ATOMIC STRUCTURE

 The atomic theory of matter was first proposed by John Dalton and
his theory called Dalton’s Atomic Theory.
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory was able to explain the law of conservation
of mass, law of constant composition and law of multiple proportions.
DISCOVERY OF ELECTRON
 Discovered by- J.J.THOMSON(1897)
 It was discovered by the help of CATHODE’S RAY EXPERIMENT(it was
started by Michael Faraday in 1850s).
WHAT IS CATHODE’S RAY EXPERIMENT?
 In the experiment, a gas at low pressure
was taken in the discharge tube made up
of glass.
 At the ends of discharge tube two
electrodes were placed, connected to a
battery for a high voltage supply.
 The electrode connected to the
negative end called cathode and that to 1.A cathode ray with discharge tube
the positive called anode.
 He then observed a stream of particles moving from cathode to
anode are called “electrons”. The collection of negatively charged
particles emitted from cathode of discharge tube is called cathode
rays or cathode rays particle.

When these rays, after passing through anode , strike the zinc sulphide
coating , a bright spot on the coating was developed.
 WHAT DOES J.J.THOMSON DO?
 Cathode Rays particles ka e/m(specific charge) nikala tha.
 Duniya me sabse jyada e/m electron ka hota hai.
 Electromagnetic field ki duniya me sabse kam mass electron ka hota
hai.

e/m=1.75X1011 CKg-1

DISCOVERY OF PROTON
 Discovered by- Ernest Rutherford(1909)
 It was discovered by the help
of gold foil experiment.
WHAT IS GOLD FOIL
EXPERIMENT?
 In this experiment, Rutherford
bombarded a beam of
particles on a thin gold foil
and then detected the scattered
particles in zinc sulphide
screen.
IMPORTANT
 GOLDSTEIN(RED GLOW)
 Anode rays (they were produced
by holes in cathode) are made
up of positively charged gas
molecule. Then it carry H2N+ ,if
gas taken is O2 then is
O2N+.Hence, the nature of anode
rays depends upon gas taken in
discharge tube.
CANAL RAYS-The positively
charged radiations produced in the
discharge tube from anode are called Canal Rays.
DISCOVERY OF NEUTRON
 Discovered by-James Chadwick(1932)
 Neutrons were discovered by bombarding a thin sheet of beryllium
by particles.

ATOMIC MODELS
 THOMSON MODEL OF ATOM
 Given by-J.J.THOMSON(1898)
 Atom is a positive sphere with a number of electrons distributed
within the sphere. It is also called plum pudding model.
 It also explains the neutrality of an atom.

LIMITATIONS OF THOMSON MODEL OF ATOM

 It does not explain stability of an atom.
 It was failed to explain the scattering of -particles.

 RUTHERFORD’S NUCLEAR MODEL OF

ATOM
 It is based on particle scattering experiment. Rutherford
concludes from this atomic structure as
follows:
1. Most part of the atom is empty.
2. Atom have a highly dense, positively
charged centre, called nucleus.
3. Entire mass of the atom is concentrated
in nucleus.
4. Electrons revolve around the nucleus in
circular orbit (K,L,M,N…).
5. Electrons and nucleus held together by electrostatic forces of
attraction.
 DRAWBACKS OF RUTHERFORD’S
MODEL OF AN ATOM
 The main drawback of the Rutherford model, it
was based on non – stationery orbit.
 Rutherford model cannot explain the stability
of an atom.
 It does not tell us, how the electrons are
distributed around the nucleus and what are the
energies of these electrons.
 According to Rutherford, the spectrum of atom
should be continuous but actually the spectrum of
atom is discontinuous or line spectrum.

ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER

 Atomic number= no. of protons in a nucleus of an atom.
 Mass number= no. of protons+ no. of neutrons.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE THEORY

 Given by: JAMES MAXWELL(1870)
 When electrically charged particles moved under acceleration, then
alternating electrical and magnetic fields are produced and
transmitted. These fields are called electromagnetic waves or
electromagnetic radiation.
 Maxwell was told us that light waves are associated with oscillating
electric and magnetic field character.

 The main points of theory are as follows:

1. The energy is emitted from any source continuously in the form of
radiations is called radiant energy.
2. The oscillating electric and magnetic fields produced by charged
particles are perpendicular to each other and both are
 perpendicular to the direction of
propagation of the waves.
3. These waves do not require any
medium for travel.

4. There are many types of

electromagnetic waves which differ from their wavelength or

frequency. When these wavelengths constitute then makes an

electromagnetic spectrum.

Example:
 Radio frequency region around 106 Hz, which used for
broadcasting.
 Microwave region around 1010 Hz.
*The small portion around 1015 Hz, is what is ordinarily called
visible light. It is the only this part which our eyes can see.
CHARACTERSTICS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES
 Wavelength: It is the distance between the two successive
troughs or crests. It is denoted by  (lambda).
 Frequency: It represents the no.of waves which pass through a
given point in one second. It is denoted by (nu).
 Velocity: It is defined as the distance covered by the waves in one
second. Velocity of light is 3*108m/s or speed of light (c)3*108m/s
 Wavelength ,frequency and speed of light gives a following
expression: c=v
 Wavenumber: It is the reciprcal of wavelength and it is defined
as the no of waves per unit length. It is denoted by the v (bar).
 Amplitude: It is the height of crest of a wave.
 PLANCK’S QUANTUM THEORY
 Energy travels or transfers in the form of packets. These packets
of energy called Quanta.
 In case of light, than the Quanta said to be photons.
 Energy of photon frequency of light wave, E
E=hh=Planck’s constant)
=hc/
 h=6.6X10-34
 hc =1240ev-nm or 12400ev-A0
 E
 E1/E2=    
 ENERGY OF n PHOTON
E=nh
 Mass of photon when it is in rest =0
 Planck’s said Light has dual nature i.e. Particle nature and Wave
nature.
 When photon travels then it has wave nature but when photon
strikes an any object it have particle nature.
 When photon travels in vacuum, it moves with speed of light if,
photon moves in medium, and then speed of photon is changed.
 If, Speed of photon is changed then energy of photon and
frequency of photon is not changed but speed and wavelength
has changed.
 Speed(v)=1/
  ENERGY HAS ONE MORE UNIT i.e. ev-
 1 ev-=1.6x10-19J
BLACK BODY RADIATION
 The ideal body, which emits and absorbs all frequencies is called a
black body.
 The radiation emitted by such a body is called a black body
radiation. It is also an example of particle nature of light.
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
 Given by: H.HERTZ(1887)
 The phenomena of ejection of
electrons from the surface of
metal when light of suitable
frequency falls on it is called
photoelectric effect.
RESULTS FROM THE EXPERIMENT
OF PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
 When light falls on metal then
electrons are emitted immediately.
 No of electrons emitted is proportional to intensity or brightness
of light.
 If frequency of light is less than the threshold frequency than
there is no emission of electrons(no matter how long light falls or
is its intensity).
*THRESHHOLD FREQUENCY: It is minimum frequency of a metal
below which photoelectric effect is not showed.
 Photoelectric Work Function(): It is the minimum amount of
energy required by a metal to loose electron in a photoelectric
effect.
 Photoelectric occurs only when E>
If , E>
Then electrons will have KE,
 KE=E-
