II.

DESIGN CRITERIA

A. Design Codes, Standards, and Specifications

DGCS Vol. 5

1.1 Deck Slab Design

2.2.1 Establish Design Criteria
• Design specification : DGCS 2015
• Material data : concrete and steel reinforcements
• Design live load : HL 93 (Article 10.7.3)

2.2.2 Assume slab thickness (Article 14.4.1.1). Unless approved by the Owner, the depth of a concrete deck, excluding
any provisions for grinding, grooving and sacrificial surface, should not be less than 175 mm.

Table 2-1 Traditional Minimum Depths for Constant Depth Superstructures (from Table 10.1.2.6-1)
Superstructure Minimum Depth (Including Deck)

When variable depth members are used, values may

be adjusted to account for changes in relative
stiffness of positive and negative moment sections
Material Type Simple Spans Continuous Spans

Reinforced Slabs with reinforcement parallel to traffic 1.20( 𝑆 + 3000)

Concrete 𝑆 + 3000
≥ 165𝑚𝑚
30
30
T-Beams 0.070L 0.065L
Box Beams 0.060L 0.055L
Pedestrian Structure Beams 0.035L 0.033L
Prestressed Slabs 0.030𝐿 ≥ 165𝑚𝑚. 0.027𝐿 ≥ 165𝑚𝑚..
Concrete
CIP Box Beams 0.045L 0.040L
Precast I-Beams 0.045L 0.040L
Pedestrian Structure Beams 0.033L 0.030L
Adjacent Box Beams 0.030L 0.025L
Steel Over-all Depth of Composite I-Beam 0.040L 0.032L
Depth of I-Beam Portion of Composite 0.033L 0.027L
IBeam
Trusses 0.100L 0.100L

2.2.3 Determine the location of the critical section for negative moment based on the girder top flange width
(11.3.2.1.5)
2.2.4 Determine Dead Load Moments.
• Moment due to self-weight of slab

where:

ωslab = width x thickness of slab X γconcrete S

= clear span length

• Moment due to future wearing surface

where:

ωslab = width of slab X thickness of wearing surface X γwearing surface S = clear span
length

2.2.5 Determine Live Load Positive and Negative Moments using Table A11-1.

Figure 2-1 Maximum Live Load Moments per Unit Width, N-mm/mm (from Table A11-1)
 Note: Multiple presence factors and the dynamic load allowance are incorporated in the tabulated values.
Interpolation between the listed values may be used for the distances other than those listed in Table A11-1.

For methods of determining live load moments other than the use of Table A11-1, dynamic load allowance (Article
10.8) and multiple presence factors (Article 10.7.2.2) should be incorporated. The dynamic load allowance shall
not be applied to pedestrian loads or to the design lane load.

Table 2-2 Dynamic Load Allowance, IM (from Table 10.8-1)

Component IM
Deck Joints - All Limit States 75%

All Other Components

Fatigue and Fracture 15%
Limit State
All Other Limit States 33%

Table 2-3 Multiple Presence Factors, m (from Table 10.7.2.2-1)

Number of loaded lanes Multiple Presence Factors

1 1.20

2 1.00

3 0.85

>3 0.65

2.2.6 Compute for factored moments.

Using Load Combination (Table 10.3-1—Load Combinations and Load Factors)

Strength I Limit State: 1.0(dc * MDC + DW * MDW + LL* MLL1+IM)

Service I Limit State: 1.0(1.0 * MDC + 1.0 * MDW + 1.0*MLL+IM)

Table 2-4 Load Combination and Load Factors (from Table 10.3-1)
DC Use one of these
DD at a time
Load Combination DW LL
EH IM
EV CE
ES WA WS FR TU TG SE
BR
EL EQ BL CT CV
PL
Limit State PS LS
CR
SH

STRENGTH-I (Unless noted) p 1.75 1.00 - 1.00 0.50/1.2 0.0 SE - - - -

0
STRENGTH-II p 1.35 1.00 - 1.00 0.50/1.2 0.0 SE - - - -
0
STRENGTH-III p 1.35 1.00 - 1.00 0.50/1.2 0.0 SE - - - -
0
STRENGTH-III p - 1.00 1.4 1.00 0.50/1.2 0.0 SE - - - -
0
STRENGTH-IV p - 1.00 - 1.00 0.50/1.2 - - - - - -
0
 EH, EV,ES,DW, 1.5
DC ONLY
STRENGTH-V p 1.35 1.00 0.40 1.00 0.50/1.2 0.0 SE - - - -
0
EXTREME EVENT - I p EQ 1.00 - 1.00 - - - 1.00 - - -
EVENT - I
EXTREME EVENT - II p 0.5 1.00 - 1.00 - - - - 1.00 1.00 1.0
0
EVENT - II
SERVICE - I 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.30 1.00 1.00/1.2 0.0 S - - - -
0 E
SERVICE - II 1.00 1.3 1.00 - 1.00 1.00/1.2 - - - - -
0
SERVICE - III 1.00 0.8 1.00 - 1.00 1.00/1.2 0.0 SE - - - -
0
SERVICE - IV 1.00 - 1.00 0.70 1.00 1.00/1.2 - 1.0 - - - -
0
FATIGUE – 1 LL, IM, & CE - 1.50 - - - - - - - - - -
ONLY
FATIGUE – II LL, IM, & CE - 0.75 - - - - - - - - - -
ONLY

Table 2-5 Load Factors for Permanent Loads, γp (from Table 10.3-2)
Load Factor
Type of Load
Max Min
DC: Component and Attachments 1.25 0.90

DD: Downdrag 1.80 0.45

Load Factor
Type of Load
Max Min
DW: Wearing Surfaces and Utilities 1.50 0.65

EH: Horizontal Earth Pressure

Active 1.50 0.90

At-Rest 1.35 0.90

EL: Locked-in Erection Stresses 1.00 1.00

EV: Vertical Earth Pressure

Retaining Walls and Abutments 1.35 1.00

Rigid Buried Structure 1.30 0.90

Rigid Frames 1.35 0.90

Flexible Buried Structures other than Metal Box Culverts 1.95 0.90

Flexible Metal Box Culverts 1.50 0.90

ES: Earth Surcharge 1.50 0.75

2.2.7 Calculate main reinforcement perpendicular to traffic (Article 12.4.3).

2.2.8 Calculate factored flexural resistance, Mr at points of maximum moment (Article 12.4.3.2).
 For conventional construction, resistance factor ɸ is tabulated in Table 2-6.

Table 2-6 Nominal Fatigue Resistance of Splices (from Table 12.2.3.1-1)

Factor Value
For tension-controlled reinforced concrete sections as defined in Article 11.3.4.2.1 0.90
For tension-controlled prestressed concrete sections as defined in Article 11.3.4.2.1 1.00
For shear and torsion:
normal weight concrete 0.90
lightweight concrete 0.80
For compression-controlled sections with spirals or ties, as defined in Article 0.75
11.3.4.2.1,except as specified in Articles 11.3.7.11.3 and 11.3.7.11.4.1b for Seismic
Zones 2, 3, and 4 at the extreme event limit state
For bearing on concrete 0.70
For compression in strut-and-tie model 0.70
For compression in anchorage zones:
normal weight concrete 0.80
lightweight concrete 0.65
For tension in steel in anchorage zones 1.00
For resistance during pile driving 1.00

For sections in which the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel at nominal resistance, ɛ t, is between the
limits for compression-controlled (ɛt = 0.002) and tension-controlled (ɛt = 0.005), ɸ may be linearly increased
from 0.75 to that for tension controlled sections as ɛ t increases from the compression-controlled strain limit to
0.005.

The variation ɸ may be computed for prestressed members such that:

where:

c = distance from the extreme compression fiber to the neutral axis (mm)

dt = distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the extreme tension steel element (mm)

2.2.9 Compare factored flexural resistance versus maximum applied factored moment.

2.2.10 Calculate distribution reinforcement parallel to traffic (Article 14.4.3.1). Spacing of distribution
bar shall be:

where:

Sreqd = spacing of main reinforcement

For primary reinforcement perpendicular to traffic:

% distribution =
 S = effective span length (in mm)

2.2.11 Calculate shrinkage and temperature bars (Article 12.7.8).

The area of reinforcement per mm, on each face and in each direction shall be:

0.233 ≤ �𝑠 ≤ 1.27 where:

b = least width of component section (mm)

h = least thickness of component section (mm) fy =

specified yield strength of reinforcing bars (MPa)

2.2.12 Detail reinforcement.

Figure 2-2 Slab Reinforcement Details

1.2 Prestressed Concrete Girder Design

2.3.1 Establish design criteria.

• Design specification : DGCS 2015
• Superstructure data : Span length, bridge width, girder type wearing surface thickness, sidewalk,
post and railing dimensions
• Material data : concrete, steel rebar and prestressing tendons
• Design live load : HL 93 (Article 10.7.3)

2.3.2 Assume girder size based on span length and girder spacing (Table 10.1.2.6-1).

Table 2-7 Traditional Minimum Depths for Constant Depth Structures (from Table 10.1.2.6-1)
 Superstructure Minimum Depth (Including Deck)

When variable depth members are used, values may

be adjusted to account for changes in relative
stiffness of positive and negative moment sections
Material Type Simple Spans Continuous Spans

Reinforced Slabs with reinforcement parallel to traffic 1.20( 𝑆 + 3000) 𝑆 + 3000

Concrete ≥ 165𝑚𝑚
30 30
T-Beams 0.070L 0.065L
Box Beams 0.060L 0.055L
Pedestrian Structure Beams 0.035L 0.033L
Prestressed Slabs 0.030𝐿 ≥ 165𝑚𝑚. 0.027𝐿 ≥ 165𝑚𝑚..
Concrete
CIP Box Beams 0.045L 0.040L
Precast I-Beams 0.045L 0.040L
Pedestrian Structure Beams 0.033L 0.030L
Adjacent Box Beams 0.030L 0.025L
Steel Over-all Depth of Composite I-Beam 0.040L 0.032L
Depth of I-Beam Portion of Composite I- 0.033L 0.027L
Beam
Trusses 0.100L 0.100L

2.3.3 Determine Dead Load Moments, Shear and Dead Load Analysis using STAAD software or by manual calculation.
• Component and Attachments
- Slab, haunch, girder, diaphragm, post, railing, sidewalk

• Wearing Surface and Utilities

2.3.4 Determine Live Load Moments and Shear by STAAD Live Load Analysis or manual calculation. Vehicular live
loading on the roadways of bridges or incidental structures, designated HL-93, and shall consist of combination
of the:

• Greater of Design Truck or Design Tandem, and

or
 Figure 2-3 Design Truck and Tandem Loads

• Design Lane Load (uniform load = 9.34 kN/m)

2.3.5 Determine Live Load Distribution Factors for Moments (Table 11.3.2.2-5) and for Shear (Table

11.3.2.2-9).

• Determine the type of cross-section (Table 11.3.2.2-2)

Table 2-8 Common Deck Structures covered in Articles of Distribution Factor Method for Moment and Shear, and
Distribution Factor Method for Shear (from 11.3.2.2-2)
Supporting Components Type of Deck Typical Cross Section

Supporting Components Type of Deck Typical Cross Section

• Determine the Kg factor (Eq. 11.3.2.2-1)

where:

Eb = modulus of elasticity of beam material (MPa)

Ed = modulus of elasticity of deck material (MPa) I =

moment of inertia of beam (mm4)

eg = distance between the centers of gravity of the basic beam and deck (mm)

• Determine LL distribution factors for moment (Table 11.3.2.2-5) and shear (Table 11.3.2.29) under single
lane and multi-lane loading.

Table 2-9 Distribution of Live Loads per Lane for Moment in Interior Beams (From Table 11.3.2.2-5)
 Applicable
Crosssection from Range of
Type of Superstructure Distribution Factors
Table Applicability
11.3.2.2-2
Concrete Deck, Filled Grid, a, e, k and One Design Lane Loaded: 1100  S  4900
Partially Filled Grid, or also i, j S 0.4  S 0.3 Kg 0.1 110  ts  300
 4300 L
Unfilled Grid Deck Composite with Reinforced if sufficientlyconnected to 0.06      Lts3 
6000  L  73000

Concrete Slab on Steel or act as a unit Two or More Design Lanes Loaded:

Concrete Beams; Concrete 0.6 0.2

 Kg 
0.1
Nb  4
0.075  
T-Beams, T- and Double T-
Sections

g where: k  2.5 Nb 0.2 1.5 if sufficiently Two or More Design Lanes Loaded: 5  Nb  20

connected to  b 0.6 b0.2  I 0.06

act as a unit k7600 

L  J 
h


Regardless of Number of Loaded Lanes: S/D

where:
g, i, j �
� = 𝐾( ⁄𝐿)𝐾
if connected
only enough � = 300[11.5 − 𝑁𝐿 + 1.4𝑁𝐿(1 −
to prevent 0.2�)2] when C  5
relative
vertical � 300(11 5 𝑁 )when� 5

displacement
at the interface

for preliminary design, the following values of K

900 b1500
6000 L 37000
 may be used: NL  6
Beam Type: K
Non-voided rectangular beams 0.7
Rectangular beams with
circular voids: 0.8
Box section beams 1.0
Channel beams 2.2
T-beam 2.0
Double T-beam 2.0
Open Steel Grid Deck on a One Design Lane Loaded: S ≤1800
Steel Beams S/2300 If tg<100mm
S/3050 If tg P100 mm
Two or More Design Lanes Loaded:
S/2400 If tg< 100 mm
S/3050 If tg ≥ 100mm S ≤3200

Skew  45°
 Applicable
Crosssection from Range of
Type of Superstructure Distribution Factors
Table Applicability
11.3.2.2-2

NL
0.05  0.85
Nb  N L b
Concrete DeckMultiple Steel BoxGirders on b, c Regardless of Number of Loaded
N
Lanes:0.425 0.5  NL 1.5

Table 2-10 Distribution of Live Load for Shear in Interior Beam (from Table 11.3.2.2-9)
Applicable Cross
One Design Two or More Design Lanes Range of
Type of Superstructure Section from
Lane Loaded Loaded Applicability
Table 11.3.2.2-2
   6000  L
76 73000
Unfilled Grid Deck if sufficiently 00 0.2   
3600 10700 
Composite with Reinforced connected to
Concrete Slab on Steel or act as a unit 110 ts 300
Concrete Deck, Filled Grid, a, e, k and also S 2.0 1100  S 4900 Partially Filled Grid, or i, j 0.36
S S

Nb  4

Lever Rule Lever Rule Nb = 3

Cast-in-Place Concrete d 0.6 0.1 0.9 0.1
Multicell Box S S d
2900  L  2200  L 
        890  d  2800
Nc  3
Concrete Beams; Concrete
T-Beams, T- and Double T-
Sections

1800  S 4000

d
       6000  L73000

Concrete Deck on b, c 0.6 0.1 0 .8 0 .1

Concrete Spread Box S S d
L
1800S 5500

Beams   d      6000L43000  3050  

L  2250   450d 1700
 Nb  3

Lever Rule Lever Rule S>5500

Concrete Box Beams Used f, g 0.4 0.1
0.15 0.06 � � � 0.05 � 900 ≤ b ≤ 1500
in Multibeam Decks ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 6000 ≤ L ≤ 37000
0.70 
 
4000 𝐿 � 1200
b
. . × ≤
1200
≤ 2.5 × 1011
10
1.7 × 10 ≤ I
≤ 2.5 × 1011
h Lever Rule Lever Rule

b I
 � 5 ≤ N ≤ 20

 L  J  ≥10 10 1010 J

Concrete Beams Other N/A

Than Box Beams Used in
Multibeam Decks i, j if connected
only enough to
prevent relative
vertical
displacement at
the interface
Open Steel Grid Deck on a Lever Rule Lever Rule N/A
Steel Beams

Concrete Deck on b, c As specified in Table 11.3.2.2-5

Multiple Steel Box
Beams

2.3.6 Compute for factored moments (Table 10.3-1).

Using Load Combination (Table 3.4.1-1—Load Combinations and Load Factors)

Strength I Limit State: 1.0(dc * MDC + DW * MDW + LL* MLL1+IM) Service I
Limit State: 1.0( 1.0 * MDC + 1.0 * MDW + 1.0*MLL+IM)

Table 2-11 Load Combination and Load Factors (from Table 10.3-1)
DC Use one of these
DD at a time
Load Combination DW LL
EH IM
EV CE
ES WA WS FR TU TG SE
BR
EL EQ BL CT CV
PL
Limit State PS LS
CR
SH

STRENGTH-I (Unless noted) p 1.75 1.00 - 1.00 0.50/1.2 0.0 SE - - - -

0
STRENGTH-II p 1.35 1.00 - 1.00 0.50/1.2 0.0 SE - - - -
0
STRENGTH-III p 1.35 1.00 - 1.00 0.50/1.2 0.0 SE - - - -
0
STRENGTH-III p - 1.00 1.4 1.00 0.50/1.2 0.0 SE - - - -
0
STRENGTH-IV p - 1.00 - 1.00 0.50/1.2 - - - - - -
0
EH, EV,ES,DW, 1.5
DC ONLY
 STRENGTH-V p 1.35 1.00 0.40 1.00 0.50/1.2 0.0 SE - - - -
0
EXTREME EVENT - I p EQ 1.00 - 1.00 - - - 1.00 - - -
EVENT - I
EXTREME EVENT - II p 0.5 1.00 - 1.00 - - - - 1.00 1.00 1.0
0
EVENT - II
SERVICE - I 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.30 1.00 1.00/1.2 0.0 S - - - -
0 E
SERVICE - II 1.00 1.3 1.00 - 1.00 1.00/1.2 - - - - -
0
SERVICE - III 1.00 0.8 1.00 - 1.00 1.00/1.2 0.0 SE - - - -
0
SERVICE - IV 1.00 - 1.00 0.70 1.00 1.00/1.2 - 1.0 - - - -
0
FATIGUE – 1 LL, IM, & CE - 1.50 - - - - - - - - - -
ONLY
FATIGUE – II LL, IM, & CE - 0.75 - - - - - - - - - -
ONLY

Table 2-12 Load Factors for Permanent Loads, γp (from Table 10.3-2)
Load Factor
Type of Load
Max Min
DC: Component and Attachments 1.25 0.90

DD: Downdrag 1.80 0.45

DW: Wearing Surfaces and Utilities 1.50 0.65

EH: Horizontal Earth Pressure

Active 1.50 0.90

At-Rest 1.35 0.90

EL: Locked-in Erection Stresses 1.00 1.00

EV: Vertical Earth Pressure

Retaining Walls and Abutments 1.35 1.00

Rigid Buried Structure 1.30 0.90

Rigid Frames 1.35 0.90

Flexible Buried Structures other than Metal Box Culverts 1.95 0.90

Flexible Metal Box Culverts 1.50 0.90

Load Factor
Type of Load
Max Min
ES: Earth Surcharge 1.50 0.75

2.3.7 Determine the stress limit immediately prior to transfer in the prestressing strands for the prestressing steel used
(12.6.3)
 Figure 2-4 Stress Limits for Prestressing Tendons (from Table 12.6.3-1)

2.3.8 Determine Instantaneous Losses (12.6.5.2) for post-tensioned members

• Anchorage Set
The magnitude of the anchorage set shall be the greater of that required to control the stress in the
prestressing steel at transfer or that recommended by the manufacturer of the anchorage. The magnitude of
the set assumed for the design and used to calculate set loss shall be shown in the contract documents and
verified during construction.

• Friction
Losses due to friction between the prestressing tendons and the duct wall may be taken as:

𝛥𝑓𝑝𝐹 = 𝑓(1 − �−(𝐾𝑥+𝑢𝛼))

Losses due to friction between the external tendons across a single deviator pipe may be taken as:

𝛥𝑓𝑝𝐹 = 𝑓(1 − �−𝑢(𝛼+0.04))

where:

fpj = stress in the prestressing steel at jacking

x = length of a prestressing tendon from the jacking end to any point under consideration

K = wobble friction coefficient u = coefficient of friction α = sum of the

absolute values of angular change of prestressing steel path from jacking end, or from the nearest jacking end
if tensioning is done equally at both ends, to the point under investigation (rad)
 e = base of Napierian logarithms

Figure 2-5 Friction Coefficients for Post-Tensioning Tendons

 Elastic Shortening

2.3.9 Determine the approximate estimate of time dependent losses (12.6.5.3)

2.3.10 Determine stress in strands immediately after transfer as the stress prior to transfer minus instantaneous losses
2.3.11 Determine final stress in strands as stress immediately prior to transfer minus sum of instantaneous loss and
time dependent losses after transfer
2.3.12 Determine compression and tension stress limits at transfer
2.3.13 Determine final compression and tension stress limits at service
2.3.14 Calculate initial service moment stress in the top and bottom of the prestressed girder
2.3.15 Calculate final service moment stress in the top and bottom of the prestressed girder
2.3.16 Design for flexure under Service Limit State (Article 12.2.1).
2.3.17 Design for flexure under Strength Limit State (Article 12.2.3).
• Calculate main reinforcement of girder.
• Calculate factored flexural resistance, Mr at points of maximum moment (Article 12.4.3.2).

For conventional construction, resistance factor ɸ is tabulated below.

Table 2-13 Nominal Fatigue Resistance of Splices (from Table 12.2.3.1-1)

Factor Value
For tension-controlled reinforced concrete sections as defined in Article 11.3.4.2.1 0.90
 For tension-controlled prestressed concrete sections as defined in Article 11.3.4.2.1 1.00
For shear and torsion:
normal weight concrete 0.90
lightweight concrete 0.80
For compression-controlled sections with spirals or ties, as defined in Article 0.75
11.3.4.2.1,except as specified in Articles 11.3.7.11.3 and 11.3.7.11.4.1b for Seismic
Zones 2, 3, and 4 at the extreme event limit state
For bearing on concrete 0.70
For compression in strut-and-tie model 0.70
For compression in anchorage zones:
normal weight concrete 0.80
lightweight concrete 0.65
For tension in steel in anchorage zones 1.00
For resistance during pile driving 1.00

For sections in which the net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel at nominal resistance, ɛ t, is between
the limits for compression-controlled (ɛ t = 0.002) and tension-controlled (ɛt = 0.005), ɸ may be linearly
increased from 0.75 to that for tension controlled sections as ɛ t increases from the compression-controlled
strain limit to 0.005.

The variation ɸ may be computed for prestressed members such that:

where:

c = distance from the extreme compression fiber to the neutral axis (mm) d t = distance from the extreme
compression fiber to the centroid of the extreme tension

steel element (mm)

• Compare factored flexural resistance versus maximum applied factored moment.

• Check the maximum and minimum reinforcement (12.4.3.3).

For maximum reinforcement:

The current provisions of LRFD eliminate the maximum reinforcement limit. A reduction in the factored
flexural resistance of the section is added instead. It states that below a net tensile strain in the extreme
tension steel of 0.005, as the tension reinforcement quantity increases, the factored resistance of prestressed
and nonprestressed sections is reduced to compensate for decreasing ductility with increasing overstrength.

For minimum reinforcement:

The amount of non-prestressed tensile reinforcement shall be adequate to develop a factored flexural
resistance, Mr, at least equal to the lesser of:

• 1.33 times the factored moment required by the applicable strength load combination, or
• 1.2�𝑐𝑟 = �1�3𝑓𝑟𝑆𝑐

where:

γ1 = flexural cracking variability factor

 = 1.2 for precast segmental structures
= 1.6 for all other concrete structures
γ3 = ratio of specified minimum yield strength to ultimate tensile strength of the
reinforcement
= 0.67 for A615, 414 MPa reinforcement
= 0.75 for A706, 414 MPa reinforcement
= 1.00 for prestressed concrete structures fr = modulus of rupture of
concrete specified in Article 12.1.1.6

Sc = section modulus for the extreme fiber of the composite section where tensile stress is caused
by externally applied loads (mm3)

2.3.18 Design for shear under Strength Limit State (Article 12.5).
• Determine bv and dv bv = effective web width taken as the minimum web width (in mm) d v = effective shear
depth

• Calculate nominal shear resistance in concrete, Vc (Article 12.5.3.2).

• If Vu>0.5ɸ (Vc), transverse reinforcement shall be provided.

where:

Vu = factored shear force

Vc = nominal shear resistance of the concrete

ɸ = resistance factor

The required spacing of transverse reinforcement, s, is equal to

The spacing of the transverse reinforcement shall not exceed the maximum permitted spacing, s max,
determined as:

Case 1: If vu<0.125 f’c, smax is equal to lesser of 0.80 dv and 600 mm Case 2: If vu≥0.125
f’c, smax is equal to lesser of 0.40 dv and 300 mm

where:

vu = shear stress calculated

|� ɸ�

• Calculate factored shear resistance, Vr (Article 12.5.3.2).

 �𝑟 = ɸ�𝑛 = ɸ(�𝑐 + �𝑠) where:
Vs = shear resistance provided by shear reinforcement

𝑐𝑜𝑡�

• Calculate longitudinal skin reinforcement (Article 12.4.3.4).

The area of skin reinforcement Ask in mm2/m of height on each side face shall satisfy:

where:

As = area of tensile reinforcement (mm2)

2.3.19 Calculate immediate and long time deflection.

• Calculate gross (Ig), cracked (Icr) and effective (Ie) moments of inertia of superstructure
3

where:

Ie = effective moment of inertia

Ig = gross moment of inertia

Icr = cracked moment of inertia

Dg = depth of girder

Yt = distance from neutral axis to the extreme tension fiber

Ma = maximum moment in a component at the stage for which deformation is computed

• Obtain immediate deflection at quarter points from STAAD results or manual calculation
• Compute long time deflection
Case 1: If Ig<Ie, long time deflection = 4* (immediate deflection)

Case 2: If Ig>Ie, long time deflection = 3 - 1.2(As’/As)*(immediate deflection)

As’ = area of compression reinforcement (mm2)

As = area of tension reinforcement (mm2)

 Establish design criteria

Assume girder size based on span length and girder spacing

Table 10.1.2.6 -1

Determine DL Moments and Shear by STAAD DL Analysis or

manual calculation

Determine LL Moments and Shear by STAAD LL Analysis or

manual calculation

Determine LL distribution factors for Moments

(Table 11.3.2.2 -5) and for Shear (Table 11.3.2.2 -9)

Compute for factored moments

Table 10.3 -1

Determine long -term and short term prestressing losses

Design for flexure under Service Limit State

Article 12.2.1

Design for flexure under Strength Limit State

Article 12.2.3

Design for shear under Strength Limit State

Article 12.5

NO Is the section
adequate?

YES

Go to Figure 1 -6. Design Procedure of Deck Slab

Figure 2-6 Design Procedure of Prestressed Concrete Girder

 Establish design criteria

Assume girder size based on span length and girder spacing

Table 10.1.2.6 -1

Determine DL Moments and Shear by STAAD DL Analysis or

manual calculation

Determine LL Moments and Shear by STAAD LL Analysis or

manual calculation

Determine LL distribution factors for Moments

(Table 11.3.2.2 -5) and for Shear (Table 11.3.2.2 -9)

Compute for factored moments

Table 10.3 -1

Determine long-term and short term prestressing losses

Design for flexure under Service Limit State

Article 12.2.1

Design for flexure under Strength Limit State

Article 12.2.3

Design for shear under Strength Limit State

Article 12.5

NO Is the section
adequate?

YES

Go to Figure 1 -6. Design Procedure of Deck Slab

Figure 2-6 Design Procedure of Prestressed Concrete Girder

BRIDGE SUBSTRUCTURE
7.3 Wingwalls

The wingwalls shall be arranged to support the road approach embankment above the

underside of the superstructure seat a fill profile of 1.5H : 1V.

The wingwalls shall be of sufficient length to retain the roadway embankment to the

required extent. Figure 7.3 – 1 shows an approximate method of determining wingwall

dimensions.

PIERS

Bridge piers transmit the load of the superstructure to the foundation material and provide

intermediate supports between abutments.

 All peirs should be designed for the maximum calculated scour depth across the river

channel.

Types of Pier

Types of bridge pier commonly used in the Philippines include:

 Piers with solid shaft may be used in river crossing wherer debris is present and the

flow of the stream is fast. The foundation may be spread footing or pile type. Long

solid shaft piers may have poor seismic performance and should be avoided.

 Piers with two columns may be used in normal bridgs when the river crossing has no

problem of debris or in elevated highways/flyovers without restrictions on

column/foundation location. The foundations may be spread footing(where rock

occurs) or piled type.

 Piiers with single column(T-Bent) may be used to avoid skewed piers or in elevated

highways where the location of the foundation is restricted. The foundation may be

spread footing or piled type.

 Pier consisting of piles taken up to the superstructure seat may be used for short

span bridges. This type of pier on driven piles(specially one row) should be avoided

when exposed length of pile exceed 2m unless a proper seismic analysis and design

are prepared.
 15 FOUNDATIONS

15. 1 Soil and Rock Properties

15.1.1 Information needs

The expected project requirement shall be analyzed to determine the type and

quantity of information to be developed during the geotechnical exploration. This

analysis should onsist of the following:

  Identify design anf project constructability requirements such as, provide

grade separation, support loads from bridge superstructures, provide for dry

excavation, and their effect on the geotechnical information needed.

 Identify performance criteria such as, limiting settlement right of way

restrictions, proximity of adjacent structures, and schedule contraints.

 Identify areas of geologic concern on the site and potential variability of local

geology.

 Identify areas of hydrologic concern on the site, such as potential erosion or

scour locations.

 Develop likely sequence and phases of construction and their effect on the

geotechnical information needed.

 Identify engineering analyses to be performed, such as, bearing capacity,

settlement, global stability.

 Identify engineering properties and parameters required for these analyses.

 Determine methods to obtain parameters and assess the validity of such

methods for the material type and constructive methods.

 Determine the number of tests/samples needed and appropriate location for

them

15.4 Driven Piles

15.4.1 General
15.4.1.1 Application

Driven piling should be considered in the following situations:

 When spread footings canot be founded on rock, or on competent soils at a

reasonable cost

 At locations where soil conditions would normally permit the use of spread footings

but the potential exists for scour, liquefaction or lateral spreading, in which case

driven piles bearing on suitable materials below susceptible soils should be

considered for use as a protection against these problems.

 Where right-of-way or other space limitations would not allow the use of spread

footings.

 Where existing soil, contaminated by hazardous materials, must be removes for the

construction of spread footings.

 Where an unacceptable amount of settlement of spread footing may occur.

15.4.1.2 Minimum pile spacing, cearnce and embankment into cap

Center to center pile spacing should not be less than 762 mm or 2.5 pile

diameters. The distance from the side of any pile to the nearest edge of the pile cap

shall not be less than 152.4 mm.

The tops of piles shall project at least 304.8 mm into to the pile cap after all

damaged materials gas been removed. If the pile is attached to the cap by

embedded bars or stands, the pile shall extend no less than 152.4 mm into the cap.
 Where a reinforced concrete beam is cast-in place and used as bent cap supports by

piles, the concrete cover on the sides of the pile shall not be less than 152.4 mm.

plus an allowance from permissible pile misalignment. Where pile reinformcent is in

cap satisfying the requirement of Article 12.10.4, the projection may be less than

152.4 mm.

15.4.1.3 Piles through Embankment Fill

Piles to be driven through embankment should penetrate a mnimum of 3.048 m

through original ground unless refusal on bedrock or competent bearing strata

occurs at a lesser penetration. Fill used for embankment construction should be a

select material, which does not obstruct pile penetration to the required depth.

15.4.1.5 Piles Design requirements

Pile design shall address the following issues as appropriate:

 Nominal axial resistance should be specified in the contract, type of pile and size of

pile group required to provide adequate suppor, with consideration of how

nominalaxial pile resistance will be determined in the field.

 Group interaction

 Pile quantity estimation from estimated pile penetration required to meet nominal

axial resistance and the other design requirements

 Minimum pile penetration necessary to satisfy the requirementcaused by uplift, scour,

downdrag, settlement, liquefaction, lateral loads and seismic condition.

 Foundation deflection to meet the established movement and associated structure

performance criteria.

 Pile foundation nominal structure resistance

 Verification of pile drivability to confirm that acceptable driving stresses and blow

counts can be achieved in an available driving system to meet all contact acceptance

criteria.

 Long-term durability of the pile in service, i.e.. corrosion and deterioration.

8.5 Pile Driving Formulas

 Ultimate pile capacity can be computed considering the soil resistance to pile during
the process of driving
 There are several pile driving formula but almost all were based on the rational pile
formula
  Other pile driving formula are the Janbu, Gates, Danish, Canadian national Building
Code.
 Pile driving analysis (Hiley formula or similar) of all piles shall be correlated to the
other pile testing for pile driving control.

Modified Hiley’s Formula

Modified Hiley’s Formula or any formula from brochures of the equipment used, shall be
adopted when the ratio of the weight of ram or hammer to weight of piles is greater than
one fourth(1/4)