Antibiotics prototypes by drug class.

Indications Actions Pharmacokinetics Half-time Adverse Effects

Aminoglycosides:  Treatment of serious Inhibits protein synthesis in Route: IM, IV 2-3 hrs  Sinusitis
Gentamicin infections caused by susceptible strains of  Dizziness
susceptible bacteria Gram-nega bacteria, Onset: rapid Metabolized in liver and  Rash
disrupting functional excreted in urine  Fever
integrity of the cell Peak: 30-90mins  Risk of nephrotoxicity
membrane and causing
cell death
Carbapenems:  Community-acquired Inhibits protein synthesis in Route: IM, IV 4 hrs Headache
Ertapenem pneumonia susceptible strains of Dizziness
 Complicated GU gram-negative bacteria, Onset: rapid Excreted unchanged in Nausea
infections disrupting functional urine Vomiting
 Complicated intra- integrity of the cell Peak: 30-120 mins Pseudomembranous
abdominal infections membrane and causing colitis
 Skin and skin-structure cell death Rash
infections Pain at injection site
 Acute pelvic infections
caused by susceptible
bacteria
Cephalosporins:  Respiratory, Inhibits synthesis of Route: oral 30-60 mins Nausea
Cefaclor dermatological, urinary bacterial cell walls, Vomiting
tract, and middle ear causing cell death in Peak: 30-60mins Excreted unchanged in Diarrhea
infections susceptible bacteria urine Rash
Duration: 8-10hrs Superinfection
Bone marrow
depression
Risk for
pseudomembranous
colitis
Fluoroquinolones:  Respiratory, Interferes with DNA Route: oral, IV 3.5-4hrs Headache
Ciprofloxacin dermatological, urinary replication in susceptible Dizziness
tract, ear, eye, bone, Gram-negative bacteria, Onset: (oral) varies, (IV) Metabolized in liver Hypotension
and join infections 10 mins Nausea
  After anthrax exposure preventing cell Excreted in bile and urine Vomiting
 Typhoid fever reproduction Peak: (oral) 60- Diarrhea
90mins,(IV) 30 mins Fever
Rash
Duration: 4-5 hrs
Penicillin:  Infections caused by Inhibits synthesis of the cell
Route: oral 1-1.4 hrs Nausea
Amoxicillin susceptible bacteria wall in susceptible Vomiting
 Postexposure bacteria, causing cell Onset: varies Excreted unchanged in Diarrhea
prophylaxis for anthrax death urine Glossitis
 Treat Heliocobacter Peak: 1 hr Stomatitis
infections as part of Bone marrow
combination therapy Duration: 6-8hrs suppression
Rash fever
Superinfection
Lethargy
Sulphonamides:  UTI Blocks two consecutive Route: oral 8-10 hrs Nausea
Cotrimoxazole  Acute otitis media in steps in protein and nuclei Vomiting
children acid production, leading Onset: rapid Excreted in urine Diarrhea
 Exacerbations of to inability for cells to Hepatocellular necrosis
chronic bronchitis in multiply Peak: 1-4 hrs Hematuria
adults Bone marrow
 Traveler’s diarrhea suppression
 Pneumocystis carinii Stevens-Johnsosn
caused by susceptible syndrome
strains of bacteria Rash
Urticarial
Photophobia
Fever
Chills
Tetracyclines:  Treats various infections Inhibits protein synthesis is Route: oral, topical 6-12 hrs Nausea
Tetracycline caused by susceptible susceptible bacteria, Vomiting
strains of bacteria preventing cell replication Onset: varies, minimal Excreted unchanged in Diarrhea
 Acne absorption occurs urine Glossitis
 When penicillin is Discoloring and
contraindicated Peak: 2-4 hrs inadequate calcification
of primary teeth of fetus
 or secondary teeth in
children
Bone marrow
suppression
Photosensitivity
Superinfections
Rash
Local irritation
Antimycobacterials:  Treats tuberculosis as Interferes with lipid and Route: oral 1-4 hrs Peripheral neuropathies
Antituberculosis Drugs: part of combination nucleic acid synthesis in Nausea
Isoniazid therapy actively growing tubercle Onset: varies Metabolized in liver Vomiting
 Prophylactic treatment bacilli Hepatitis
of household embers of Peak: 1-2 hrs Excreted in urine Bone marrow
recently diagnosed suppression
tuberculars Duration: 24 hrs Fever
Local irritation at
injection sites
Gynecomastia
Lupus syndrome
Lincosamides:  Treats serious infections Inhibits protein synthesis in Route: oral, IM, IV, topical 2-3 hrs Nausea
Clindamycin caused by susceptible susceptible bacteria, Onset: Vomiting
strains of bacteria, causing cell death (oral) varies Metabolized in liver Diarrhea
including some (IM) 20-30mins Pseudomembranous
anaerobes (IV) immediate Excreted in urine and colitis
 Useful in septicaemia (topical) minimal feces Bone marrow
and chronic bone and absorption suppression
joint infections
Peak:
(oral) 1-2 hrs
(IM) 1-3 hrs
(IV) minutes

Duration: 8-12 hrs

Lipogylcopeptides:  Treats complicated skin Affects bacterial cell wall Route: IV 8-9.5 hrs Nausea
Televancin and skin-structure synthesis leading to Vomiting
disruption of cell Onset: rapid Diarrhea
 infections caused by membrane function and Site of metabolism Taste alterations
susceptible bacteria bacterial cell death Peak: end of infusion unknown QT prolongation
Nephrotoxicity
Excreted in urine Foamy urine
Macrolides:  Treats respiratory, Binds to cell membranes, Route: oral, IV 3-5 hrs Abdominal cramping
Erythromycin dermatological, urinary causing a change in Vomiting
tract, and GI infections protein function and cell Onset: Metabolized in liver Diarrhea
caused by susceptible death (oral) 1-2 hrs Rash
strains of bacteria (IV) rapid Excreted in bile and urine Superinfection
Can be bacteriostatic or Liver toxicity
bactericidal Peak: Risk for
(oral) 1-4 hrs pseudomembranous
(IV) 1 hr colitis
Potential for hearing loss
Monobactams:  Treats lower respiratory, Interferes with bacterial Route: IM, IV 1.5-2 hrs Nausea
Aztreonam dermatological, urinary cell wall synthesis, Vomiting
tract, intra-abdominal, causing cell death in Onset: Excreted unchanged in Diarrhea
and gynaecological susceptible gram-negative (IM) varies urine Rash
infections caused by bacteria; is not effective (IV) rapid Superinfection
susceptible strains of against gram-positive or Anaphylaxis
Gram-negative bacteria anaerobic bacteria Peak: Local discomfort at
(IM) 60-90 mins injection site
(IV) 30 mins

Duration: 6-8 hrs