit of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by X. Cornejo.
Publisher: NYBG
Description: Indehiscent fruit of Couroupita guianensis based on X. Cornejo & Grochowski 8030 from Jatun Sacha, Napo, Ecuador.
Title: Section of a fruit of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by X. Cornejo.
Publisher: NYBG
Description: Section of a fruit of Couroupita guianensis based on X. Cornejo & Grochowski 8030 from Jatun Sacha, Napo, Ecuador. Note that the seeds are embedded in a pulp.
Title: Fruit of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by J. Janovec.
Rights: Rights reside with creator, otherwise properety of NYBG.
Publisher: NYBG
Description: Cut fruit showing pulp that has oxidized bluish-green. This image also shows the woody exocarp; the white, soft mesocarp; and the woody endocarp. From a native tree in Peru.
Title: Fruit sections of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by J. Janovec.
Rights: Rights reside with creator, otherwise property of NYBG.
Publisher: NYBG
Description: A sliced fruit of Couroupita guianensis showing the pulp that has oxidized bluish-green after the fruit has been cut. The segment on the left shows the woody exocarp; the white, soft mesocarp, and the woody endocarp. From a native
tree in Peru.
Title: Seeds of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by X. Cornejo.
Publisher: NYBG
Description: Seeds of Couroupita guianensis based on X. Cornejo & Grochowski 8030 from Jatun Sacha, Napo, Ecuador.
Title: Seeds of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by T. Paine
Description: Seeds of Couroupita guianensis based on unvouchered collection from the Manu National Park, Peru. Used with permission from T. Paine and P. Alvarez. See http://manuplants.org/ for additional images of fruits and seeds.
Title: Cultivated seedling of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by S. A. Mori.
Publisher: NYBG
Description: Cultivated seedling of Couroupita guianensis, planted 19 Nov 1974; photographed 5 Dec 1974. Cotyledons leaf-like, opposite. Based on Mori collection Based on Mori collection number 3263. Panama.
Title: Cultivated seedling of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by S. A. Mori.
Publisher: NYBG
Description: Cultivated seedling of Couroupita guianensis, planted 19 Nov 1974; photographed 5 Dec 1974. The cotyledons are convoluted. Based on Mori collection number 3263. Panama.
Title: Androecia of species of Couroupita. Drawing by B. Angell.
Rights: Rights belong to the creator, otherwise to NYBG.
Publisher: NYBG
Description: From Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 21(II): fig. 34. Androecial variation in the species of Couroupita. Each species is shown in medial section and from the top of the androecial hood. C. subsessilis (Prance 16683), note notch at apex of hood and
the invagination of the hood. C. nicaraguarensis (Mori & Kallunki 5420), note that the stamens extend continuously from the staminal ring to the apex of the hood and that all bear anthers. C. guianensis (Prance et al. 16541), note the flat
androecial hood and the clear separation of ring and hood stamens. Drawing by B. Angell.
Title: Leaves at ends of old inlforescences of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by S. A. Mori.
Publisher: NYBG
Description: Leaves at ends of old inlforescences of Couroupita guianensis based on unvouchered cultivated tree at the Fairchild Tropical Botanical Garden, Coral Gables, Florida. As the tree ages the older inflorescences become very thick, almost
branch-like, and sprout leaves from their ends.
Title: Bark & slash of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by S. A. Mori.
Publisher: NYBG
Description: Bark and slash of Couroupita guianensis based on unvouchered tree at Arangu, Ecuador.
Title: Tree of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by R. Foster.
Publisher: NYBG
Description: Tree of Couroupita guianensis from Ecuador. Photo ID. Code rf10 from the Neotropical Live Plant Photos with permission from R. Foster. The "branches" projecting from the trunk are inflorescences.
Title: Aroma profile of Couroupita guianensis. From Zoghbi et al., 2001.
Publisher: NYBG
Description: Floral aroma profile of Couroupita guianensis .

Open Viewer In New Window

Download Botanical line illustration of Couroupita guianensis. Drawing by B. Angell.

Download Flower of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by S. A. Mori.
Download Flower of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by C. A. Gracie.
Download Flower spread open of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by S. A. Mori.
Download Bract and bracteoles of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by S. A. Mori.
Download Flower and fruit of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by C. Gracie.
Download Medial section of a flower of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by W. W. Thomas
Download Flower of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by A. Vasco-Gutierrez.
Download Medial section of a bud of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by X. Cornejo.
Download Tree of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by A. Vasco-Gutierrez.
Download Inflorescences of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by S. A. Mori.
Download Fruits of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by L. E. (Kicke) Gámez Alvarez
Download Indehiscent fruit of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by X. Cornejo.
Download Section of a fruit of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by X. Cornejo.
Download Fruit of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by J. Janovec.
Download Fruit sections of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by J. Janovec.
Download Seeds of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by X. Cornejo.
Download Seeds of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by T. Paine
Download Cultivated seedling of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by S. A. Mori.
Download Cultivated seedling of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by S. A. Mori.
Download Androecia of species of Couroupita. Drawing by B. Angell.
Download Leaves at ends of old inlforescences of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by S. A. Mori.
Download Bark & slash of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by S. A. Mori.
Download Tree of Couroupita guianensis. Photo by R. Foster.
Download Aroma profile of Couroupita guianensis. From Zoghbi et al., 2001.