Narsico, Franchezka C.

Mathematics in the Modern World

Monday and Thursday (5 PM – 6:30) Mrs. Catherine O. Hengania

Non-Polyhedra

How does Non-polyhedra differ from Polyhedra?

Polyhedrons are solids with flat faces. Any 3-dimensional solid is a polyhedron if all of its sides
are flat. This term comes from the Greek words poly, which means "many," and hedron, which
means "face." So, quite literally, a polyhedron is a three-dimensional object with many faces. They
are defined and classified by their faces, vertices, and edges. A regular polyhedron has the
following properties: faces are made up of congruent regular polygons; the same number of faces
meet at each vertex. While non-polyhedrons are composed of sides that are non-polygons which
means that they are not formed by segments.

EXAMPLES OF NON-POLYHEDRA
1. Sphere
A perfectly round object in a three-dimensional space. It is non polyhedron
because the surface is completely round. It is perfectly symmetrical with
no edges or vertices. All points on the surface are the same distance from
the center. One example of a sphere is a ball.

2. Cylinder
A cylinder is a three-dimensional object with two round flat bases and one
curved side. It has a curved surface in the middle. The base and the top surface
are identical. That means the bases are always parallel and congruent to each
other. It has no vertices. One example of this shape is a can.

3. Torus
In geometry, a torus is a surface of revolution generated by revolving a circle in
three-dimensional space about an axis that is coplanar with the circle. If the axis
of revolution does not touch the circle, the surface has a ring shape and is called
a torus of revolution. An example of a torus is a donut.
4. Cone
It is made by a right-angled triangle, and it gets rotated around one of its two
short sides. A cone is a distinctive three dimensional geometric figure that has a
flat surface and a curved surface, pointed towards the top. The pointed end of
the cone is called the apex, whereas the flat surface is called the base or axis. It
is not a polyhedron because of its curved surface.

5. Ellipsoid
An ellipsoid is a three-dimensional geometric figure that
resembles a sphere, but whose equatorial axis is slightly longer
than its polar axis. An ellipsoid is a surface that may be obtained
from a sphere by deforming it by means of directional scaling, or
more generally, of an affine transformation.. It is not a
polyhedron because of it has no edges and vertices.

6. Paraboloid

In geometry, a paraboloid is a quadric surface that has exactly one

axis of symmetry and no center of symmetry. The term "paraboloid"
is derived from parabola, which refers to a conic section that has a
similar property of symmetry. One example of a paraboloid is a
bowl.

7. Hyperboloid
A hyperboloid is a quadric surface, that is a surface that may be
defined as the zero set of a polynomial of degree two in three
variables. Among quadric surfaces, a hyperboloid is characterized by
not being a cone or a cylinder, having a center of symmetry, and
intersecting many planes into hyperbolas. A hyperboloid has also
three pairwise perpendicular axes of symmetry, and three pairwise
perpendicular planes of symmetry.

REFLECTION

While doing a research about the different examples of non-polyhedrons, I have realized that our
world is filled with non-polyhedral shapes. I have questioned how non-polyhedrons existed, turns
out, it existed because it suited to the relationships between lengths, areas, and volumes of physical
objects.