BJT Small Signal Analysis

Chapter 8:
BJT Small-Signal Analysis
Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Digital Electronics Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 1 BJT Small Signal Analysis
The re and hybrid models will be used to analyze AC small-signal transistor circuits.

Slide 2 Common-Emitter (CE) Fixed-Bias Configuration
The input (Vi) is applied to the base and the output (Vo) is from the collector.
The Common-Emitter is characterized as having high input impedance and low output
impedance with a high voltage and current gain.
Slide 3 Removing DC effects of VCC and Capacitors

Slide 4 re Model
Determine , re, and ro:

 and ro: look in the specification sheet for the transistor or test the transistor using
a curve tracer.
re: calculate re using dc analysis: re  26mV
IE
Slide 5 Impedance Calculations
Input Impedance: Zi  RB || re

[Formula 8.1]
Zi  re
RB  10 re [Formula 8.2]
Output Impedance: Zo  R C || rO
Zo  Rc
[Formula 8.3]
ro  10 Rc
[Formula 8.4]
Slide 6 Gain Calculations
Voltage Gain (Av):

Vo (RC || ro) [Formula 8.5]
Av  
Vi re
[Formula 8.6]
RC
Av  
Current Gain (Ai): re ro  10R C
[Formula 8.7]
Io RBro
Ai  
Ii (ro  RC)(RB  re)
[Formula 8.8]
Ai  
ro 10RC, RB 10re
Current Gain from Voltage Gain:

Zi
Ai  Av [Formula 8.9]
RC
Slide 7 Phase Relationship
The phase relationship between input and output is 180 degrees. The negative sign used in
the voltage gain formulas indicates the inversion.
Slide 8 CE – Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

Slide 9 re Model
You still need to determine , re, and ro.

R1R2
Input Impedance: R   R1 || R2 
R1  R2
[Formula 8.10]
Zi  R  || re [Formula 8.11]
Output Impedance: Zo  RC || ro
[Formula 8.12]
Zo  RC [Formula 8.13]
Robert Boylestad ro  10R C Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Voltage Gain (Av): Vo  RC || ro

Av  
Vi re [Formula 8.14]
Av 
Vo

RC [Formula 8.15]
Vi re ro 10R C
Current Gain (Ai): Io R ro
Ai   [Formula 8.16]
Ii (ro  RC)(R   re)
[Formula 8.17]
Io βR 
Ai  
Ii R   re ro  10R C
Io
Ai   [Formula 8.18]
Ii ro 10RC, R  10 re

Zi
Ai  Av [Formula 8.19]
RC

A CE amplifier configuration will always have a phase relationship between input and
output is 180 degrees. This is independent of the DC bias.

Slide 13 CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Unbypassed RE

Slide 14 re Model
Again you need to determine , re.

Input Impedance:
Zb  re  ( 1)RE
[Formula 8.20]
Zb  (re  RE) [Formula 8.21]
[Formula 8.22]
Zb  RE [Formula 8.23]
RE  re
Output Impedance: Zi  RB || Zb
Robert Boylestad
Zo  RC [Formula 8.33]
Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Voltage Gain (Av): Vo RC

Av  
Vi Zb [Formula 8.25]
Vo RC
Av   [Formula 8.26]
Vi re  RE Zb  (re  RE)
or Vo RC [Formula 8.27]
Av  
Vi RE Zb  RE
Current Gain (Ai):

Io  RB [Formula 8.28]
Ai  
Ii RB  Zb
Zi [Formula 8.29]
Ai  Av
RC

Effect of ro
[Formula 8.30]
[Formula 8.31]
[Formula 8.32]
[Formula 8.33]
[Formula 8.34]
[Formula 8.35]
[Formula 8.36]
A CE amplifier configuration will always have a phase relationship between input and
output is 180 degrees. This is independent of the DC bias.

Slide 19 Emitter-Follower Configuration
You may recognize this as the Common-Collector configuration. Indeed they are the same
circuit.
Note the input is on the base and the output is from the emitter.
Slide 20 re Model
You still need to determine , re, and ro.

Input Impedance:
Zi  RB || Zb [Formula 8.37]
Zb  re  ( 1)RE [Formula 8.38]
[Formula 8.39]
Zb  (re  RE) [Formula 8.40]
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
Zb  RE Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Slide 22 Impedance Calculations (cont’d)
Output Impedance:
Zo  RE || re
[Formula 8.42]
Zo  re
Robert Boylestad
RE  re [Formula 8.43]
Voltage Gain (Av):

Vo RE [Formula 8.44]
Av  
Vi RE  re
Vo
Av  1 [Formula 8.45]
Vi RE  re, RE  re  RE
 RB
Ai  
Current Gain (Ai): RB  Zb
[Formula 8.46]
Current Gain from Voltage Gain: Zi

Ai  Av
RE
[Formula 8.47]

A CC amplifier or Emitter Follower configuration has no phase shift between input and
output.

Slide 25 Common-Base (CB) Configuration
The input (Vi) is applied to the emitter and the output (Vo) is from the collector.
The Common-Base is characterized as having low input impedance and high output
impedance with a current gain less than 1 and a very high voltage gain.

Slide 26 re Model
You will need to determine  and re.

Input Impedance:
[Formula 8.54]
Zi  RE || re
Output Impedance:
[Formula 8.55]
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
Zo  RC Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Voltage Gain (Av):
Vo RC RC
Av    [Formula 8.56]
Vi re re
Current Gain (Ai):
Io [Formula 8.57]
Ai     1
Ii

A CB amplifier configuration has no phase shift between input and output.

Slide 30 CE Collector Feedback Configuration
This is a variation of the CE Fixed-Bias configuration.

Slide 31 re Model
You will need to determine  and re.

re
Zi 
1 RC
Input Impedance: 
 RF [Formula 8.58]
Output Impedance:
Robert Boylestad
Zo  RC || RF [Formula 8.59]
Voltage Gain (Av):

Vo RC
Av   [Formula 8.60]
Vi re
Current Gain (Ai):

Io  RF
Ai  
Ii RF  RC [Formula 8.61]
Io RF
Ai   [Formula 8.62]
Ii RC

This is a CE amplifier configuration; therefore there is a 180-degree phase shift between

input and output.

Slide 35 Approximate Hybrid Equivalent Circuit
The h-parameters can be derived from the re model:
hie = re hib = re

hfe =  hfb = -
hoe = 1/ro
The h-parameters are also found in the specification

sheet for the transistor.

Slide 36 CE Fixed-Bias Configuration

Slide 37 Hybrid Equivalent Circuit
Zi  RB || hie
Impedances: 1
[Formula 8.83]
Zo  RC || [Formula 8.84]
hoe
Vo hfe(RC || 1 )
Av   hoe
Gain: Vi hie [Formula 8.85]
Io
Ai   hfe [Formula 8.86]
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
Ii Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 38 CE Voltage-Divider Configuration

Impedances: [Formula 8.87]

Zi  R  || hie
Zo  RC [Formula 8.88]
hfe(RC || 1 )
Av   hoe
hie
Gain: [Formula 8.89]
hfeR 
Ai   [Formula 8.90]
R   hie

Slide 40 CE Unbypassed Emitter-Bias Configuration

Impedances: Zb  hfeRE [Formula 8.91]
[Formula 8.93]
Zo  RC
RC
Av  
Gain: RE [Formula 8.94]
hfeRB
Ai  [Formula 8.95]
RB  Zb
Zi [Formula 8.96]
Ai  Av
RC

Slide 42 CC or Emitter-Follower Configuration

Impedances: [Formula 8.97]

Zb  hfeRE
[Formula 8.98]
hie
Zo  RE ||
hfe
Vo RE
Av  
Vi RE  hie
hfe
Gain: [Formula 8.100]
hfeRB
Ai 
RB  Zb [Formula 8.101]
Zi [Formula 8.102]
Ai  Av
RE
Slide 44 CB Configuration

Zi  RE || hib
Impedances:
Zo  RC [Formula 8.103]
[Formula 8.104]
Vo hfbRC
Av  
Gain: Vi hib [Formula 8.105]
Io [Formula 8.106]
Robert Boylestad Ai   hfb  1 Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Digital Electronics Ii Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Slide 46a Summary Table

Slide 46b Summary Table

Slide 47 Troubleshooting
1. Check the DC bias voltages – if not correct check power supply, resistors, transistor.
Also check to ensure that the coupling capacitor between amplifier stages is OK.
2. Check the AC voltages – if not correct check transistor, capacitors and the loading effect
of the next stage.

Slide 48 Practical Applications
• Audio Mixer
• Preamplifier
• Random-Noise Generator
• Sound Modulated Light Source


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Chapter 8:

BJT Small-Signal Analysis

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Determine , re, and ro:

Input Impedance: Zi  RB || re

Voltage Gain (Av):

Current Gain from Voltage Gain:

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

You still need to determine , re, and ro.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Voltage Gain (Av): Vo  RC || ro

Current Gain from Voltage Gain:

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Again you need to determine , re.

Voltage Gain (Av): Vo RC

Current Gain (Ai):

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

You still need to determine , re, and ro.

Voltage Gain (Av):

Current Gain from Voltage Gain: Zi

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

You will need to determine  and re.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Voltage Gain (Av):

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

A CB amplifier configuration has no phase shift between input and output.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

This is a variation of the CE Fixed-Bias configuration.

You will need to determine  and re.

Voltage Gain (Av):

Current Gain (Ai):

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

This is a CE amplifier configuration; therefore there is a 180-degree phase shift between

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The h-parameters can be derived from the re model:

hie = re hib = re

The h-parameters are also found in the specification

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Impedances: [Formula 8.87]

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Impedances: Zb  hfeRE [Formula 8.91]

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Impedances: [Formula 8.97]

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

• Sound Modulated Light Source

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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