HW6 Momentum

Answer CLOSE
Chapter 07, Problem 01
A 42.2-kg skater is standing at rest in front of a wall. By pushing against the wall she propels herself backward
with a velocity of -2.16 m/s. Her hands are in contact with the wall for 1.13 s. Ignore friction and wind resistance.
Find the average force she exerts on the wall (which has the same magnitude, but opposite direction, as the force
that the wall applies to her). Note that this force has direction, which you should indicate with the sign of your
answer.
Number 80.665486725664 Units N
Copyright © 2000-2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. or related companies. All rights reserved.
Solution CLOSE
REASONING The impulse that the wall exerts on the skater can be found from the impulse-momentum theorem,
Equation 7.4. The average force exerted on the skater by the wall is the only force exerted on her in the
horizontal direction, so it is the net force;
SOLUTION From Equation 7.4, the average force exerted on the skater by the wall is
From Newton's third law, the average force exerted on the wall by the skater is equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction to this force. Therefore,
Force exerted on wall =
The plus sign indicates that this force points of the skater.
Answer CLOSE

In a science fiction novel two enemies, Bonzo and Ender, are fighting in outer spce. From stationary positions, they
push against each other. Bonzo flies off with a velocity of +2.1 m/s, while Ender recoils with a velocity of -3.5 m/s.
Determine the ratio mBonzo/mEnder of the masses of these two enemies.
Number 1.666666666667 Units (no units)
Solution CLOSE
REASONING Bonzo and Ender constitute an isolated system. Therefore, the principle of conservation of linear
momentum holds. Since both members of the system are initially stationary, the system’s initial linear momentum
is zero and must remain zero during and after any interaction between Bonzo and Ender, since they interact via
internal (not external) forces.
SOLUTION
a. Since the total momentum of the system is conserved, and the total momentum of the system is zero, Bonzo
and Ender must have equal but opposite linear momenta.
b. Conservation of linear momentum gives . Solving for the ratio of the

masses, we have
Answer CLOSE

A 2.1-kg cart is rolling along a frictionless, horizontal track towards a 1.6-kg cart that is held initially at rest. The
carts are loaded with strong magnets that cause them to attract one another. Thus, the speed of each cart
increases. At a certain instant before the carts collide, the first cart's velocity is +3.8 m/s, and the second cart's
velocity is -1.2 m/s. (a) What is the total momentum of the system of the two carts at this instant? (b) What was
the velocity of the first cart when the second cart was still at rest?
(a) Number 6.06 Units kg·m/s or N·s
(b) Number 2.885714285714 Units m/s
Solution CLOSE
REASONING The total momentum of the two-cart system is the sum of their individual momenta. In part a,
therefore, we will use to calculate the system’s total momentum Pf when both carts are rolling. In order to find
the initial velocity v01 of the first cart in part b, we need to know the system’s initial momentum . According to the
principle of conservation of linear momentum, this is equal to the system’s final momentum Pf if the system is
isolated. Let’s see if it is. The attractive magnetic forces felt by the carts are internal forces and do not, therefore,
affect the application of the conservation principle. Friction is negligible, and the external gravitational force and
normal forces balance out on the level track. Therefore, the net external force on the system is zero, and the
system is indeed isolated. We conclude that the system’s initial momentum P0 is identical to the final momentum
Pf found in part a.
SOLUTION
a. We calculate the system’s final momentum directly from the relation , taking care to use
the algebraic signs indicating the directions of the velocity and momentum vectors:
b. The system’s initial momentum is the sum of the carts’ initial momenta: . But the
second cart is held initially at rest, so v02 = 0 m/s. Setting the initial momentum of the system equal to its final
momentum, we have . Solving for the first cart’s initial velocity, we obtain
Answer CLOSE

After skiding down a snow-covered hill on an inner tube, Ashley is coasting across a level snowfield at a constant
velocity of +1.6 m/s. Miranda runs after her at a velocity of +4.9 m/s and hops on the inner tube. How fast do the
two of them slide across the snow together on the inner tube? Ashley's mass is 44 kg, and Miranda's is 70 kg.
Ignore the mass of the inner tube and any friction between the inner tube and the snow.
Number 3.626315789474 Units m/s
Solution CLOSE
REASONING Together, Ashley and Miranda constitute an isolated system, since their combined weight is
balanced by an upward normal force, and friction is negligible. The total momentum of the system is, therefore,
conserved when Miranda hops onto the tube. We will use the momentum conservation principle
(Equation 7.7b) to analyze this one-dimensional collision. We are ignoring the
mass and momentum of the inner tube.
SOLUTION After Miranda (m2 = 70kg) jumps onto the inner tube, she and Ashley (m1 = 44 kg) both have the
same final velocity: vf = vf1 = vf2. Making this substitution in Equation 7.7b, and solving for their common final
velocity, we obtain
Their common velocity after Miranda hops on is, therefore,
The common speed is the magnitude of this value or .
Answer CLOSE
A car (mass = 1070 kg) is traveling at 29.6 m/s when it collides head-on with a sport utility vehicle (mass = 2780
kg) traveling in the opposite direction. In the collision, the two vehicles come to a halt. At what speed was the
sport utility vehicle traveling?
Solution CLOSE
REASONING The weight of each vehicle is balanced by the normal force exerted by the road. Assuming that
friction and other resistive forces can be ignored, we will treat the two-vehicle system as an isolated system and
apply the principle of conservation of linear momentum.
SOLUTION Using v0, car and v0, SUV to denote the velocities of the vehicles before the collision and applying the
principle of conservation of linear momentum, we have
Note that the total momentum of both vehicles after the collision is zero, because the collision brings each vehicle
to a halt. Solving this result for v0, SUV and taking the direction in which the car moves as the positive direction
gives
This result is negative, since the velocity of the sport utility vehicle is opposite to that of the car, which has been
chosen to be positive. The speed of the sport utility vehicle is the magnitude of v0, SUV or .
Answer CLOSE
A 2.90-kg ball, moving to the right at a velocity of +4.84 m/s on a frictionless table, collides head-on with a
stationary 6.10-kg ball. Find the final velocities of (a) the 2.90-kg ball and of (b) the 6.10-kg ball if the collision is
elastic. (c) Find the final velocity of the two balls if the collision is completely inelastic.
(a) Number -1.720888888889 Units m/s
(c) Number 1.559555555556 Units m/s
Solution CLOSE
REASONING The system consists of the two balls. The total linear momentum of the two-ball system is
conserved because the net external force acting on it is zero. The principle of conservation of linear momentum
applies whether or not the collision is elastic.
When the collision is elastic, the kinetic energy is also conserved during the collision
SOLUTION
a. The final velocities for an elastic collision are determined by simultaneously solving the above equations for the
final velocities. The procedure is discussed in Example 7 in the text, and leads to Equations 7.8a and 7.8b.
According to Equation 7.8:
Let the initial direction of motion of the 2.90-kg ball define the positive direction. Substituting the values given in
the text, these equations give
[2.90-kg ball]
[6.10-kg ball]
The signs indicate that, after the collision, the 2.90-kg ball reverses its direction of motion, while the 6.10-kg ball
moves in the direction in which the 2.90-kg ball was initially moving.
b. When the collision is completely inelastic, the balls stick together, giving a composite body of mass
m1 + m2 that moves with a velocity vf . The statement of conservation of linear momentum then becomes
The final velocity of the two balls after the collision is, therefore,
Answer CLOSE
Chapter 07, Problem 34 Chalkboard Video
The drawing shows a collision between two pucks on an air-hockey table. Puck A has a mass of 0.0300 kg and is
moving along the x axis with a velocity of +6.26 m/s. It makes a collision with puck B, which has a mass of
0.0600 kg and is initially at rest. The collision is not head-on. After the collision, the two pucks fly apart with the
angles shown in the drawing. Find the speed of (a) puck A and (b) puck B.
(a) Number 3.851370565506 Units m/s
Solution CLOSE
Chapter 07, Problem 34 Chalkboard Video
REASONING The net external force acting on the two-puck system is zero (the weight of each ball is balanced
by an upward normal force, and we are ignoring friction due to the layer of air on the hockey table). Therefore, the
two pucks constitute an isolated system, and the principle of conservation of linear momentum applies.
SOLUTION Conservation of linear momentum requires that the total momentum is the same before and after
the collision. Since linear momentum is a vector, the x and y components must be conserved separately. Using the
drawing in the text, momentum conservation in the x direction yields
(1)
while momentum conservation in the y direction yields
(2)
Solving equation (2) for vfB, we find that
(3)
Substituting equation (3) into Equation (1) leads to
a. Solving for vfA gives
b. From equation (3), we find that
Answer CLOSE
Multiple-Concept Example 7 deals with some of the concepts that are used to solve this problem. A cue ball (mass
= 0.165 kg) is at rest on a frictionless pool table. The ball is hit dead center by a pool stick, which applies an
impulse of +2.96 N·s to the ball. The ball then slides along the table and makes an elastic head-on collision with a
second ball of equal mass that is initially at rest. Find the velocity of the second ball just after it is struck.
Solution CLOSE
REASONING The velocity of the second ball just after the collision can be found from Equation 7.8b (see
Example 7). In order to use Equation 7.8b, however, we must know the velocity of the first ball just before it
strikes the second ball. Since we know the impulse delivered to the first ball by the pool stick, we can use the
impulse-momentum theorem (Equation 7.4) to find the velocity of the first ball just before the
collision.
SOLUTION According to the impulse-momentum theorem, , and setting v0 = 0 m/s and

solving for vf , we find that the velocity of the first ball after it is struck by the pool stick and just before it hits the
second ball is
Substituting values into Equation 7.8b (with v01 =17.9 m/s), we have

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Answer CLOSE

Chapter 07, Problem 01

Number 80.665486725664 Units N

Chapter 07, Problem 01

Force exerted on wall =

Chapter 07, Problem 16

Number 1.666666666667 Units (no units)

Chapter 07, Problem 16

b. Conservation of linear momentum gives . Solving for the ratio of the

Chapter 07, Problem 17

(a) Number 6.06 Units kg·m/s or N·s

(b) Number 2.885714285714 Units m/s

Chapter 07, Problem 17

Chapter 07, Problem 28

Number 3.626315789474 Units m/s

Chapter 07, Problem 28

Their common velocity after Miranda hops on is, therefore,

The common speed is the magnitude of this value or .

Chapter 07, Problem 32

Number 11.392805755396 Units m/s

Chapter 07, Problem 32

Chapter 07, Problem 33

(a) Number -1.720888888889 Units m/s

(b) Number 3.119111111111 Units m/s

(c) Number 1.559555555556 Units m/s

Chapter 07, Problem 33

Chapter 07, Problem 34 Chalkboard Video

(a) Number 3.851370565506 Units m/s

(b) Number 2.900117907866 Units m/s

Chapter 07, Problem 34 Chalkboard Video

while momentum conservation in the y direction yields

Solving equation (2) for vfB, we find that

Substituting equation (3) into Equation (1) leads to

a. Solving for vfA gives

b. From equation (3), we find that

Chapter 07, Problem 37

Number 17.939393939394 Units m/s

Chapter 07, Problem 37

SOLUTION According to the impulse-momentum theorem, , and setting v0 = 0 m/s and

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