Chapter 1
The inner force of the flange of
Introduction
The term structural steel refers to a number of steels
that are suitable for load carrying members in
structures.
Three groups of hot-rolled structural steels
1. Carbon steels – Fy = 220 MPa to 290 MPa.
2. High Strength low-alloy steels (HSLA) Fy=480
MPa to 840 MPa.
3. Quenched and tempered alloy steels
Fy=480 MPa to 690 MPa
Properties of Steel
1. Yield Stress exhibits a well-defined increase
in strain (deformation) without an increase in
stress.
2. Tensile Strength is the largest unit stress that
the material achieves in a tension test.
3. Modulus of Elasticity is the slope of the initial
straight line portion of the stress-strain
diagram.
4. Ductility is the ability of the material to
undergo large inelastic deformation without
fracture.
5. Toughness is the ability of the material to
absorb energy and is characterized by the
area under stress-strain curve.
6. Weldability is the ability of steel to be
welded without changing its basic
mechanical properties
7. Poission’s Ratio is the ratio of the transverse
strain to longitudinal strain.
8. Shear modulus is the ratio of the shearing
stress to shearing strain during the initial
elastic behavior.
STEEL SECTIONS
1. W-shapes
American wide flange I or H-shaped steel
beams are referred to as W shapes and are
designated by the letter W followed by their
nominal depth in millimeters or inches, with
their mass in kg/m or lb/ft as the last
designation.
2. S shapes
These shapes were formerly called I-beams
and American Standard beams. The
difference between W and S shapes are:
a. The flange width of the S-shape is
narrower than the W-shape
ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM
b.
the S shape has a slope of about
16.7
3. M shapes (also called HP shapes)
These are doubly symmetrical shapes which
are not classified as W or S shapes. They are
symmetrical both x and y-axis
4. C shapes
These are channel shapes formerly called
American standard Channels. The inner
face of the flange has the same slope as S-
shapes.
5. MC shapes
These were formerly called ship building or
Miscellaneous Channels and are not
classified as C shapes.
6. L shapes
These are either equal or unequal leg
angles. All angles have parallel flange
faces.
7. Structural Tee or Split Tee
These are obtained by splitting W, S, or M
shapes such that each split section has one
half the area of the original shape.
Types of Construction
1. Type 1 , commonly designation as rigid
frame
2. Type 2 , commonly designation as simple
framing
3. Type 3 , commonly designation semi-rigid
framing
Loads and Stress
Structures are designed to resist many types of
loads including dead loads, live loads, wind loads
and earthquake loads
Dead load = consists of weight of steelwork and all
material permanently fastened or supported by it.
Live load = stipulated by the applicable code
under which structure is being designed
Wind load = can be computed by solving for the
vertical wind pressures based on the different zones
of the Philippines.
Properties of Areas
1. Centroid of an Area – is analogous to the
center of gravity of a homogenous body.
2. Center of Gravity of Flat Plates
3. Moment of Inertia (Second Moment of
Area)
4. Transfer Formula for Moment of Inertia
(Parallel Axis Theorem)
5. Polar Moment of Inertia
6. Radius of Gyration
STEEL DESIGN 1
 7. Moment of Inertia with Respect to an
Inclined Axis
8. Product of Inertia
MOHR'S CIRCLE FOR MOMENT OF INERTIA
The following procedures apply to moments of
inertia using Mohr's circle:
1. On a set of rectangular coordinate axes
choose one axis on which to plot values of Ix
and ly and the other on which to plot I XY.
These axes area called principal axes.
2. With Ix, Iy, and Ixy known plot (Ix, Ixy) and (Iy
, -Ixy) with Ix and Iy along the horizontal and
lxy along the vertical.
3. Join the points plotted with a straight line.
This line is the diameter of the Mohr's circle
having its center on the principal axis
4. The angle between any two radii on the
Mohr’s circle is double the actual angle
between the usual axes. The rotational
sense of this angle corresponds to the
rotational sense of the actual angle
between the axes.
ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM
Example 1
For the angular section shown, determine the
following:
a. Location of the centroid from the X and Y
axes
b. The centroidal moments of inertia Igx and
Igy
c. The moments of intertia Ix and Iy
d. The products of inertia Ixy and (Ixy)G
e. The polar moment of Inertia JG and JO
f. The maximum and minimum moment of
inertia about the axes and its rotation
through O.
g. The moment of inertia about an axis through
O making and angle of 20˚ with the
horizontal.
Example 2
A tee section is made up of a 30 mm by 150 mm
flange and a 30 mm by 160 mm web. Determine
the properties of the section.
STEEL DESIGN 2
Chapter 2
Bolted and Riveted Connection
Tension Members

TYPES OF BOLTED CONNECTION

1. Shear Connection
a. Lap joint (single shear)
b. Butt joint (double shear)
2. Combined shear and Tension Connection
3. Eccentric shear
4. Tension connection

POSSIBLE MODES OF FAILURE OF BOLTED

CONNECTIONS
a. Shear failure of bolt For pin-connected members:
b. Shear failure of plate Tension
c. Bearing failure of bolt Ft = 0.45 Fy on the net area of pin hole
d. Bearing failure of plate Bearing stress on the projected area of the pin.
e. Tensile failure of bolt On contact area of milled surface and ends of
f. Tensile failure of plate fitted bearing stiffness, on projected area of pins in
reamed, drilled or bored holes.
ANALYSIS OF TENSION MEMBERS Fp = 0.90 Fy `
Allowable tensile stresses
A. For gross areas of members at sections where For expansion rollers and rockers
there are no holes. ( )
Allowable tensile stress = 0.60 Fy (ASD)
0.90 Fy (LRFD) where: d = diameter of roller or rocket in mm and
B. For sections where there are holes for bolts or Fp is in Newton per linear millimeter.
rivets.
Allowable tensile stress = 0.50 Fu (ASD) NET AREAS
0.75 Fu (LRFD) Net areas refer to the gross-sectional area of a
where member minus any holes and notches. The gross
Fy = minimum yield stress in MPa area of a member at any point shall be determined
Fu = specified minimum tensile strength in MPa by summing the products of the thickness and the
gross width of each element as measured normal
Allowable capacity of a tensile member with bolt or to the axis of the member. For angles, the gross
rivet holes permitted by the NSCP specifications is width shall be the sum of the widths of the legs less
equal to the smaller of the following two values. the thickness. The area of the holes subtracted is
1. T= 0.60FyAg (ASD) rectangular and equals the diameter of the hole
T = 0.90FYAg (LRFD) times the thickness of the metal. The width of a bolt
2. T=0.50 FuAe or rivet hole shall be 1.6 mm (NSCP 2001) or 2 mm
where: (NSCP 2014) greater than the nominal dimension of
Ag = gross area of a member at any point which is the hole.
determined by summing the products of the
thickness and the gross width of each element as
measured normal to the axis of the member
Ae = actual effective net area
Ae= uAn
u= reduction coefficient (See table 2.8)
An= net area

ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM STEEL DESIGN 3


Example
1. Determine the net area of the 100mm x 200
mm plate for the butt joint connection
shown if the diameter of bolts is 20mm.
EFFECTS OF STAGGERED HOLES IN COMPUTATION OF
NET AREAS
In riveted connections, if space is not available for
a single line of connectors, be necessary to use
more than one line. If this is the case, it is therefore
necessary to stagger them in order to provide as
large net area as possible at any one se[ resist the
load.
Section 502.3.2 NSCP specifies that for a chain of
holes extending across a pail diagonal or zigzag
line, the net width of the part shall be obtained by
deducting the gross width the sum of the diameters
or slot dimensions of all holes in the and adding, for
each gage space in the chain the quantity
where: S = longitudinal center to center spacing
(pitch) of any consecutive holes in mm.
g = transverse center to center spacing (gage)
between fastener gage line mm.
∑ ∑
∑ ∑
Example
Compute the net area of the riveted connection
shown if the thickness of the plate is 12mm.
Diameter of the rivets = 20mm
ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM
STAGGERED RIVETS IN ANGULAR CONNECTIONS
When two holes are staggered on two legs of an
angle, the gage length g to be used in the
expression is obtained as
Where g1 and g2 are gage distance for the
location of holes depending on the length of the
legs of the angle.
Example
Compute the net area of the 150 x 100 x 12 angular
section with 20 mm diameter rivets in the
connection shown. Area of the angular section is
3064 mm2. Nominal hole dimension of 20mm
diameter is 21mm
EFFECTIVE NET AREA FOR BOLTED OR RIVETED
CONNECTIONS
NSCP provides for an effective net area Ae =uAn
where “u” is a reduction coefficient as given in
NSCP. But when the load is transmitted directly to
each of the cross sectional area elements by
connectors, the effective net area Ae = An
Analysis of Axially Loaded Bolted or Riveted
Connection
The following stresses must be investigated in the
design or analysis of axially loaded tension
connections:
STEEL DESIGN 4
 Illustrative Problems
1. The single 200 mm x
10 mm steel plate is
connected to a 12-
mm thick steel plate
by four 16 mm
diameter rivets as
shown in figure. The
rivets used are A502
Grade 2, hot driven
rivets. The steel is
ASTM A 36 with Fy = 248 MPa and Fu = 400 MPa.
Determine the value of P in all possible modes
of failure and the safe value of P that the
connection can resist.

2. A W 18 x 50 beam is
attached to W 12 x
65 column by
means of two 100 x
75 x 10 angles. Four
19-mm diameter
bolts attached the
angles to the web
of the beam and
eight 19-mm
diameter bolts are
used to attach the beam to the column
through the same angles. Determine the
maximum beam end reaction the connection
can resist based on shear and bearing.
Allowable shear bolt is 93 MPa, allowable
bearing stress on contact is 186 MPa. The
relevant properties of the section are as follows:
W 18 x 50 beam: t = 9mm W 12 x 65: t w=
9.9 mm; tf = 15.4 mm L 100 x 75 x 10: t = 10
mm

3. A riveted lap
joint is shown in
figure. The rivets
used are A 502,
Grade 2, hot driven
with diameter of 16
mm. The steel in
ASTM A 501, 200 mm
wide and 10 mm
thick. Determine the value of P in all possible
modes of failure and the safe value of P that
the connection can resist.

4. The 200 mm x 150 mm x 12.5 mm angle has one

line of 20 mm diameter bolts in each leg. The
bolts are 75mm on center in each line are

ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM STEEL DESIGN 5

 staggered 37.5 mm with respect to each other.
Fy = 248MPa, Fu = 400 MPa. Standard hole
diameter of 20 mm bolt is 21 mm. Diameter of
the hole = Nominal hole dia + 1.6. Area of
angular section = 4355 mm2.
a. Compute the net area of the given
section
b. Compute the effective net area if the
reduction coefficient u = 0.75
c. Compute the maximum allowable
tensile load that the section could carry.
BOLTED CONNECTION FOR TENSION MEMBERS
Minimum spacing of the
bolts
The distance between the
center of the holes s shall
not be less than 3d.

Minimum and Maximum edge distance

5. The plate shown in the figure has a thickness of

12mm. Diameter of bolts is 16mm. A 36 steel is
used with Fy = 248 MPa and Fu = 400 MPa. Examples
Standard nominal hole diameter of 16mm bolts 1. A bolted connection shown uses the friction
= 17 mm. type connection with 22 mm diameter A 325
a) Compute the bolt.
minimum pitch a. Compute the force P required to cause a
“S” for which only slip of the 22 mm diam bolt if the coefficient
two and one half is 0.34 when the section is subjected to a
bolts need be pretension load of 174kN.
subtracted at b. Using the force P, compute the nominal
any one section shear stress
in calculating the c. Compute the
net area factor of safety
b) Compute the effective net area of the against a slip
section if the reduction factor u = 0.75 of a 22 mm
c) Compute the allowable tensile strength of diam bolt if the
this section allowable
6. A miscellaneous channel MC 300 x 67 is bolted nominal shear
as shown on the figure by a 20 mm dia bolts. A stress is 120 MPa.
36 steel is used with Fy = 248 MPa and Fu = 400
MPa. Standard nominal hole for 20 mm bolt = 21 2. A bolted bearing type connection shown
mm. consist of 16 mm x 150 mm steel plates with
a. Compute the net area of the channel 22 mm
section. diameter A 325
b. Compute the effective net area of the bolts and A 572
channel section Grade 50 plate
c. Compute the allowable tensile strength material with
of the channel section standard holes
Properties of MC 300 x 67 (Fy = 345.6
A = 8250 mm2 d = 300 mm tw = MPa). Minimum
17.8 tf = 17.5 bf = 100.3 mm tensile strength
Fu = 449.3 MPa.
Allowable shearing stress Fv = 207 MPa for

ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM STEEL DESIGN 6

 bolt threads excluded from shear plane.
Diameter of hole is 3mm bigger than the
bolt diameter.
a. Determine the tensile capacity of the Example
bearing type connection if the bolt threads 1. Design a W section for member CD of the
are excluded from the shear plane. truss shown in the figure. Use A 36 steel and
b. Determine the tensile capacity of the assume there are two lines of three 18mm
bearing type connection if the bolt threads bolts in each flange. Assume diameter of
are included in the shear plane. Allowable the bolt hole = 20mm. Neglect the weight of
shear stress Fv = 145 MPa. section.
c. Compute the theoretical length L if bolt
threads are excluded from the shear plane

3. From the figure shown is a double lap splice

of a bearing type connection with the
threads excluded from the shear plane
consists of double row of bolts. A 36 steel is
used with Fy = 248.8 MPa. The bolts used is
an A 325 bolts having diameter of 18mm in
standard size holes. Minimum tensile strength
Fu = 400 MPa. Use NSCP Specs. Assume
diameter of rivet holes to be 3mm bigger
than the bolt diameter. Allowable shear
stress of A 325 bolts is 207 MPa. Use Fp = 1.5
Fu
a. Compute the tensile capacity of the
plates
b. Compute the number of 18 mm bolts 2. Design the top chord of the truss shown in
is required to develop the full the figure. Use ST section with A 36 steel.
strength of the plates. Assume that member to be connected
c. Compute the minimum spacing through its web with one line of three or
between the rows of the bolt more 22mm bolts. Use diameter of the bolt
hole to be 25mm. Neglect the weight

DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBERS

Slenderness Ratio
L/r < 300
r = least radius of gyration

3. A roof truss shown in figure showing the

Trial Area details at joint B. Diameter of rivets is 20mm.
ht of the section Allowable shearing stress Fv = 70 MPa and
bearing stress Fp = 140 MPa.

ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM STEEL DESIGN 7

 a. Determine the number of 20 mm Tension and Shear in Bolted Connection
rivets to fasten member BC to the
gusset plate
b. Determine the number of 20 mm
rivets to fasten member BE to the
gusset plate
c. Determine the average tensile stress
for member BC.

4. A truss joint shown in the figure consist of

bottom chord C made up of two angles
and web members A and B carrying the
given loads. A 502 grade 1 bolts is udes with
an allowable shearing stress Fv= 120 MPa.
Thickness of gusset plate is 9.5 mm. A 36 is
used with Fy=248 MPa, Fu = 500 MPa.
a. Compute the required number of 18
mm diam bolts to develop fully the
truss joint for member A.
b. Compute the required number of
18mm dia bolts for member B
c. Compute the required number of 18
mm dia bolts for member C.

ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM STEEL DESIGN 8

 a. Compute the shearing stress at the A
325 bolts.
b. Compute the tensile stress at the A325
bolts
c. Compute the allowable tensile stress of
the A325 bolts.
2. From the figure shown, an axial load P passes
thru the center of gravity of the bolt group. The
bolts is an A 490 with threads excluded from
shear plane.
a. If this is a bearing type connection used,
find the value of P.
b. Compute the allowable tensile stress of
the A 490 bolts
c. Compute the allowable shear stress if a
friction type or slip critical connection is
used. Allowable shear strength of an A
490 bolts is 145 MPa and the minimum
pretension for fully tighten A 490 bolts
having diam of 22 mm is 218 kN.

Eccentrically loaded Connections (Brackets)

Example
1. The tension member
shown in the figure is
connected to the
column shown with 8-22
mm A 325 high strength
bolts in a bearing type
connection with the
threads excluded from
the shear plane and
standard size holes.

ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM STEEL DESIGN 9

 Problems
1. An eccentric load of 66
kN is acting as shown in
the figure.
a. Using elastic method,
compute for the
maximum force on the
most stressed rivet
b. Using the reduced
eccentricity method,
compute for the
maximum force on the most stressed rivet
c. Using ultimate strength method, compute for
the maximum force on the
most stressed rivets.
2. A bracket shown in figure is
subjected to an eccentric load
P acting an eccentricity e =
125 mm. Allowable shearing
stress of rivets is 110 Mpa.
a. Compute the safe value of
P using elastic analysis
method.

ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM STEEL DESIGN 10

 b. Compute the safe value of P using reduced
eccentricity method
Chapter 3
c. Compute the safe Beams and Other Flexural
value of P using
ultimate strength Members
method.
3. A bracket shown in figure BENDING STRESS
carries an eccentric load
of 80 kN at an eccentricity Beams are structural members that support
of 250 mm. Diameter of transverse loads, either horizontal sloping or vertical
the bolt is 20mm. Using loads, depending upon their connections.
ultimate strength method
of analysis If a beam is subjected to a bending moment, the
Compute the reaction of bolt A, B, and C due to
stress maybe computed using the formula ,
shear and torsion
4. A bracket shown in figure where
carries an eccentric load fb = extreme fiber stress
of 30 kN at an M = bending moment at the section under
eccentricity of 200mm. consideration
Diameter of bolts is 20mm. I = moment of inertia of the cross-section with
Use the reduced respect to the neutral axis
eccentricity method of c = distance from the neutral axis to the extreme
analysis fiber
a. Compute the
shearing stress of Types of Beams
bolt A 1. Joist –these are closely spaced beams
b. Compute the supporting the floors and roofs of building
shearing stress of 2. Lintels – beams over openings in masonry
bolt B walls such as windows and doors
c. Compute the 3. Spandrel Beams – these beams supports the
shearing stress of exterior walls of the building
bolt C 4. Floor Beams – larger beams found in may
5. The bracket shown in the bridges perpendicular to the roadway of
figure is bolted with 5-20 the bridge and they are used to transfer the
mm dia bolts. It carries an floor loads from stringers to the supporting
eccentric load of P = 35 girders or trusses
kN. Using elastic method of analysis 5. Stringers – these are beams in the floor of
a. Compute the location of the centroid of the bridges which are running parallel to the
the group of roadway.
bolts measured 6. Girder – these are large beams into which
to the left of A smaller beams are framed.
and below that
of A. Compute Types of Beams Supports
the shearing
stress of bolt A
and B
6. A bracket supporting a
crane runway is
connected to a
supporting column by
10 fasteners shown
using an A325 bolts with
a diameter of 28 mm. Compute the shearing
stress at bolt A, B, and C.

ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM STEEL DESIGN 11

Allowable Bending Stresses
 For compact sections bending about strong
axis
o Fb = 0.66 Fy
A. A compact section I one that satisfy the
following conditions
1. Its flanges must be continuously connected
to the web.
2. The section must have the following flange
width-thickness ratio of its compression
elements
o
√
3. The section must have the following depth
to web thickness ratio
o
√
4. The laterally unsupported length of the
compression flange Lb does not exceed the
value of Lc; where Lc is the smaller value of
L1 and L2
o
√
o

B. Partially Compact
√

(Partially compact)
√ √
Examples
C. Non-Compact 1. A 12m simple beam is to support two
(non-compact) Fb = 0.60 Fy movable 134 kN loads a distance of 4.6 m
√ apart. If the beam is to have full lateral
support , select a W section to resist the
Computation of Radius of Gyration (rt) largest possible bending moment. Use A 36
Properties of W 12 x 14
 See figure
x = 1/3 (145.567)

 Area of the
steel with Fy = 248 MPa
shaded portion
 Moment of inertia of the shaded portion
2. The figure shows the arrangement of beams
rt = 24.38
and girders which are used to support a
150mm reinforced concrete floor for a
small industrial building. Live load is 7196
N/m2. Assume the beams to be simply
supported and fully laterally supported. Use
A 36 Steel: Fy =248 MPa. Weight of concrete
is 23.5 kN/m3
a. Determine the size of beam using W
section

ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM STEEL DESIGN 12

 b. Check whether the section you used as a simple beam to carry a
selected is either compact, partially concentrated load P at the center of its
compact or non compact. span on a 6m simply supported span. The
c. Design the seize of the girder using W beam is a W 12 x 14 section having the
section. given properties shown.
Properties of W12 x 14
Weight of the beam = 204.76 N/m
Area = 2658 mm2
D = 302.514 mm
Bf = 100.787 mm
Tf = 5.690 mm
Tw = 5.029 mm
Sx = 242, 529 mm3
a. Compute the allowable bending stress of
the beam if the compression flange of the
beam is fully supported against lateral
movement
b. Compute the value of the concentrated
load P that the beam could support safely.
c. Compute the allowable bending stress if the
compression flange has lateral support only
at its ends and at the mid span.

SHEARING STRESSES
Allowable shear stress Fv = 0.40 Fy if
√
average shearing
stress
3. A W33 x 130 is used to support the loads and
moment as shown in figure. Neglect the actual shearing stress
weight of the beam and use A36 steel with
Fy = 248 MPa
Fv = Fy/2.89Cv < 0.40 Fy
Properties of W 33 x 130
Area = 24709 mm2 Examples
Depth (d)= 840.74 mm
1. A W24 x 94 is subjected
Flange width (bf) = 292.354 mm
to a shear force of 900
Flange thickness (tf) = 21.717 mm
kN
Web thickness (tw) = 14.372 mm
a. Compute the shear
Section modulus (Sx) = 6653 x 103 mm3
stress at junction of
a. Compute the maximum moment due to the
flange and web
loads acting on the beam
b. Compute the shear
b. Compute the resisting moment capacity of
stress at neutral axis
the beam if full lateral support is provided
c. Compute the shear
c. Compute the resisting moment capacity of force carried by the
the beam if lateral support is provided at
flange
the ends only.
d. Compute the shear
force carried by the
4. A 572 Grade 65 steel with Fy = 448 MPa is
web
e. Compute the average stress on web

2. For the section shown, the shear stress force

acting is 670 kN and the bending moment
of 1475 kN-m
a. Compute the max.bending stress of
the beam shown

ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM STEEL DESIGN 13

 b. Compute the total shear carried by
the web and flanges
c. Compute the total bending moment
carried by the web and the flanges.
3. Design a W section to carry two
concentrated loads of 134 kN acting at the
middle thirds of the span and a uniform load
of 29 kN/m/ The beam has a simple span of
7.2 m. Use A 36 with Fy = 248 MPa and
assume full lateral bracing for the
compression flange. Check for bending and
shear.

DEFLECTION OF BEAMS
1. A W 18 x 96 has a simple span of 9m. The
beam is supported laterally at third points.
Use A 36 steel Fu = 248 MPa.
a. Determine the maximum uniform
load it could carry so as not to
exceed the allowable flexural stress
b. Determine the maximum uniform
load that it could carry so as not to
e
x
c
e
e
d

a
l
l
owable bending stress
c. Determine the maximum uniform
load it could carry so as not to
exceed the allowable deflection of
1/360 of span, E = 200 GPa

2. A W 14 x 87 beam has a simple span of 9m

which is laterally supported every 3 m. Use
Grade 50 steel Fy = 344.5 MPa, Es = 200 GPa.
Neglect the weight of the beam.
a. Compute the value of w if flexural
stress governs
b. Compute the value of w if shear
stress governs
c. Compute the value of w if deflection
governs. Allowable deflection is
1/360 of the span

ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM STEEL DESIGN 14

Chapter 4 rail weighing 67 kg/m will be used. Assume that the
top flange is not laterally braced between end
Beams Bending in both Axes supports.
Properties of W section
(Unsymmetrical Bending) Sx = 1280 x 103 mm3
Sy = 361 x 103 mm3
When a beam is subjected to a normal load which Fbx = 207 MPa
cause bending in the x-axis and a tangential load Fby = 238 MPa
which causes bending along the minor axis, it is said  Determine the bending stress along the x-
that the member is subjected to an unsymmetrical axis
bending.  Determine the bending stress along the y-
axis
A. Bending Stress:  Determine the ratio of the actual bending
a. If lateral loads passes through the stress to allowable bending stress.
centroid of the beam section.
Example 3
A W14 x 95 having a span of 6m carries a uniform
b. If lateral loads is applied at the top load which causes bending moment along the
flange and does not pass thru the major axis 165 KN-m. A lateral concentrated load P
centroid of the beam section. acting at the flange of the mid span of the beam.
Using A 36 steel determine the safe value of P that
this beam could support.
B. Shearing Stress Properties of the section
A = 18000 mm2
d = 358.65 mm
C. Interaction expression bf = 369.44
tf = 19 mm
tw = 11.81 mm
For compact laterally Sx = 2474.4 x 103
Fbx = 0.66 Fy Sy = 865.2 x 103
Fby = 0.75 Fy
Example 4
Example 1 A W 24 x 100 section has a span of 5.4 m and
A W section is having a span of 6m. It carries a carries a concentrated load of P applied at the
normal concentrated load of 110KN at its midspan center of the span at an eccentricity of 87.5 mm.
and a lateral concentrated load of 23KN at its The flanges are restrained from warping at the ends
midspan which passes through the centroid of the only and the beam is laterally unsupported. Using
section. Assume the beam to be fully laterally A36 steel with and neglecting its own weight,
supported for the compression flange. Use A36 compute the safe value of P that the beam could
steel. Which of the following W section is adequate support.
to carry loads. Neglect the wt. of the beam. Properties of the section
A = 19032.2 mm2
D = 600 mm
Bf = 304.8 mm
Tf = 19.865 mm
Tw = 11.887 mm
Sx = 4096.8 x 103
Sy = 609.6 x 103

Design of Purlins and Sag rods

Example 2
A W shape is to be used as a bridge crane runway
girder. The girder is on a simple span of 6m. Assume
that the crane wheels impart a vertical load of
80KN and a lateral load of 8KN at the midspan
applied at the top flange of the girder. A standard
ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM
The presence of the sag rods on the purlins reduces
the moment along the minor axis to a maximum of
WyL2/32 when sag rods are used at mid span and
WyL2/90 when sag rods are used at middle thirds.
The sag rods act as a lateral support for the purlins
STEEL DESIGN 15
and keeping the purlins in proper alignment during
erection until the roof is installed and connected to
purlins.
1.40 m. Pitch of truss = ¼ .The purlins are subjected
to the following loads.
Snow = 1440 N/m2 of roof surface
Roofing = 288 N/m2 of roof surface
Wind surface = 720 N/m2 perpendicular to
the roof surface. Design W section for the purlins.

Design Concepts for Truss Members

A. Members under Tension
Fa = 0.6 Fy
B. Members Under Compression
a. When L/r < Cc

Example 1 ( )

A C375 x 50.5 (channel) is used as purlins of a roof

truss having a pitch of ¼. There are 9 purlins on
each side of the top chord spaced at 2.15m on
centers. The spacing between trusses is 6.75 m. The
trusses are subjected to the following loads.
Tile Roof = 860 kPa of roof surface
Wind Load = 1.20 kPa normal to roof surface √
 Determine the diameter of the sag rods for
the purlins of the truss if they are placed at
the mid span.
 Determine the diameter of the sag rods for
b. When L/r > Cc
the purlins of the truss if they are placed at
the third points.
 Determine the diameter of the tie rod at the
ridge if the sag rods are placed at the third
points.

Example 2

The spacing of the truss is 4.6 m on center. Sag rods

are used in the mid points between trusses. Assume
full lateral support is applied by the roof. Use A36
steel. Assume all loads acting on the purlins to be
acting at the centroid of the purlins to prevent
torsion. Spacing of purlins along the top chord is

ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM STEEL DESIGN 16

Chapter 5
Axially Loaded Compression
Members
Axially Loaded Compression Members
A column is a compression member that is so
slender compare to its length that usually it fails by
buckling rather than by crushing. They are classified
as short, intermediate and long column.
Euler’s Formula
Example 1
A column having a length of 7 m is to support an
axial load of 450 KN. Design a W section to carry
the given loads using Euler’s formula with a
proportional limit of 200 MPa., E = 200000 MPa and
a factor of safety of 3.
a. Assume both ends are hinged
b. Assume one end fixed and the other end
hinged

Example 2

The initial compressive force of a steel column can

be determined by . The proportional limit is
320 MPa. The x – axis has an unbraced length of 8m
which is pinned at the top and fixed at the bottom
with k = 0.70 to prevent sideway. The y-axis has an
unbraced length of 4 m due to the bracing at the
mid-height.

The properties of the column are the following:

A =8129 mm2
Ix = 178.3x106 mm4
Iy = 18.8 x106 mm4
Fy =345 MPa
E = 200 GPa

a. Determine the critical slenderness ratio

b. Compute the initial compressive load of the
column
c. What is the minimum length that will not
exceed the proportional limit?

Example 3

A W250 x 73 is to serve as a pin ended 12 m long

column is braced at mid-height with respect to its
weak axis. The proportional limit is 235 MPa.
Limitations of Euler’s Formula Properties of safety of 2.5
1. If P/A exceeds the proportional limit the A = 9280 mm
Euler’s formula is not applicable D = 253 mm
2. If L/r < 100 Euler’s formula is not valid and Rx = 110
the proportional limit is the critical stress: P/A Ry = 64.7
= proportional limit. Ix =113x 106 mm4
Iy = 38.8 x 106 mm4

ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM STEEL DESIGN 17

 a. Determine the slenderness ration with
respect to y –axis
b. Determine the Euler’s buckling stress
c. Determine the allowable axial compressive
load using a factor of safety of 2.5

Chapter 6
Welded Connection

Welded Connection
Welding is a process of joining two pieces of metal by
Three Classification of Welds
heating their surfaces to a plastic or fluid state and allow 1. Based upon the type of welds
the parts to fuse together usually with the addition of a. Fillet welds
other molten material. b. Groove welds
i. Complete penetration
Arc Welding is the general term for the many processes ii. Partial penetration
that use electrical energy in the form of electrical arc to c. Plugged welds
generate the heat necessary for welding. d. Slot welds
2. Based upon the type of joint used
Types of welding process
a. Butt joint
a. Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) b. Lap joint
This is the most common welding method using c. Tee joint
metallic rod which is used as the electrode. d. Edge
e. Corner
3. Based on the position of welds
a. Flat weld
b. Horizontal weld
c. Vertical weld
d. Overhead weld

Assignment

A. Provide a figure of classification of welds

B. Values of Theoretical Throat for fillet weld
both for SMAW and SAW
C. NSCP Specifications for
b. Submerged (or hidden) Arc Welding (SAW) a. Effective area
This method of welding is most often used in b. Effective length
fabrication shop. The joint is aligned and c. Effective throat
covered with a blanket of granular fusible D. Basic Weld Symbols
material and the electrode is inserted into E. Allowable stresses for fillet welds
the granular material, the arc produced F. Minimum tensile strength of electrodes (Fu)
and the melting of electrode and base
metal takes place.  Short coupon bond
 Figure must be a 3x3 picture/figure
 Computerized or hand written
 Photocopy or downloaded for basic weld
symbols
 References
 Cover page
 Neat and presentable

ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM STEEL DESIGN 18

Theoretical Throat for Fillet Weld Values of Reduction Coefficient
 For SMAW Process o When L > 2 W then U = 1.0
1. Te = 0.707 t (for equal legs of nominal size t) o When 1.5 W < L < 2W then U = 0.87
t = size of the fillet weld in mm o When W < L < 1.5W then U = 0.75
2. for unequal legs of nominal size a Where L = weld length
√
W = plate width (distance bet welds)
and b
 For SAW Process
 Lap Joints
1. When t < 10 mm
The minimum lap shall be 5 time the thickness of the
Te = t
thinner part joined but not less than 25 mm.
2. When t > 10 mm
Te = 0.707 t + 3 mm
 End Returns
(Sometimes called Boxing)
NSCP Specifications for Fillet Welds
Slide of end fillet weld terminating at ends or sides
1. Effective area shall be taken as the
respectively or parts or members shall, wherever
effective length times effective throat
practicable, be returned continuously around the
thickness:
corners for a distance not less than 2 times the
A = 0.707 t L (SMAW Process)
nominal size of the weld.
2. Effective length of fillet welds except fillet
welds in holes and slots shall be the overall
Allowable Stresses of Fillet Weld
length of full size fillets including returns.
1. Tension or compression for weld metal
3. Effective throat thickness shall be the
Ft = 0.60 Fy
shortest distance from the root of the joint to
2. Shear stress for fillet welds
the face of the diagrammatic weld except
Fv = 0.30 Fu
that for fillet welds made by SAW process.
Te = t for t  10 mm Welding electrodes
Te = 0.707 t + 3mm for t > 10 mm Electrode numbering system which classify welding
electrodes
 Minimum and Maximum Size of welds E xxx b c
Where E = electrode
xxx = two or three digit number indicating
the ultimate strength of the weld metal such as 60
ksi (415 MPa)
b = digit to indicate the suitability of welding
position which maybe flat, horizontal, vertical or
orverhead. (1 for all position; 2 suitable for horizontal
fillets and flat positions of work)
c = digit indicating current supply and
welding technique (1 = either ac or dc current; 2 dc
straight polarity; and 3 = dc reversed polarity)
 Example E 6011
- It is an electrode with Fu = 60 Ksi (450 MPa)
which is an all position welding and for use
with either ac or dc current.
 Minimum effective length of fillet welds on
 Example E7021
the basis of strength shall not be less than 4
times the nominal size or else the size of the
Minimum tensile strength of Electrodes
weld should be considered not to exceed ¼
Electrodes Fu
of its effective length.
E 60 415 MPa
E 70 485 MPa
 Effective net area of Fillet Welds
E 80 550 MPa
Ae = uAg
E 90 620 MPa
Where Ae = net area of member
E 100 690 MPa
Ag = gross area of member
E 110 760 MPa
U = reduction coefficient
E 120 825 MPa

ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM STEEL DESIGN 19

Problem 1 Problem 5
Determine the allowable shear force for a 12 mm An angular section 100 mm x 87.5 mm x 6 mm is
fillet weld using E 70 electrodes. connected to a 10 mm gusset plate by fillet weld as
a. Using SMAW process shown. Using NSCP Specifications and E 70
b. Using Saw Process electrodes and A 36 steel
Properties of 100 mm x 87.5 mm x 6mm
Problem 2 A = 1668 mm2
A lap joint shown is welded using fillet weld with E 60 yc = 29.46 mm
electrodes (Fu = 415 MPa and Fy = 250 MPa) Use a. Compute the design force of the
SMAW process welded connection
a. Design the size of the fillet weld b. Compute the size of weld
b. Compute the value of a appropriate for the connection
c. Compute the length of end returns c. Compute the value of L using static
b loading

Problem 3
A lap joint shown is welded using fillet weld with an
electrode E 70. Use SAW process
Problem 6
A 180 mm x 90mm x 12 mm angular section is
welded to a gusset plate having a thickness of 12
mm. An A36 steel is used with an E 70 electrodes
fillet welds.
Properties of 150 mm x 90 mm x 12 mm
A = 2903 mm2 yc = 52.83 mm
a. Compute the design force P
b. Compute for “a” using dynamic
method of analysis
c. Compute for “b” using dynamic
method of analysis

Problem 4
A welded connection is shown. An A 36 stee is used
and size of fillet weld is 8mm. Use E70 electrodes.
a. Compute the capacity of the
connection using SMAW process
b. Compute the capacity of the
connection using SAW process

Please prepare for a quiz on Wednesday,

September 27, 2017.
(Concepts and Problem Solving)

ENGR. APRILLE ANN M. SIM STEEL DESIGN 20