Power Stability Control

System
Contents

1 Challenges of Power System Stability

2 Power System Stability in China

3 Solution on PSCS

4 Innovative Features of PSCS

5 Case Study

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Power Stability Challenges
⚫ The power system is “the most complex machine ever
built by human beings”

⚫ Power grid characteristics:

- large-scale
- time-critical
- dynamic
- non-linear
⚫ The power stability is one of the most challenging
issues faced by electrical engineers

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Power System Blackouts

⚫ Causing severe social impacts and economic losses due

to blackouts

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Largest Blackouts in History

Ranked Event People affected Location Date

1st 2012 India Blackout 600 Million North India, and East India 2012-07-31

2nd 2012 India Blackout 330 Million North India 2012-07-30

3rd 2011 India Blackout 230 Million India 2001-01-02

4th 2005 Java-Bali Blackout 100 Million Indonesia 2005-08-18

Brazil, south and
5th 1999 Southern Brazil blackout 97 Million 1999-03-11
southeastern

2009-11-10/2009-
6th 2009 Brazil and Paraguay blackout 87 Million Brazil and Paraguay
11-11

2003-08-14/2003-
7th Northeast Blackout of 2003 55 Million North America, northeastern
08-15
Italy, Switzerland, Austria,
8th 2003 Europe blackout 55Million 2003-09-28
Slovenia, Croatia

9th Northeast Blackout of 1965 30 Million North America, northeastern 1965-11-09

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Main Issues Causing Blackouts

• Electromagnetic coupled network: HV line tripping results in heavy

electricity load transferred to LV lines
• Large generator serviced in small power grid: Shutting down of a large
generator incidentally leads to instability
• Weak interconnection: Sudden power interruption causes one or
multiple tie lines beyond their maximum load limits
• Mal-operations of protective relays: Zone 3 distance element, power
swing blocking, delayed tripping, etc
• Ineffective power stability control: Slow or no actions against power
swing, unreasonable remedial measurements, Improper islanding
locations

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Typical Instability Cases

⚫ Electromagnetic coupled network

- HV line tripping will transfer power to LV line, causing transient
stability, voltage stability and serious overload

500kV

220kV 220kV

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Typical Instability Cases

⚫ Weak interconnection
- Sudden change in one grid may cause tie line beyond their
stability limits

Grid A Grid B
Gen.

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Typical Instability Cases

⚫ Power grid highly relying on external power injection

- Tripping of tie line may cause frequency instability

Grid A Grid B

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Typical Instability Cases

⚫ Large generator occupying large proportion of power

- Shut-down of large generator may cause frequency instability

High percentage

Grid A

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Typical Instability Cases

⚫ Power grid with cross-over power flowing

- Sudden change of the grids may cause instability

Grid A Grid B Grid C

Gen.

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Typical Instability Cases

⚫ Interconnected Power Grids during one tie line failure

- Long distance power transfer may cause instability (India case)

Grid A

Grid B Grid C

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Prevention of Distance Z3 Mal-operation

⚫ 2003 US-Canada Blackout: Many of the key lines

operated on zone 3 impedance relays, which responded
to overloads rather than faults on the protected facilities.
⚫ Generic Scheme: Load Encroachment, NR Electric
Scheme: Load Encroachment + Step Change in I to
guarantee the correct operation of Z3
Zone 3 Continuous I
X Fault
During Load Inception
fluctuation/Power Swing Unblock
Zone 2
ZLine

ZArc

Exaggerated
ZLoad RMS Delta I
R www.nrec.com 13
Possible Solutions to Prevent Blackouts
⚫ Primary System
- Strong primary network with N-1 capability
- Voltage-Oriented and Region-Oriented Management
⚫ Secondary System
- Preventive Control (EMS, AGC/AVC etc)
- Reliable Protection System
- Power Stability Control System with Remedial Actions
- Out-of-Step and Frequency/Voltage Control

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The Most Cost Effective Solution

⚫ Defense plan of power blackouts

⚫ No need to build new lines within a short period
⚫ Optimize the load flow along the transmission line

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Transmit More Energy with PSCSTM
⚫ PSCS could improve the stability margin and help utilities
transfer more power
⚫ Choices to meet transmission stability requirements
- Construct new transmission lines
- Reduce the power flow on tie lines
- Adopt remedial action schemes
⚫ Evaluation of an example project per choices

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Five-stage of Cascading Process

⚫ Typical Evolvement of Blackout

- 5 stages: Slow Cascading, Fast Cascading, Oscillation, Collapse
& Restoration

Fast
Oscillation Collapse
Trigger Cascading
Event

Slow Cascading Restoration

t

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Aug 14, 2003 Blackout, US-Canada
Aug 14, 2003 Northeastern Blackout Example
• Stage 1: slow cascading progress
✓12-14:14pm, several lines and one gen outage
✓15:05-15:41pm, three FE 345KV lines outage
✓15:39-15:59pm, collapse of 138KV system
✓16:05pm, trigger event: outage of Sammis-Star line
✓16:05-16:09pm, two 345KV & 138KV lines outages

• Stage 2: fast cascading progress

✓16:09-16:11pm, multiple power plants tripped
✓16:11-16:13pm, fully cascade in neighboring areas

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 Aug 14, 2003 Blackout, US-Canada

“ ----line trip at 16:10:38

EDT was the point
when the Northeast
entered a period of
transient instability and
a loss of generator
synchronism.”

⚫ Load shedding at 15:41pm, 16:05pm or 16:09pm could

have prevented this blackout
Source: Aug. 14, 2003 blackout final report

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Lessons from 2003 Blackout

⚫ 5-stage of 2003 US-Canada Blackout

Fast Cascading

Collapse
Oscillation
Slow Cascading
1st
Event 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
Restoration t

62 min 3 2 29 hr
min min
10
sec

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Contents

1 Challenges of Power System Stability

2 Power System Stability in China

3 Solution on PSCS

4 Innovative Features of PSCS

5 Case Study

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Bulk Power Transmission from West
to East
Large-scale, long-distance, large-capacity
power Transmission in China

2/3 of coal, wind and Northeast

solar resources are
located in the North and
the Northwest North

Northwest
4/5 of the hydropower
resource is located in the
southwest Tibet
Center East

Over 2/3 of the power

demand concentrates in the
East and the Central China South

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What Happens for Blackouts in China
⚫ One of the Most Stable Power Grids in the World

Large-Scale Outages in China

250
210

200

150

81
100

50 20
2 0

0
1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009 2010-now

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Full-Scheme Strategy to Prevent
Blackout
⚫ Safeguard implemented in EACH STAGE
- Preventive Control (PC): small-disturbance, actions taken by
operators or auto-control devices
- Emergency Control (EC): large-disturbance, actions taken by
PSCS, SPS or WAMS, including slow cascading & fast
cascading stages
- Corrective Control (CC): remedial actions taken by out-of-step

Fast Cascading
relay, F/V control

Collapse
Oscillation
Restoration
Slow Cascading

PC EC CC
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Full-Scheme Strategy to Prevent
Blackout
Well-Proven Three-Defense-Line securely maintain
Chinese power systems
• First Defense Line: Clear faults by protective relays Quickly and
Accurately

• Second Defense Line: Implement load-shedding and generator

shutting-down by Power Stability Control System (PSCS)

• Third Defense Line: Island regional power grid by Out-of-Step relays

or F/V control devices

• All regional grids in China have been defended by PSCS

• PSCSTM is an efficient solution based on 20+ years’ research & 10+

years’ experience

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Power system cascading progress
⚫ Need a defense plan in cascading progress
Fast
Oscillation Collapse
Trigger Cascading
Event Slow Cascading
Restoration t

Protection

Power Stability Control System

Out-of-Step Relay,
F/V Control Scheme

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 Defense Plan to Protect Powergrid

Restorative Black
Control Start

Take actions
before the
system goes into
instability

Automatic / Protective Power Stability Out-of-Step Relay

Manual Relay Control System Frequency / Voltage
Regulation (PSCS) Control
Preventive 1st Defense
2nd Defense Line 3rd Defense Line
Control Line

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What are 3-Defence-Lines of
Backouts
⚫ Three-Defense-Line to guarantee power system stability

3rd
Defense
2nd Line
Defense Out-of-Step and F/V
control will island
1st Line regional power
Innovative Power networks to save
Defense Stability Control region away from
blackout
Line System will implement
remedial actions to
Reliable protective rebalance active power
relays will clear faults
on duty and immune to
external interruptions

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First Defense Line
⚫ Reliable Protection & Control-----
Faster Tripping, Larger Margin

DFPC Measurement 2-out-of-2 Hardware Paths

Power Swing Unblocking I + Load Encroachment for Z3

Unsym FD element

Sym FD element ≥1
Trip

Fault detector 0 160ms

&

Distance element

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Second defense line
⚫ Power Stability Control System----
Take remedial actions in slow and
fast cascading prior to oscillation

• Event-based

• Distributed decision-
making

• Real-time-data-based

• Non-reliance on GPS

• Full-IED-Solution without
rotating components

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Actions of Second Defense Line
• Take actions to prevent cascading
Before Instability Starts
- Real time responding to control CB of
generator, transformer, line and others
- Turn on or turn off generators
- Load shedding as per stability tactic
- HVDC modulation

Event-based control Response-based control

If loss of two lines due to fault If frequency below 49.0 Hz
when power flow exceeds for 200ms
800MW,
then shed 4-7% of total
then reject 2 generators in xxx load.
power plant.

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Third defense line
⚫ Out-of-step and Voltage/Frequency Control---
The last defense against blackouts

Impedance
1 Crossing
Out-of-Step
Detection
Technologies

UCOSφ
2 Crossing

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 Three-Defense-Lines cover all stages

1st Level 2nd Level 3rd Level

Occurrence
Possibility High-Speed Protection:
Isolate faults & keep the
network integrity

Power Stability Control:

Prevent oscillation but allow
loss of partial loads

Out-of-Step Islanding:
Prevent blackout &
minimize loss of loads

Severity of Disturbance
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Contents

1 Challenges of Power System Stability

2 Power System Stability in China

3 Solution on PSCS

4 Innovative Features of PSCS

5 Case Study

www.nrec.com 34
Power Stability Control System (PSCS)

Loads Generators
Power Grid

Control Action Power System States Inputs

Outputs

Action to
Power stabilize
Instability ? power
system
PSCS
Second Defense Line Calculation of Tactic Table

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 PSCS Systematic Structure

Optional Software Packages

Master Station Dispatching Center ✓ On-line Calculation of Tactic
✓ Data Management System
✓ Power System Analysis Software
Optical Fiber

Substation A： Substation B： Substation C：

Slave Station 1 Slave Station 2 Slave Station n
……

Optical Fiber Optical Fiber

Substation D Generation A： Substation E： Generation B：
Execution 1 Execution n Execution 1
…… …… Execution n

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PSCSTM Working Flow
Stability analysis based on system IEDs measure real-time data &
data detect contingencies

Collect required data & exchange it

Design Tactic Table considering N-2
among stations
online(by computer) or offline (by
system engineer)
Seek in Tactic Table & determine to
take actions or not
Distribute tactic table into IEDs in
different stations
Take actions to prevent instability
Before it may start
Tactic Table
Location Event Pre-state Condition Action
Line 1 Event 1 State 1 Condition 1 Action 1 ✓ Generator Shutdown
Line 2 Event 2 State 2 Condition 2 Action 2 ✓ Load Shedding
✓ Tie-Line Tripping
…… …… …… …… ……
✓ HVDC Power Modulation

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Tactic Table
⚫ Tactic tables are the results of stability study (simulation,
action-design and verification)

Location Event Pre-state Condition Action

Line 1 Event 1 State 1 Condition 1 Action 1

Line 2 Event 2 State 2 Condition 2 Action 2

…… …… …… …… ……

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 Power Stability Control System
⚫ Stability Control Solution based on pre-designed tactic
tables
Master Station Table

Slave Station Table

Slave Station
Table

Execution Execution Execution

Station Table
Station Table Station Table

Real-time Real-time
Data Data Actions

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 Flexible Structure of PSCS
⚫ Flexible Structure Design according SDH network and
stability study results.
Master Station Master Station

64kbit/2 64kbit/2
M Fiber M Fiber

…… ……
Slave Station Slave Station Slave Station Slave Station
64kbit/2 64kbit/2
M Fiber M Fiber

…… ……
Executing Station Executing Station Executing Station Executing Station
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PSCSTM Features
• System-level algorithm, not local algorithm

• Be suitable for small grids to large grids, just focusing on

solving power stability problems ( Hailan Island (4
stations) to China Southern Grid( 250 stations))

• Real-time measurement: 24 samples/cycle, i.e. 1.44kHz

sampling rate

• Event-based control, not response-based control

• Distributed Tactic table, not centralized scheme

• High operating speed, typical close-loop time <90ms

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Response-based Control
Response-based control

• Definition:
If (parameter A) exceed or below …
then ….
e.g.
If frequency below 49.0 Hz for 200ms
then shed 4-7% of total load.

• Feature:
Slow relatively

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Event-based Control
Event-based control
• Definition:
If (event A) occur when …

then ….e.g.

If loss of two lines due to the phase-to-ground fault

when it’s power flow exceed 800MW,

then reject 2 generators in xxx power plant

• Feature:
Faster

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Distributed Tactic Table of PSCSTM
• Centralized Decision-Making Structure

Remote Control Center

Computer

IED IED

IED IED IED IED

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Distributed Tactic Table of PSCSTM
• Distributed Tactic Table for fast decision-making during
emergency

Table

Table
Table Table
X
……

Table
X
Table
……
Table Table

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 Time-Critical Stability Control

Time is vital to stability

control, just as
Emergency Treatment

Source: CIGRE Study Committee 38 and the IEEE Power System Dynamic Performance Committee

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 Time-Critical Stability Control
Time From Trigger Event to Instability

Frequency Voltage
Angle Stability
Stability Stability

Steady State
10 to 20 sec
(Small Disturbance)
Several hundred Several
3 to 5 sec
milliseconds to seconds to tens
Transient State several minutes of minutes
10 to 20s in extra
(Large Disturbance)
large system with
interval oscillation
• Stability Control shall be completed in 150-200ms, including breaker
operating time, communication delay etc.

• Actions taken as early as possible will reduce the volume of load-

shedding/generator-shutdown

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Time-Critical Stability Control

Fast Cascading

Oscillation
Collapse
Trigger
Event

Slow Cascading Restoration

t

PC EC RC
CC

Fast Cascading stage is

extremely important to prevent
blackout.

• Operating speed for angle stability is required to be

within 100ms
• Operating speed for F & V stability is required to be
within 100ms to 500 ms

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HST Protocol of NR

• Used in Protocol of PSCS communication: HST protocol

of NR
• MU-to-SU & Station-to-Station
• CU-to-BU: Long Data Frame, 192 words (16 bits/word)
• Station-to-Station: Short Data Frame, 12 words (16
bits/word)
• Composition of AC quantities & Binary quantities in 1
frame
• Data Checking using 3 methods
• Very fast, Suitable for point-to-point communication

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 PSCSTM Solution
• Real-time-data-based, Event-based, Distributed tactic
table, Non-Reliance on GPS, Full-IED-Solution without
any rotating component
Master Station Table

Slave Station Slave Station

Table Table

Execution Execution Execution

Station Table
Station Station Table
Table

Real-time Real-time
Data Data Actions

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SPS Solution
• Using the data from RTU
• Centralized decision-making leading to slow operation
• Communication channel delay is not controlled
• All Substations need communication channel to Remote Center
Table

Decision-Maker

RTU RTU RTU

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WAMS/WAPS Solution
• Computer-based Solution with rotating components
• Reliance on GPS leading to low reliability (GPS receiver)
• Centralized decision-making leading to slow operation & increased
risks (PDC)
• Response-based

WAMS/WAPS
PDC

GPS
Receiver

PMU PMU PMU

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 Comparison of PSCS and SPS, WAMS
PSCSTM SPS WAMS (PMU)
Real-time data from data from RTUs or
Data Source Phasor from PMUs
Dedicated IEDs protections
30-90
Sampling Rate 24 samples/cycle 2-5 seconds
samples/second
Response-based or
Decision Mode Event-based Response-based
Event-based

Decision Structure Distributed Scheme Centralized Scheme Centralized Scheme

Typical Operating
<90ms >200ms >200ms
time

Reliance on GPS Not necessary Not necessary Must

Hardware IED-based, same as

Computer-based Computer-based
Platform Protection

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Comparison of Stability Controller & PMU

Stability Controller PMU

Distributed Scheme (1 MU+6

Structure Multi-IED
SU), as Bus Relay

Measurement Real-time U/I, Binary Inputs Phasor

Control Output Close/trip CB None

Sampled U/I More (up to 108U+108I) Less

Communication Upstream and Inter-station Only upstream to PDC

Reliance on GPS Not necessary( only for time ) Not necessary

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Fast Operation of PSCSTM

Fast Cascading

Oscillation
Collapse
Trigger
Event

Slow Cascading Restoration

t

PC EC CC RC

SPS & WAMS

PSCSTM

• SPS & WAMS take actions only on slow cascading stage

• PSCSTM takes actions on both slow & fast cascading stages

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Operating Time of PSCSTM
• Typical Operating Time within station <30ms
Master Station Table

<30ms

Slave Station Slave Station Slave Station

Table Table

X Table

Real-time Actions
Data

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 Operating Time of PSCSTM
• Typical Operating Time within Master and Slave <60ms

Master Station Table

X <5ms
<60ms

<10ms <10ms <10ms <10ms

Slave Station Slave Station Slave Station

<30ms <30ms <5ms

Table Table <5ms
Table

Real-time Actions
Real-time Actions
Data Data

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 Operating Time of PSCSTM
• Typical Operating Time of Master Station + Slave Station
+ Execution Station) <90ms

Master Station Table

X <5ms

<10ms <10ms
Slave Station Slave Station <90ms
<5ms <5ms

Execution <10ms <10ms Execution <10ms Execution

Station Station Station
<30ms <30ms <5ms

Real-time Real-time
Data Data Actions

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Contents

1 Challenges of Power System Stability

2 Power System Stability in China

3 Solution on PSCS

4 Innovative Features of PSCS

5 Case Study

www.nrec.com 59
 PSCSTM Hierarchical Structure
On-line
Tactic

Data
Manage

Master Station LAN/SDH Stability

Analysis

Slave Station
✓ SDH or dedicated fiber
✓ Point-to-Point Fiber Slave Station

Execution Station Execution Station ExecutionStation

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Functions of Regional PSCSTM
• Master Station:
- Seek in system-level control tactic tables
- Transmit data to Slave Stations & other Master Stations
- Distribute tactic tables to Slave Stations (If online)
• Sub-Master Station:
- Seek in region-level control tactic tables
- Transmit data to Execution Stations & Master Stations
- Acquire data and drive control outputs
• Slave Station:
- Seek in local-level control tactic tables
- Transmit data to Slave Station
- Acquire data and execute tripping or close commends

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Functions of Regional PSCS
• Implement distributed tactic tables at different stations
• Refresh system monitoring data every 1.389ms/60Hz or
1.667ms/50Hz interval, 24 samples/cycle & data
exchange every 2 samples
• Support point-to-point optical communication between
substations
• Supervise remote control command by local detection
• Use internal clock for synch-timing

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PSCS Stationary Structure
⚫ Stability Controller in Station

Current/Voltage
Binary Inputs
Binary Outputs

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Stability Controller in Station
⚫ 1 MU and up to 6 SUs installed in substation or generation
⚫ Up to 108 current inputs, 108 voltage inputs, 150 binary
inputs, 216 binary outputs available in substation or
generation
RCS-992 Stability Controller
Up to 6 SUs can be
integrated

In one SU:
18 current inputs
Master Unit (MU)
18 voltage inputs
25 binary inputs
36 binary outputs

Slave Unit (SU) Slave Unit (SU) Slave Unit (SU) Slave Unit (SU)
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Functions of Stability Controller
⚫ Functions of Master Unit:
- Receive data from local SUs
- Receive data from remote MUs
- Calculate and optimize power system control
scheme
- Discriminate system operation mode
- Send control commands to SUs

⚫ Functions of Slave Unit:

- Acquire local AC sampled values & binary inputs
- Execute control commands from MU
- Discriminate electrical component status and fault
type
- Trip/Close predefined circuit breakers

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Communication of Controller

✓ Dedicated Fiber
✓ G.703 or C37.94 SDH

2M bit/s
Dedicated Fiber Remote MU

Current/Voltage
Binary Inputs
Binary Outputs

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 Communication to Control Center

Switch
PCS-9882

Interface
Substation Substation

Fiber Network 2M bit/s SDH

Interface

Switch
PCS-9882
100M bit/s Network

Control Center www.nrec.com 67

Channel between Substations

G.703/C37.94
SDH Network

Dedicated point-to-point Fiber

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 Supporting Software Package

NRSCP Power Stability RCS-9009 On-Line RCS-9012 Stability Data

Analysis Calculation of Tactic Management

……
EMS/SCADA
RCS-992 PSCSTM
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RCS-9012 Stability Data Management
⚫ Monitor IEDs in PSCSTM & Manage stability data

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NRSCP Power Stability Analysis
⚫ Power System Simulation & Stability Calculation

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RCS-9009 On-Line Calculation of
Control Table
⚫ Update Control Table based on online data PSCS & EMS

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 Improve Adaptability of Control Table

Fast Cascading

Oscillation
Collapse
Slow Cascading

Event: N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5

Restoration

Refreshing Refreshing Refreshing

Tactic Table Tactic Table Tactic Table
on-line on-line on-line

Tactic Table
calculated Valid Invalid
off-line

Table

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Off-Line Calculation of Tactic

Master or Sub-Master Executor

Off-Line Decision Making System
Station Station

Optimize Control Table

Control
Generator
N Control
Calculate Triping
Store Table Excecute
Transient State Stability Stable? Load
Control Match Control
of Predefined Faults Y Shedding
Table Locally
Separation
And/Or
Fault Etc.
Remotely
Simulation Detect

Electric Power System

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On-Line Calculation of Control Table

Master or Sub-Master Executor

On-Line Decision Making System
Station Station

Optimize Control Table

Control
Fill in Generator
N Control
Calculate & Triping
Table Excecute
Transient State Stability Stable? Download Load
Match Control
of Predefined Faults Y Control Shedding
Locally
Table Separation
And/Or
On Line Fault Etc.
Estimate State & Calculate Remotely
Detect
Power Flow

EMS
(SCADA)
SSC Other

Electric Power System

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Centralized PSCS with online data

Online Decision Communication Interface

EMS Making System For Existing Devices

Data Transfer HUB

Communication
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S5
Interface
Substations

后石电厂 Substation
厦门变电站 Substation Substation
福州变电站
Plant 1 3
Master Stations
RCS-992 1
RCS-992 2 RCS-992

Load Shedding
Exc1 Exc2 Exc3 Exc4 Exc5 Exc6
Executing Station

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 Cyber Security in Control Center
Calc Server
Calc Server Calc Server Calc Server Calc Server Calc Server
Steady State Voltage
Control Table N-1 Contingency Section Pwr Limit Preventive Control Off-line Analysis
Stability

Physical
Switch
Isolator
NET A

NET B

Firewall to
Lib Server external
Isolator
Control Table
LAN/WAN
Disc Array
Printer Maintenance WS HMI
Firewall to
EMS Firewall
Firewall WEB Server

Router
EMS
External
LAN/WAN

Distributed Servers in Control Center for

RCS-9009, RCS-9012, NRSCP

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Contents

1 Challenges of Power System Stability

2 Power System Stability in China

3 Solution on PSCS

4 Innovative Features of PSCS

5 Case Study

www.nrec.com 78
Typical Customer References
2000+ stability controllers in service worldwide

Customer Date PSCS Voltage Level

AC&DC Hybrid Grid

200+ Stations
China Southern Grid (CSG) May, 2003 500kV & 220kV HVAC
On-line tactic (Jan, 2008)
±800kV & 500kV HVDC

30+ Stations Weak Network

Tibet Regional Grid Jan, 2004
On-line tactic (Oct, 2005) 220kV & 110kV AC Network

20+ Stations
Fujian Regional Grid Jun, 2004 500kV & 220 kV
On-line tactic (Dec, 2009)

Beijing-Tianjin Regional Grid Mar, 2006 20+ Stations 500kV & 200kV

Weak Network
Xinjiang Regional Grid Jun, 2006 80+ Stations
220kV & 110kV

Shanghai Grid Apr, 2010 20+ Stations 500kV & 220kV

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PSCS in China Southern Grid (CSG)

⚫ China Southern Grid (CSG):

- Area: 1 million square kilometers
- Population: 220 million
- NR provide the PSCS and SCADA/EMS for CSG
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Power Network of CSG
HVAC & HVDC Hybrid Power System
- 240+ 500kV HVAC lines, 9400+ km
- 5 HVDC lines (±500kV: 4, ±800kV: 1)
- Transferred Power: 18000+ MW
- Transferred Distance: 2000+ km
Red Line： 500kV HVAC Line, Blue Line: HVDC Line
528.1 526.0
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L:90.0+j54.0 L:60.0+j36.0

Power Direction
www.nrec.com 81
Transferred Energy

This section China State

This section Grid
AC+DC=8800MW AC+DC=7800MW
qingyan Three Gorge
HVDC
hechi 3000MW
Anshun 3000 MW GZ
Converter shatang Converter
station hezhou station
yantan

pingguo
TSQ2
laibin wuzhou
pingguo GD
TSQ luodong ZONE
1800 MW
luoping zhaoqing
YN
Converter
zone baise
lbg tsq1 station
nanning jiangmen
yulin

maoming

www.nrec.com 82
 Stability Controller in MM Station
MM Station Luodong Station
G.703 SDH
2M bit/s Fiber

Current, Voltage, Binary Input, Binary Output www.nrec.com 83

 PSCS in CSG
• Part of installations
Luodong S/S Pengcheng S/S
Master Station Master Station

MM S/S ZC S/S HL S/S PC S/S

JM S/S GX Gen.
GN S/S SZ S/S
XJ S/S XS S/S BJ S/S

5 Stations 6 Stations 2 Plants 7 Stations 9 Stations 6 Stations

2 Plants
3 Stations 6 Stations 4 Stations 3 Stations 5 Stations
2 Plants

www.nrec.com 84
Stability Control Example
• Example:
- 8th May, 2006 ,Blocking of GAOP-ZHAOQ HVDC line (3000MW)

• If no PSCS
- Power will be transferred to 500kV HVAC lines
- Cause oscillation of GZ & GD & under frequency in GD

Three-Gorge-DC
QINGY HECHI
AN
ANSH X LONGT3000 MW LIUD

GAO
PANNAN
UN HEZ
PU GZ-DC
YANT
SHA
T
XREN WUZ
TIANER LAIB LUO
D BHD
GD
MAWO
YN

XIJIAN
LPING ZHAOQ G
YIFENG
LBG TIANYI BAISHE JIANGM
NANNING YUL
MAOM
AOLY GANGC www.nrec.com 85
Stability Control Example
• PSCS:
- Generation tripping in GZ Jinbei power plant & Pannan power plant
- Load shedding in GD load center, Successful prevent instability
- Responding time: 78ms
Three-Gorge-DC
QINGYAN
HECHI
LIUD
ANSHUN
LONGT
GAOPU 3000 MW

PANNAN
X HEZ

YANT SHAT GZ-DC

XREN
WUZ LUOD GD
TIANER LAIB
BHD
MAWO
YN

XIJIANG
LPING
ZHAOQ
YIFENG

LBG TIANYI BAISHE JIANGM

NANNING YUL
MAOM
AOLY GANGC www.nrec.com 86
PSCS in CSG
• NR PSCS Solution
- Master Stations
- Slave Stations
- Execution Stations
- On-line Calculation of Tactic
- Three Defense Lines for Power Stability
• Largest PSCS in the World

www.nrec.com 87
Case 2: Xinjiang Power Grid
• Power network in Xinjiang
Transmission voltage level: 220kV
Distance : >=3000km
Install generation
capability : 8500 MW

Peak load: 6500 MW

www.nrec.com 88
Xinjiang Power Grid Development
⚫ Small-scale power grid stage(1949-1988)
Before 1988, 14 local independent power grids were respectively
developed, operation economy was also very poor.

⚫ Initial stage of large-scale power grid (1988-2010)

It took almost 20 years to complete the network connection project
throughout Xinjiang till November 2007.

⚫ Stage of strong grid (2010- )

Higher voltage grade (750kV)
Enhancement of 220kV power grid
From 2010, huge renewable energy generations are constructed in
Xinjiang. As an important energy base in China, the power export of
Xinjiang power grid is significantly increased.

www.nrec.com 89
Stability Challenge in Development
⚫ Stability problem becomes challenging due to the
increasing power transfer
⚫ The construction of PSCS began in 2007 and completed
in June 2008.

⚫ The whole system is composed of 75 stations, the

second largest stability control system in China
⚫ Divided into three sections: southern stability control
system, northern stability control system and eastern
stability control system.

www.nrec.com 90
Capacity of Xinjiang PSCS
• Configuration
- 75 Control Stations installed in different substations and power
plants
- 1 management workstation installed in load dispatch center
• Communication channel
- Optical cable
- Power line carrier
• Sub Systems
- Southern XINJIANG Power stability control system
- Northern XINJIANG Power stability control system
- Eastern XINJIANG Power stability control system

www.nrec.com 91
Grid of South Xinjiang

Northern
Grid

KASHI
AKESU1 KUCHE 192km
P
P
172km 217km
BAZHOU
229km

KUCHE
HETIAN

www.nrec.com 92
Stability Problems
• Transient instability
Generators in KUCHE are the key support of the Southern XJ
grid, if one generator shutdowns, the voltage will drop quickly
and the angle between the Southern grid and Northern grid
will become out of step.
• Slow voltage instability
If the loads of Southern grid increase, the voltage of the
Southern grid will decay slowly. When the power flow of tie-
line exceeds the acceptance level, the voltage collapse will
happen
• Frequency instability
If the tie-line or tie-transformer trips in some condition,
Frequency collapse will happen in some areas
www.nrec.com 93
Solutions to Stability Problems
⚫ Control method for various stability problems
- Design control strategies for diverse operation scenarios
⚫ Workflow:
- Step by Step: South system->East system->North system
- Both the equipment supplier and the owner took part in the
research.
- Combined simulation with experience

www.nrec.com 94
Solutions to Stability Problems

Main grid
URUMQI

KASHI
KELB
AKESU1 AKESU2

BAZHOU
KSB

AKSB QCB
KUCHE
HETIAN

www.nrec.com 95
Solutions to Stability Problems
• Solve stability problems from generator trip in KUCHE
plant
If the PSCS detects that the generator in KUCHE plant is tripped,
accompanying with the under-voltage, PSCS will shed some
loads in AKESU, KASHI and BAZHOU.

• Solve the problems of Slow voltage collapse

If the PSCS detects that the transfer power of tie-line exceeds
the setting value, accompanying with under-voltage, PSCS will
shed some loads in some areas with a time delay.

• Solve the problem of Frequency collapse

If the PSCS detects the tie-line or tie-transformer is tripped,
PSCS determines whether to shed load according to the actual
conditions.
www.nrec.com 96
Typical Example of Solution

Main grid
URUMQI

KASHI
KELB
AKESU1 AKESU2

BAZHOU
KSB

AKSB QCB

HETIAN KUCHE
Detect the fault,
calculate the amount of
load should be sheded

www.nrec.com 97
Real Records in Xinjiang PSCS
• 1# generator shut down, 2008.08.17
The voltage of post-fault was below 209kV, PSCS sheded 80MW
load, the voltage recovered to 225kV, the system maintained stability.

• 1# generator shut down, 2008.10.15

The voltage of post-fault was 215kV, because the voltage was
normal, PSCS did not shed any load though had discriminated the
fault, and the system kept stable.

• Power flow of Tie-Line (Main grid-KELB) exceeded

200MW, and the voltage of KELB dropped to 205kV,
2008.12.17
With 10 second delay, the PSCS sheded 70MW load , and the
voltage of KELB recovered to 225kV

www.nrec.com 98
Economic Benefits in Xinjiang PSCS
⚫ South power system: The capacity of power transmission
is increased to 280MW, the power transmission capacity
is doubled.
⚫ East power system: The capacity of power transmission is
increased to 330MW, which is enhanced 1.3 million than
before.
⚫ North power system: The capacity of power transmission
is increased to 490MW, which is enhanced 100MW than
before.
⚫ Economic benefit exceeds $30 million per year.

www.nrec.com 99
Case 3: Ecuador

⚫ Power System in Ecuador

Annual growth of electricity

demand : 5 and 7% (max.
Load
3234 MW)
Load centers located in north
regions
Generation centers located in
Load
south regions ( e.x. Paute and
Mazar hydro generations)
Huge power transfers from
Sour
South to North -ce

Partial Energy sourced by

Colombia

www.nrec.com 100
Power Network in Ecuador
• Voltage level 230kV (ring network), 138kV & 69kV

www.nrec.com 101
Power Network in Ecuador
• Ring network of 230kV transmission system

www.nrec.com 102
Challenges in Ecuadorian Power System
• Some of 230 kV transmission lines in operations with
heavy loads
• More heavy-load lines when power transfers from
Colombia to Ecuador reduced
• Double contingencies may cause total or partial collapses
of Ecuadorian Power System
- Angle Instability
- Voltage Instability

www.nrec.com 103
Power Stability Control System in Ecuador
• Redundant
Stability
Controllers in
Substations
• Redundant
Control
Centers
• Optical Fiber
Communicati
ons between
stations

www.nrec.com 104
System Structure

www.nrec.com 105
Redundant Design

www.nrec.com 106
PSCS Functions
• N-2 contingencies considered, PSCS detects the
abnormal conditions and executes predefined
mitigation actions.
Ref Contingency, 230 kV ring Type of Problem Type of Solution
Generation to trip MW
Load to trip
MW (up to)
SPS (Event based) (up to)
Gen trip Load trip
(+) Polynomial based with multiple (+) Over 500 of
1 1)Angular instability with Colombia 2) Overload, 3) solutions based on measurements. Polyno Over 350 MW in
Santa Rosa-Totoras double generation in three
Low voltages mi al different load
contingency. different sites
based centers
Angular instability with Colombia, particularly (+)
2 Santo Domingo- Santa when the generation plants in San Francisco and Step wise, armed with Over 150 MW in a Over 150 MW in
(+)
Rosa double contingency Agoyan are out of service. 2)Low voltages flows higher than 110 in generation site different load
Sto Domingo – Sta. Rosa centers
(+)
3 Santo Domingo - Quevedo Angular instability with Colombia Step wise, armed with (+) Over 100 MW in a Over 50 MW in
and Quevedo Baba flows higher than 100 MW Quevedo to generation site different load
contingency. Santo Domingo centers
Angular instability with Colombia, particularly (+) Step wise, armed with flows
4 higher than 165 in Quevedo Over 100 MW in a Over 50 MW in
Quevedo –Pascuales when the generation plants in San Francisco and (+)
Pascuales generation site different load
double contingency. Agoyan are out of service. 2)Low voltages
centers

(+)
5 Totoras-Molino and Molino - Angular instability with Colombia Over 100 MW in a Over 50 MW in
Step wise, armed with flows higher
Rio Bamba contingency. than 290 in generation site different load
Totoras Molino- Molino centers
Riobamba

6 (+) Over 300 MW in a Over 150 MW in

Milagros Zhoray double Under voltage problems due high power flows Step wise, armed with flows higher (+) generation site different load
contingency. than 320 in centers
Milagro Zhoray
(+)
7 Molino –Pascuales double Under voltage problems due high power flows Step wise, armed with None Over 50 MW in
(+)
contingency. flows higher than 300 in different load
Molino Pascuales centers

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Scope of Supply
• Central Management Software
• Disturbance Management Sofware
• Network Management Software
• 14 Data Servers
• 5 Workstations
• 2 Routers
• 2 Firewalls
• 58 PCS-992M Central Units
• 66 PCS-992S Bay Units
• 27 PCS-9785 GPS Receiver
• 60 PCS-9882 Switch
• 25 Help9000 Tester
• 4 PCS-931 Current Differential Relay
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Operation Time Design
• All actions can be completed in 170ms
(Including breaker time)

Device / Process Processing Time Total Accumulated Time

Fault inception 0
Relay operating time (not part of SPS
scope of supply)
40 ms 40 ms

Monitoring relay senses input and

publishes GOOSE
10 ms 50 ms

Ethernet LAN end-to-end delay 10 - 12 ms 62 ms

SPS controller 16 ms 78 ms
Ethernet LAN end-to-end delay (not part
of SPS scope
10 - 12 ms 90 ms
Mitigation relay reacts to GOOSE and
closes output contact
10 ms 100 ms

Generation/load breaker time 50 - 70 ms 150 - 170 ms

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Example : Solution for Anger
Instability
Scenario 1: Angle Instability

Objective of PSCS:

• Deaccelerate machines
• Maintain balance between generations and loads
• Reduce power transfers

Remedical Actions of PSCS

•Shut down generations: C. San Francisco & C. Paute

•Shed load: Norte del Ecuador

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Example: Solution for Voltage
Instability
Scenario 2: Voltage Instability

Objective of PSCS:

• Reduce power transfers

• Maintain balance between generations and
loads
• Control voltage
Baba

Remedical Actions of PSCS

•Shun down generations: C. Paute

•Shed loads: Zona de Pascuales

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Conclusion
⚫ Design philosophy is well and systematically designed

⚫ Logic and system is tested and verified by the site with abundant
project experience

⚫ PSCS is the practical solution to prevent whole power system

blackout

⚫ On-line decision making system can improve adaptability the system

study

⚫ On-line decision making system is running successfully in CSG and

other utilities

⚫ NR is ready to contribute our knowledge and experience to Iran to

improve the power system stability

www.nrec.com 112
 Thanks.
www.nrec.com

Version 2017
Copyright 2017 All Copyrights Reserved by NR Electric Co., Ltd.