9'Ëfsf] uf/f]df df6f] d;nf hf]8fOaf6 cfjf;Lo ejg lgdf{0fsf] nflu rflxg] Go"gtd dfkb08

g]kfnsf] /fli6««o ejg ;+lxtf (NBC 203 ) df cfwfl/t

g+ ljj/0f
lgdf{0fsf nflu cg'ko"Qm :yfg o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
ef}]ule{{s lr/f k/]sf] 7fpF .
Kflx/f] hfg ;Sg] If]q
le/fnf] If]q > @) o (!M#, 7f8f]Mt]{;f])
! lgdf{0f :ynsf] 5gf]6 Dff6f] e/]sf] jf k'?jf df6f] ePsf] :yfg
9'Ëf ´g]{ 7fp‘
t/nLs/0f x'g ;Sg] 7fp‘
GfbLsf] au/ jf l;d;f/ 7fpF
* olb lgdf{0f:yn dfly pNn]lvt cg'ko"Qm :yfgdf eP ljz]if1;Fu ;Nnfx lnP/ dfq lgdf{0f sfo{ ug'{ kb{5 .

s+lqm6 k|alnt kÝL k|of]u u/]/ agfpFbf ejgsf] tNnf ;+Vof Ps tNnf / a'O{un ;Dd l;ldt
/fVg'k5{ .
tNnf ;+Vof
sf7sf] k|alnt kÝL k|of]u u/]/ agfpFbf eg] ejgsf] tNnf Ps tNnf ;Dd dfq l;ldt /fVg'k5{ .
olb tNnf ;+Vof yKg' k/]df ljz]if1;Fu ;Nnfx lnP/ dfq lgdf{0f sfo{ ug'{ kb{5 .

uf/f]sf] s'"n nDafO $=% ld= eGbf a9L x'g'xF'b}g . t/ of] nDafO uf/f]sf] df]6fOsf] !@ u'0ff eGbf a9L
sf]7fsf] nDafO{
x'g' x'b}g .
Efjgsf] cfsf/ k|sf/ sf]7fsf] gfk sf]7fsf] If]qkmn !#=% ju{ ld6/ eGbf a9L x'g'xF'b}g .
@
/ gfk
uf/f]sf] prfO #=) ld6/ eGbf a9L x'g'xF'b}g .
uf/f]sf] prfO{ Efjgsf] prfO $=^ ld6/ eGbf a9L x'g'x'Fb}g .
a'O{un ePsf] cj:yfdf e'O{ ;txaf6 w'/Lsf] ;Ddsf] clwstd prfO{ !=* ld / e'O{ ;txaf6
OE;;Ddsf] clwstd prfO !=) ld= x'g'k5{ .

3/sf] cfsf/ juf{sf/ jf cfoftfsf/ :j?k ePsf] x'g'k5{ .

cg'kft 3/sf] nDafO{ rf}8fOsf] # u'0ff eGbf a9L x'g'x'Fb}g .
prfOdf klg 3/nfO{ hlt;Sbf] ;fwf/0f agfpg' k5{ / ;]6Jofs /fVg' xF'b}g .

;lhn};Fu 6'qmg], g/d, xn'sf / uf]nf] lsl;dsf] 9'Ëf k|of]u ug'{ x'b}g . vf]nfaf6 NofOPsf uf]nf]
9'Ëf 9'ËfnfO{ tf5]/ / km'6fn]/ nueu r]K6f] cfsf/ ldnfP/ dfq k|of]u ug'{k5{ . o:tf km'6fn]sf 9'Ëfx?
Dff]6fO tkm{ slDtdf %) ld=ld=-@ O{Gr_ / nDafO tkm{ slDtdf !%) ld=ld= -^ O{{Gr_ x'g'k5{ .

d;nf hf]8fOsf] nflu k|of]u ul/g] Dff6f]sf] d;nf h}ljs ;fdu|L, kmf]x/ / lu§Laf6 d'St x'g'k5{ .
# lgdf{0f ;fdfu|L s+lqm6sf] u|]8 M !% jf s+lqm6sf] ld>0f !M@M$ -! Effu l;d]G6 @ efu afn'jf / $ efu lu§L_ eGbf
s+lqm6
sd x'g' x‘'b}g .
808L pRr an ePsf] HYSD $!% u|]8sf] fy= $!% MPa/ %)) MPa ePsf] 808L k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
ef/ lng] 7fp‘x? h:t} blng, yfd, k§L cflbdf /fd|f];‘u pkrf/-l;hlgª_ ul/Psf], wfGg k||of]u x'g]
sf7 sf7 cfFFVnf gePsf] / /fd|/L ;'sfOPsf] x'g'k5{ . cnsqf jf cGo s'g} sf7nfO{ ;+/If0f ug]{ ljlwaf6
sf7x?nfO{ s'lxg / ls/f nfUgaf6 arfpg ;lsG5 .
Uff/f] jfnf husf] vf8n Ps}gf;sf] / Ps} ;txdf lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ .
;fdfGo s'/f *olb k'/fgf] hudf ejg lgdf{0f ug]{ xf] eg] ljz]if1 ;Fu ;Nnfx lng] .
ulx/fO Ps tNn] ejgsf] nflu hdLg ;txaf6 husf] ulx/fO &%) ldld x'g'k5{ .
$ hu
g/d df6f] sDtLdf *)) ldld .
husf] rf}8fO dWod df6f] sDtLdf &%) ldld .
s8f df6f] sDtLdf &%) ldld .

v08‐04‐2016 1 SM_MM
 7f8f] ;anLs/0f tTjx? huaf6 z'? eO{ 5fgfsf] ;tx ;Dd hfg'k5{ . 7f8f] ;anLs/0f tTj uf/f]sf]
;fdfGo s'/f ;'/, hf]g{L{ / ‰ofn 9f]sfsf] bfofFF afofFF lbzfdf /fVg'k5{ . o;sf] nflu Kfmnfd] 808L cyjf sf7sf]
k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
9nfg sf7
Ps tNn] ejgsf] nfuL s'gf / hf]gL{x?df !@ ldld
% 7f8f] ;anLs/0f 7f8f] ;anLs/0fsf] nflu s8f sf7 k|of]u
Jof; ePsf] 7f8f] kmnfd] 808Lsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
808L ug'{ k5{ .
lgdf{0f sfo{ ubf{ To:tf] 808Lsf] jl/kl/ l;d]G6 slqm+6n]
eg'{ k5{ . ;'/ tyf hf]gL{sf] nfuL &% ldld X !))
ldld .
olb k'/fgf] hu k|of]u ug]{ xf] eg] s';L]{ k§L b]lv c+s'z ‰ofn 9f]sfsf] bfofFF afofFFsf] nfuL &% ldld
c+s'; ug'{k5{ . c+s'z ug]{ nDafO 808Lsf] ^) u'0ff Aof; X !)) ldld .
x'g'k5{ .
;fdfGo s'/f s';L]{ ;txsf] n]an hdLg ;tx eGbf sDtLdf #)) ldld dfly x'g'k5{ .

df]6fO g/d / dWod df6f]df kÝLsf] df]6fO{ !%) ldld / &% ldld x'g'k5{ eg] s8f df6f]df &% ldld x'g'k5{ .

rf}8fO k§L jf AofG8sf] rf}8fO uf/f]sf] rf}8fO{ eGbf sd x'g'xF'b}g .

9nfg sf7sf] kÝL
s';L]{ ;tx
^
-l8=lk=l;_ @ j6f &% ldld X #* ldld ;fOhsf]
!%) ldld prfO{ ePsf] kÝL k|of]u ePsf] cj:yfdf !@ sf7sf] l:6«knfO{ uf/f] ;Fu ;Fu} %) ldld X 
ldld Jof; ePsf] $ j6f d'Vo 808L /fVg'k5{ eg] &%
ldld df]6fO ePsf] kÝLdf @ j6f !@ ldld Jof; ePsf] #) ldld sf7sf] kÝLn] (Batten) %))
808L
808L /fVg'k5{ . ^ ldld Jof; ePsf] l/ª\ !%) ldld ldld ;]G6/ b]lv ;]G6/sf] b'/Ldf afFWg'k5{ .
;]G6/ b]lv ;]G6/df /fVg'k5{ . l:6r kÝL -dWo kÝL_ uf/f]sf] jl/kl/
nufpg'k5{ .
uf/f]x/m 3G6L ldnfP/ l;wf 7f8f] x'g] u/L nufpg'k5{ . uf/f]x/msf] 7f8f] hf]gL{x/m Pp6} ;Lwf /]vfdf
;fdfGo s'/f kg{ glbg hf]gL{x/mnfO{ 5n]/ nufpg'k5{ . ;a} uf/f]x/m Ps cfk;df /fd|/L afFFlwg] u/L nufpg'k5{ .
Uff/f]sf] ;'/ / hf]lg{x/mdf nfdf] jf/kf/ 9'Ëfsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
df]6fO Ps tNn] ejgsf] uf/f]sf] df]6fO{ #%) ‐ $%)ldld eGbf sd x'g'xF'b}g .
uf/f]sf] df]6fO a/fa/sf] s}rL dfg]{ jf/kf/ 9'Ëf k|To]s ^)) ldldsf] 7f8f] b'/L / !=@ dL sf] t];f{]
s}rL dfg]{ jf/kf/ 9'Ëf
b'/Ldf /f/Jg'k5{ .
& uf/f]
hf]gL{ d;nfsf] hf]gL{x/msf] df]6fO @) ldld eGbf a9L / !) ldld eGbf sd x'g'x'Fb}g .
olb uf/f]sf] nDjfO w]}/} nfdf] eof] eg] cf8 lbg] u/L 5'6\6} uf/f] (Butress) p7fpg' kb{5 . o:tf cf8
lbg] uf/f] # ld6/ eGbf 6f9f /fVg' x‘'b}g . o;sf] Go"gtd df]6fO d"Vo uf/f] a/fa/sf] x'g' kb{5 /
cf8 lbg] uf/f]
cfwf/sf] Go"gtd rf}8fO{ uf/f]sf] prfO{sf] !÷^ efu x'g'kb{5 . ;fy} dflyNnf] efusf] rf}8fO{ slDtdf
uf/f] a/fa/ x'g' kb{5 .
r"nL uf/f] sf7 / h:tf kftf h:tf] xn'sf ;fduL|sf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
;a} em\ofn 9f]sfsf] nflu Efm\ofn d'lgsf] k§L / Efm\ofn 9f]sf dflysf] k§L Pp6} txdf /fVg'kb{5 .
;fdfGo s'/f Efm\ofn / 9f]sf uf/f]sf] ;'/jf6 slDtdf ^)) ld=ld= jf ;fgf] Efm\ofn9f]sfsf] prfOsf] ! rf}yfOsf]
uf/f]df /flvg] b"/Ldf x'g'kb{5 .
*
v'Nnf efu s'n nDafO{ uf/f]df /flvg] v'Nnf efusf] s"n nDafO x/]s uf/f]sf] nDafOsf] #)Ü eGbf a9L x'g'x'Fbg} .
uf/f]df /flvg] v'Nnf efux? aLrsf] t];f]{ b"/L ^)) ldld cyjf xf]rf] v'Nnf efusf] prfOsf] !÷@
b'/L
eGbf sd x'g'xF'b}g .

t];f]{ kÝLx? Efjgsf] hu, l8= lk= l;=, Efm\ofn 9f]sfsf] tNnf] / dflyNnf] ;tx / 5fgfsf] ;txdf k"/}
;fdfGo s'/f uf/f] e/L nufpg'k5{ . sf7sf] kÝL k|of]u ubf{ @ X &% ldld X #* ldld sf7 nfO{ uf/f] ;Fu ;Fu} %)
ldld X #) ldld sf7sf] kÝLn] (Batten) %)) ldld ;]G6/ b]lv ;]G6/sf] b'/Ldf afFWg'k5{.
( t];f]{ aGwg
l;n kÝL 9nfg sf7sf] kÝL
-Efm\ofnsf] tNnf] uf/f]df Go"gtd !))x!@% sf t];f]{ sf7x?
;tx_ Go"gtd df]6fO{ &% ldld x'g' k5{ . k|of]u u/L Efm\ofnsf] tnsf] ;txdf l;n
aGwg /fVg' k5{ . uf/f]df Go"gtd &%x!))
v'Nnf efusf] dflyNnf] ;txdf lnG6]n AofG8 /fVg'k5{. sf t];f]{ sf7x? k|of]u u/L Efm\ofn 9f]sfsf]
olb Efm\ofn9f]sfsf] rf}8fO{ / v'nf efu dfyLsf] prfO{ dflysf] ;txdf lnG6]n aGwg /fVg' k5{ .
lnG6]n kÝL
!@%) ld= ld=/ ()) ld= ld= 5 eg] o;sf] Go'gtd
-Efm\ofn 9f]sfsf]
df]6fO &% ldld sf] x'G5 . olb v'Nnf efusf] rf}8fO{
dflyNnf] ;tx_
()) ld=ld= eGbf al9 ePdf !%) ldld df]6fOsf]
lnG6]n AofG8sf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .

v08‐04‐2016 2 SM_MM
 Go'gtd df]6fO{ &% ldld x'G5 . l:6r kÝL -dWo kÝL_ uf/f]sf] jl/kl/
( t];f]{ aGwg l:6r kÝL ;'/ / hf]gL{df prfO{ tkm{ %)) b]lv &)) ld=ld= sf] nufpg'k5{ .
b'/Ldf l:6rsf] k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 .
5fgfsf] kÝL Go"gtd df]6fO &% ldld x'g'k5{ .
!%) ldld df]6fOsf] k§L ePsf] cj:yfdf !@ ldld
Aof; ePsf] $ j6f d'Vo 808L /fVg'k5{ eg] &% ldld
df]6fO ePsf] k§Ldf @ j6f !@ ldld Aof; ePsf]
808L /fVg'k5{ . ^ ldld Aof; ePsf] l/Ë !%) ldld
808L
;]G6/ b]lv ;]G6/df /fVg'k5{ . oL 808Lx/mnfO{ @% ldld
sf] se/ x'g] u/L 9nfg u/L 5f]Kg'k5{ .
l:6r AofG8sf] k§Ldf @ j6f * ldld Aof; ePsf]
d'Vo 808L /fVg'k5{ .

808Lsf] nDafO gk'uL vK6\ofpg' k/]df vK6\ofpg]

sf7sf] d'Vo l:6«knfO{ $ j6f lsNnf /
efusf] nDafO 808Lsf] Aof;sf] ^) u'0ff x'g'kb{5 .
sf7sf] klÝnfO{ @ j6f lsNnfn] 7f]Sg'k5{.
hf]8fO{ Hf:t} * ldldsf] 808L ePdf $*) ldld, !) ldld
%ldld sf7sf] lsNnf cyjf #=!% ldld
808L ePdf ^)) ldld, !@ ldld 808L ePdf &@)
h:tf lsNnf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5.
ldld / !^ ldld 808L ePdf (^) ldld

;fdfGo s'/f 9nfg]] 5fgf agfpg g;s]df h:tfkftf h:tf xn'sf ;fdfg k|of]u u/L 5fgf agfpg' kb{5 .
!) 5fgf hf]8fO{ 5fgf tyf tNnfx? Uff/f] ;Fu pko"Qm tl/sfn] afFw]sf] x'g'k5{ .
58\s] tfg 5fgfsf 6«; jf blngx? afFWg 58\s] tfg (bracing) /fVg'kb{5 .

v08‐04‐2016 3 SM_MM