Pakistan Army

The Pakistan Army (Urdu: ‫ ﭘﺎک ﻓﻮج‬Pak Fauj; Reporting name:

PA) is the principal land warfare uniformed service branch of the
Pakistan Armed Forces. It came into its modern existence from
the British Indian Army that ceased to exist following the
partition of British India that resulted in the parliamentary act
that established the independence of Pakistan from the United
Kingdom on 14 August 1947.:1–2[6] According to the estimation
provided by the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)
in 2017, the Pakistan Army has approximately 550,000 active
duty personnel, supported by the Army Reserve and the National
Guard.[7] This effectively makes it the 6th largest army in world in
terms of manpower.[8] In Pakistan, the age of military enlistment
is 17–23 years of age for voluntary military service; soldiers
cannot be deployed for combat until age 18 according to its
nation's constitution.[9]
 Pakistan Army
‫ﭘﺎک ﻓﻮج‬,‫ﭘﺎ ﺴﺘﺎن ﻓﻮج‬

Emblem of the Pakistan Army

Founded August 14, 1947

Country  Pakistan

Type Army

Role Land/Ground/Expeditionary warfare

Size 550,000 active-duty personnel[1]

500,000 Reserve personnel:459[2]
185,000 National Guard[3]
6,500 civilian personnel.[4]
316 manned aircraft.

Part of Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)

Pakistan Armed Forces

Headquarter Army GHQ, Rawalpindi Cantt,

Punjab, Pakistan

Motto(s) Arabic: ‫ ﺗﻘﻮى ﺟﻬﺎد ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ا‬,‫ﻳﻤﺎن‬

َ ‫[ا‬5]
English: A follower of none but Allah,
the fear of Allah , strive for Allah
Color Green and White
        

Anniversaries Defense Day: September 6

Engagements Major conflicts and wartime

operations
Indo-Pakistani wars and
conflicts
Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–48

Indo-Pakistani War of 1965

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

Civil war in East Pakistan

Siachen conflict in 1984

Operation Restore Hope

Kargil War in 1999

Indo-Pakistani standoff in 2001

Indo-Pakistani standoff in 2008

Indo–Pakistani border
skirmishes

India–Pakistan border
skirmishes (2019)
Conflict in Arab world
Omani Civil War

Grand Mosque seizure in 1979

Lebanon Civil War

 First Persian Gulf War

Pakistan Armed Forces

deployments in Saudi Arabia
War in Afghanistan
Soviet war in Afghanistan

Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

Civil war in Afghanistan (1992-

1996)
Bosnian War
UN Protection Force–Pakistan
Forces
Sri Lankan Civil War
Military assistance to Sri Lanka
War on Terror
War in Afghanistan (2001–
present)

War in North-West Pakistan

Balochistan insurgency
UN Peacekeeping missions
Martial law in Pakistan
First martial law in 1958

Second martial law in 1969

Third martial law in 1977

Fourth martial law in 1999

Website www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk
 Commanders
Chief of Army Staff General Qamar Javed Bajwa

Chief of General Staff Lieutenant-General Nadeem Raza

Insignia
War Flag

Army Roundel

Emblem

Aircraft flown
Attack Bell AH-1 Cobra, Mil Mi-24, NESCOM
Burraq, CASC Rainbow

Helicopter Bell 412, Bell 407, Bell 206, Bell UH-1

Iroquois

Transport Mil Mi-8, Mil Mi-17, Aérospatiale

Alouette III, Bell 412

Harbin Y-12, Cessna Citation Bravo

The primary objective and its constitutional mission is to ensure

the national security and national unity of Pakistan by defending
it against external aggression or threat of war, and internal threat
by maintaining peace and security within its land borders by
requisitioning it by the federal government to cope with internal
threats.[10] During the events of national calamities and
emergency, it conducts humanitarian rescue operations at home
as well as participating in the peacekeeping missions mandated
by the United Nations, most notably playing a major role in
rescuing the trapped U.S. soldiers in Somalia in 1993 and
Bosnian War in 1992–95.:70[11]

The Pakistan Army, which is a major component of the national

power alongside with the Pakistan's Navy, Air Force, and
Marines, is a volunteer force which has been involved with four
wars on its borders with neighboring India and several border
skirmishes on its porous border with Afghanistan.:31[12][13] Since
the 1960s, the elements of the army has been repeatedly
deployed to act as military advisory in the Arab states during the
events of Arab–Israeli wars, aided the UN-based coalition in the
first Gulf War. Other notable military operations in the theater of
War on Terror in the 21st century included: Zarb-e-Azb, Black
Thunderstorm, and Rah-e-Nijat.[14]

In violation of its constitutional mandate, it has overthrown

elected governments overreaching its constitutional mandate
protected by the Constitution to "act in aid of civilian federal
government when called upon to do so",[15] the army has been
involved in enforcing martial law against the elected
governments in claiming to restore law and order in the country
by dismissing the legislative branch, the Parliament, four times
in past decades, and has wider commercial, foreign, and political
interests in the country, facing allegations of acting as state
within a state.[16][17][18][19][20]

The Pakistan Army has a regimental system but is operationally

and geographically divided into command zones, with basic field
of being the corps.[21] The Constitution establishes the role of
President of Pakistan to be the civilian Commander-in-Chief.[22]
The Pakistan Army is commanded by the Chief of Army Staff, by
statute a four-star rank general, who is senior member of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee is appointed by the Prime
Minister and confirmed by the President of Pakistan.[23] The
Pakistan Army is currently under the command of General
Qamar Javed Bajwa appointed on 29 November 2016.[24][25]

Mission
Existence and its constitutional role is protected by the
Constitution of Pakistan, where its role to serves as land-based
uniform service branch of the Pakistan Armed Forces. In the
Chapter 2: Armed Forces in the PartXII: Miscellaneous codified
the mission and purpose of the army as alongside with the other
parts of the Armed Forces as such:[26] The Constitution of
Pakistan establishes the principal land warfare uniform branch
in the Pakistan Armed Forces as its states:

The Armed Forces shall, under the directions of the

Federal Government, defend Pakistan against
external aggression or threat of war, and, subject
to law, act in aid of civil power when called upon to
do so

— Constitution of Pakistan.[27]

History
Early origins

Division of British Indian Army and the first war with

India (1947–52)
The 6th Frontier Force Regiment of the British Indian Army in the fronts of World War II in Italy in
1943–44.

The Pakistan Army came into its modern birth from the division
of the British Indian Army that ceased to exist as a result of the
partition of India that resulted in the creation of Pakistan on 14
August 1947.:1–2[6] Before even the partition took place, there
were plans ahead of dividing the British Indian Army in different
parts based on the religious and ethnic influence on the areas of
India.:1–2[6]

On 30 June 1947, the War Department of the British

administration in India began planning the dividing of the
~400,000 men strong British Indian Army, but that only begin few
weeks before the partition of India that resulted in violent
religious violence in India.:1–2[6] The Armed Forces
Reconstitution Committee (AFRC) under the chairmanship of
British Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck had devised the
formula to divide the military assets between India and Pakistan
with ratio of 2:1, respectively.:conts.[28]

The Map of Kashmir, showing the tri-national control from China, Pakistan, and India, ca. 2005.

Major division of the army was overseen by Sir Chandulal

Madhavlal Trivedi, an Indian civil servant who was influential in
making sure that ~260,000 men would be transferred into
forming the Indian Army whilst the remainder balance going to
Pakistan after the independence act was enacted by the United
Kingdom on the night of 14/15 August 1947.:2–3[6]

Command and control at all levels of the new army was

extremely difficult, as Pakistan had received six armoured, eight
artillery and eight infantry regiments compared to the twelve
armoured, forty artillery and twenty-one infantry regiments that
went to India.:155–156[29] In total, the size of the new army was
about ~150,000 men strong.:155–156[29] To fill the vacancy in the
command positions of the new army, around 13,500:2[6] military
officers from the British Army had to be employed in the
Pakistan Army, which was quiet in larger number, under the
command of Lieutenant-General Frank Messervy, the first
commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army.:70[30]

Eminent fears of India's seizing the control over the state of

Kashmir, the armed tribes and the irregular militia scouts
entered in the Muslim-majority valley of Kashmir to oppose the
rule of Hari Singh, a Hindu and the ruling Maharaja of Kashmir, in
October 1947.:conts.[31] Attempting to maintain his control over
the princely state, Hari Singh deployed his troops to check on the
tribal advances but his troops failed to halt the advancing tribes
towards the valley.:40[32] Eventually, Hari Singh appealed to Louis
Mountbatten, the Governor-General of India, requesting for the
deployment of the Indian Armed Forces but Indian government
maintained that the troops could be committed if Hari Singh's
acceded to the Indian Union.:40[32] Hari Singh eventually agreed
to concede into admission to the Indian Union on India
government terms which eventually led to the deployment of the
Indian Army in Kashmir– this agreement, however, was
contested by Pakistan since the agreement did not include the
consent of the Kashmiri people.:40[32] Sporadic fighting between
militia and Indian Army broke out, and units of the Pakistan Army
under Maj-Gen. Akbar Khan, eventually joined the militia in their
fight against the Indian Army.:40[32]

Although, it was Lieutenant-General Sir Frank Messervy who

opposed the tribal invasion in a cabinet meeting with Prime
Minister Liaquat Ali Khan in 1947, later leaving the command of
the army in 1947,:447[33] in a view of that British officers in the
Indian and Pakistan Army would be fighting with each other in
the war front.:417[34] It was Lt-Gen. Douglas Gracey who
reportedly disobeyed the direct orders from Muhammad Ali
Jinnah, the Governor-General of Pakistan, for the deployment of
the army units and ultimately issued standing orders that
refrained the units of Pakistan Army to further participate in the
conflict.:59[35]

By 1948, when it became imperative in Pakistan that India was

about to mount a large scale operation against Pakistan, Gen.
Gracey did not object the deployment of the army units in the
conflict against the Indian Army.:59[35]

This earlier insubordination of Gen. Gracey eventually forced

India and Pakistan to reach a compromise through the United
Nation's intervention with Pakistan controlling the Western
Kashmir and India occupying the Eastern Kashmir.:417[34]

20th Century: Cold war and conflict performances

Reorganization under the United States Army (1952–

58)

Maj-Gen. Ayub Khan arriving to take over command of the Pakistan Army at the Army GHQ in
Rawalpindi, Punjab in Pakistan on 17 January 1951.:34

At the time of the partition of British India, British Field Marshal

Sir Claude Auchinleck diveser favored the transfer of the infantry
divisions to the Pakistan Army including the 7th, 8th and
9th.:55[36] In 1948, the British army officers in the Pakistan Army
established and raised the 10th, 12th, and the 14th infantry
divisions— with the 14th being established in East Bengal.:55[36]
In 1950, the 15th Infantry Division was raised with the help from
the United States Army, followed by the establishment of the
15th Lancers in Sialkot.:36[37] Dependence on the United States
grew furthermore by the Pakistan Army despite it had worrisome
concerns to the country's politicians.:36[37] Between 1950–54,
Pakistan Army raised six more armoured regiments under the
U.S. Army's guidance: including, 4th Cavalry, 12th Cavalry, 15th
Lancers, and 20th Lancers.:36[37]

After the Gracey's disobedience incident, there was a strong

believe that a native commander of the army should be
appointed and the Government of Pakistan had rejected the
British Army Board's appointment upon the retirement of Gen.
Gracey in 1951.:34[38] Eventually, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan
approved the promotion paper of Maj-Gen. Iftikhar Khan as the
first native commander-in-chief, a graduate of the Imperial
Defence College in England, but died in an aviation accident en
route to Pakistan from the United Kingdom.[39]

After the death of Maj-Gen. Iftikhar, there were four senior major-
generals in the army in the race of promotion but the most junior,
Maj-Gen. Ayub Khan, whose name was not included in the
promotion list was elevated to the promotion that resulted in a
lobbying provided by Iskandar Mirza, the Defense Secretary in Ali
Khan administration.[40] A tradition of appointment based on
favoritism and qualification that is still in practice by the civilian
Prime Ministers in Pakistan.[40]

The department of army under Lt-Gen. Ayub Khan steered the

army's needs towards heavy focused and dependence towards
the imported hardware acquired from the United States, in spite
of acquiring it from the domestic industry, under the Military
Assistance Advisory Group attached to Pakistan in 1954–
56.:36[37] In 1953, the 6th Infantry Division was raised and
disbanded the 6th Division in 1956 followed by the disbandment
of the 9th Infantry Division as the American assistance was
available only for one armored and six infantry divisions.:36[37]
During this time, an army combat brigade team was readily
made available by Lt-Gen. Ayub Khan to deploy to support the
American Army's fighting troops in the Korean war.:270[41]

Working as cabinet minister in Bogra administration, Lt-Gen.

Ayub's impartiality was greatly questioned by country's
politicians and drove Pakistan's defence policy towards the
dependence on the United States when the country becoming
the party of the CENTO and the SEATO, the U.S. active measures
against the expansion of the global communism.:60[42][43]

In 1956, the 1st Armored Division in Multan was established,

followed by the Special Forces in Cherat under the supervision of
the U.S Army's Special Forces.:55[36]:133[44] Under Lt-Gen. Ayub's
control, the army had eradicated the British influence but invited
the American expansion and had reorganized the East Bengal
Regiment in East Bengal, the Frontier Force Regiment in
Northern Pakistan, Kashmir Regiment in Kashmir, and Frontier
Corps in the Western Pakistan.[6] The order of precedence
change from Navy–Army–Air Force to Army–Navy-Air Force,
with army being the most senior service branch in the structure
of the Pakistani military.:98[42]

In 1957, the I Corps was established and headquarter was

located in Punjab.:55[36] Between 1956–58, the schools of
infantry and tactics,[45] artillery,[46] ordnance,[47] armoured,[48]
medical, engineering, services, aviation,[49] and several other
schools and training centers were established with or without
U.S. participation.:60[42]

Military takeovers in Pakistan and second war with

India (1958–1969)
The protest march in East Pakistan in 1954. The martial law was imposed through the army in
East by Prime Minister Mohammad Ali Bogra to control the law and order situation.:75[50]

As early as 1953, the Pakistan Army became involved in the

national politics in a view of restoring the law and order situation
when Governor-General Malik Ghulam, with approval from Prime
Minister Khawaja Nazimuddin, dismissed the popularly-
mandated state government of Chief Minister Mumtaz Daultana
in Punjab in Pakistan, and declared martial law under Lt-Gen.
Azam Khan and Col. Rahimuddin Khan who successfully quelled
the religious agitation in Lahore.:17–18[51]:158 In 1954, the
Pakistan Army's Military Intelligence Corps reportedly sent the
intelligence report indicating the rise of communism in East
Pakistan during the legislative election held in East-Bengal.:75[50]
Within two months of the elections, Prime Minister Mohammad
Ali Bogra, with approval from Governor-General Malik Ghulam,
dismissed the another popularly-mandated state government of
Chief Minister Fazlul Huq in East Bengal in Pakistan, and
declared governor's rule under Iskandar Mirza who relied in the
Pakistan Army to manage the control and security of the East
Bengal at all levels of command.:75[50] With Lt-Gen. Ayub Khan
becoming the Defense Minister under Ministry of Talents led by
Prime Minister Bogra, the involvement of the army in the national
politics grew further with the implementation of the
controversial One Unit program, abolishing the status of Four
Provinces, despite the strong protests by the public and the West
Pakistan's politicians.:80[50] Major defense funding and spending
was solely focused towards Ayub's army department and the air
force department led by Air Marshal Asghar Khan, giving less
priority to the national needs for the Navy.[52]

The Pakistan Army's troops hoisting the Pakistan Flag in Rajasthan in India in 1965.

From 1954–58, Lt-Gen. Ayub was made subjected with receiving

multiple service extensions by the civilian Prime Ministers first
receiving in 1954 that extended his commission to last till
1958.:contents[53]:232[54]

The Pakistan Army under Lt-Gen. Ayub had been less supportive
towards the implementation of the first set of Constitution of
Pakistan that had established the civilian control of the military,
and the army went onto completely endorsed and support the
first martial law in the country imposed by President Iskander
Mirza– the army later took control of the power from President
Mirza in mere two weeks and installed Lt-Gen. Ayub as the
second President.:81[50] The subsequent change of command
resulted in Gen. Musa Khan becoming the army commander with
Ayub Khan promoting himself as controversial rank of field
marshal.:22[55] In 1969, the Supreme Court reversed its decision
and overturned its convictions that called for validation of
martial law in 1958.:60[56]

The army held the referendum and tightly control the political
situation through the intelligence agencies, and banned the
political activities in the country.[57]
The public society in Pakistan rallying in support of the Pakistan Army in 1965.

From 1961–62, military aid continued to Pakistan from the

United States and they established the 25th Cavalry, followed by
the 24th Cavalry, 22nd, and 23rd Cavalry.:36[37] In 1960–61, the
Army Special Forces was reportedly involved in taking over the
control of the administration of Dir from the Nawab of Dir in
Chitral in North-West Frontier Province over the concerns of
Afghan meddling in the region.[58] In 1964–65, the border
fighting and tensions flared with the Indian Army with a serious
incident taking place near the Rann of Kutch, followed by the
failed covert action to take control of the Indian-side of Kashmir
resulted in a massive retaliation by the Indian Army on 5 August
1965.[59] On the night of 6 September 1965, India opened the
front against Pakistan when the Indian Army's mechanized corps
charged forwards taking over the control of the Pakistan-side of
Punjab, almost reaching Lahore.:294[60] At the time of the conflict
in 1965, Pakistan's armory and mechanized units' hardware was
imported from the United States including the M4 Sherman, M24
Chaffee, M36 Jackson, and the M47 and M48 Patton tanks,
equipped with 90 mm guns.[61] In contrast, the Indian Army's
armor had outdated in technology with Korean war-usage
American M4 Sherman and World War II manufactured British
Centurion Tank, fitted with the French-made CN-75 guns.[62]

In spite of Pakistan enjoying the numerical advantage in tanks

and artillery, as well as better equipment overall,:69[63][64] the
Indian Army successfully penetrated the defences of Pakistan's
borderline and successfully conquered around 360 square
kilometres (139 square miles)[60]–500 square kilometres (193
square miles)[65] of Pakistan-side Punjab territory on the
outskirts of Lahore.[66] Major tank battle took place in Chawinda,
which the newly established 1st Armoured Division was able to
halt the Indian invasion.:35[67] Eventually, the Indian invasion of
Pakistan came to halt when the Indian Army concluded the
battle near Burki.[66][68][69][70] With diplomatic efforts and
involvement by the Soviet Union to bring two nation to end the
war, the Ayub administration had reached a compromise with
Shastri ministry in India when both governments signed and
ratified the peace treaty in the Soviet Union.[69][70] According to
the Library of Congress Country Studies conducted by the
Federal Research Division of the United States:
 The war was militarily inconclusive; each side held
prisoners and some territory belonging to the
other. Losses were relatively heavy—on the
Pakistani side, twenty aircraft, 200 tanks, and 3,800
troops. Pakistan's army had been able to withstand
Indian pressure, but a continuation of the fighting
would only have led to further losses and ultimate
defeat for Pakistan. Most Pakistanis, schooled in
the belief of their own martial prowess, refused to
accept the possibility of their country's military
defeat by "Hindu India" and were, instead, quick to
blame their failure to attain their military aims on
what they considered to be the ineptitude of Ayub
Khan and his government.[71]

At the time of ceasefire declared, per neutral sources, Indian

casualties stood at 3,000 whilst the Pakistani casualties were
3800.[72][73][74] Pakistan lost between 200-300 tanks during the
conflict and India lost approximately 150-190 tanks.[75][76]
However, most neutral assessments agree that India had the
upper hand over Pakistan when ceasefire was
declared,[77][78][79][80][81] but the propaganda in Pakistan about
the war continued in favor of Pakistan Army.[82] The war was not
rationally analysed in Pakistan with most of the blame being
heaped on the leadership and little importance given to
intelligence failures that persisted until the debacle of the third
war with India in 1971.[83] There was no military action taken by
the Pakistan Army in East Pakistan against the standing Indian
Army, and at the end of the Indian army was in possession of
758.9 miles² (1,920 km²) of Pakistani territory and the Pakistan
army held 210 mile² (550 km²) of Indian territory.[84] The Indian
Army's action was restricted to Punjab region of both sides with
Indian Army mainly in fertile Sialkot, Lahore and Kashmir
sectors,[85][86] while Pakistani land gains were primarily in
southern deserts opposite Sindh and in the Chumb sector near
Kashmir in the north.[85]

With the United States' arm embargo on Pakistan over the issue
of the war, Pakistan Army's reliance turned over the Soviet Union
and China for hardware acquisition, and correctly assessed that
lack of infantry played a major role in the failure of Pakistani
armour to translate its convincing material and technical
superiority into a major operational or strategic success against
the Indian Army.[87] Ultimately, the army's high command
established the 9th, 16th, and 17th infantry divisions in 1966–
68.[87] In 1966, the IV Corps was formed and its headquarter was
established, and permanently stationed in Lahore, Punjab in
Pakistan.[88]

The army remained involved in the nation's civic affairs, and

ultimately imposed the second martial law in 1969 when the writ
of the constitution was abrogated by then-army commander,
Gen. Yahya Khan, who took control of the nation's civic affairs
after the resignation of President Ayub Khan, resulted in a
massive labor strikes instigated by the Pakistan Peoples Party in
West and Awami League in East.[89]

In a lawsuit settled by the Supreme Court of Pakistan, the

legality of the martial law was deemed questionable as the
Supreme Court settled the suit by retroactively invalidated the
martial law that suspended the Constitution and notably ruled
that Yahya Khan's assumption of power was "illegal
usurpation".:59–60[56] In light of the Supreme Court's judgement,
the army held the publicly televised conference when President
Yahya Khan announced to hold the nationwide general elections
in 1969–70.:59–60[56]

Suppression, civil conflict in East Pakistan and Indian

invasion (1969–1971)

Lt-Gen. Niazi, Cdr. of Eastern Command in Pakistan and Governor of East Pakistan, signing the
documented instrument with Lt Gen. JS Aurora, GOC-in-C of Eastern Command in India, in
presence of Indian army personnel in Dacca, unilaterally ending the conflict with India on 16
December 1971.:596[90]

In 1969, President Yahya Khan decided to make administrative

changes in the army by appointing the Gen. Abdul Hamid Khan
as the Army Chief of Staff (ACOS) of the Pakistan Army, who
centralized the chain of command in Rawalpindi in a
headquarters known as "High Command".:32[91] From 1967–69,
there were series of major military exercises were conducted by
the army's infantry units in East's borderline with India.:114–119[92]
In 1970, the Pakistan army's military mission in Jordan was
reportedly involved in tackling and curbing down the Palestinian
infiltration in Jordan.[93] In June 1971, the enlistment in the army
had allowed the Army GHQ in Rawalpindi to raise and
established the 18th infantry division, stationed in Hyderabad,
Sindh, for the defence of 560 miles (900 km) from Rahimyar
Khan to Rann of Kutch, and reestationed the 23rd infantry
division for defending the Chhamb-Dewa Sector.[87]

In 1971, the II Corps was established and headquartered in

Multan, driven towards defending the mass incursion from the
Indian Army.[88] In December 1971, the 33rd infantry division was
established from the army reserves of the II Corps, followed by
raising the 37th Infantry Division.[87] The Pakistan Army
reportedly helped the Pakistan Navy to toward establishing the
amphibious branch, the Pakistan Marines, whose battalion was
airlifted to East alongside with the 9th Infantry Division.[94][87]
The other battalions of marines were stationed with the army
troops in the skirts of Punjab to support the defence in the
events of the war with India.[94]

The intervention in civic matters in East-Pakistani government

further grew when the major operation resulted overtaking of the
government buildings, communication centers, and restricting
the politicians opposing the military rule,:263[95] and within one
month, Pakistani national security strategists realized their
failure of implementing the plan which did not include the civil
resistance in East, and the real nature of Indian strategy behind
their support of the resistance.:2–3[96]

The Yahya administration is widely held responsible and

accused of permitting the army of committing the war crimes
against the civilians in East and curbing civil liberties and human
rights in Pakistan. The Eastern Command under Lt-Gen. A. A. K.
Niazi, who had area responsibility of the defending the Eastern
Front and had the responsibility to protect, was leveled with
accusations of escalating the political violence in the East by the
serving military officers, politicians, and journalists in
Pakistan.[97][98] Since the general elections in 1970, the army had
detained several key politicians, journalists, peace activists,
student unionists, and other members of civil society while
curbing the freedoms of movement and speech in
Pakistan.:112[99] In East, the unified Eastern Military Command
under Lt-Gen. A.A.K. Niazi, began its engagement with the armed
militia that had the direct terror support from India in April 1971,
and eventually fought the war with Indian Army in December
1971.:596[90]:596 The army, together with marines, launched
ground offensives on both fronts but the Indian Army
successfully held its ground and initiated well-coordinated
ground operations on both fronts, initially capturing 5,795 square
miles (15,010 km2):239[44] of Pakistan's territory; this land gained
by India in Azad Kashmir, Punjab and Sindh sectors.:239[44]

Responding to the ultimatum issued on 16 December 1971 by

the Indian Army in East, Lt-Gen. Niazi agreed towards conceding
the defeat and moved towards signing the documented
surrender with the Indian Army to effectively and unilaterally
ending the armed resistance that led the creation of Bangla
Desh, only after India's official engagement that lasted 13-
days.[100] It was reported that the Eastern Command had
reportedly surrendered ~93,000–97,000 uniform personnel to
Indian Army– the largest surrender in a war by any country after
the World War II.[101] Casualties inflicted to army's I Corps, II
Corps, and Marines did not sit well with President Yahya Khan
who turned over the control of the civic government to Zulfikar
Ali Bhutto through an executive decree.[102]

Commenting on the defeat, the military observer in the Pakistan

Army, Major A.H. Amin, reported that the war strategists in the
army had not seriously considered a full-fledged invasion from
India until December 1971, because it was presumed that the
Indian military would not risk intervention by China or the United
States, and the high command failed to realize that the Chinese
would be unable to intervene during the winter months of
November to December, due to snowbound Himalayan passes,
and the Americans had not made any real effort to persuade
India against attacking East Pakistan.[103]

Restructuring of armed forces, stability and restoration

(1971–1977)

The army officers in the 9th Battalion of the Frontier Force Regiment on 23 March 1974.

In the 1970s, the Corps of Engineers built many secretive weapon-testing laboratories and sites in
the graphite mountain ranges of Pakistan.:144–145[104] The footage provided as an example by the
CEIP.

In January 1972, the Bhutto administration formed the POW

Commission to investigate the numbers of war prisoners held by
the Indian Army while requesting the Supreme Court of Pakistan
to investigate the causes of the war failure with India in
1971.:7–10[105] The Supreme Court formed the famed War
Enquiry Commission (WEC) that identified many failures,
fractures, and faults within the institution of the department of
the army and submitted recommendations to strengthened the
armed forces overall.[6] Under the Yahya administration, the army
was highly demoralized and there were unconfirmed reports of
mutiny by soldiers against the senior army generals at the Corps
garrisons and the Army GHQ in Rawalpindi.:5[105]

Upon returning from the quick visit in the United States in 1971,
President Bhutto forcefully dishonorably discharge the
commission of seven senior army generals, which he called the
"army waderas" (lit. Warlords).:71[106] In 1972, the army leadership
under Lt-Gen. Gul Hassan refrained from acting under Bhutto
administration's order to tackle the labor strikes in Karachi and
to detained the labor union leaders in Karachi, instead advising
the federal government to use the Police Department to take the
actions.:7[105]

On 2 March 1972, President Bhutto dismissed the commission

of Lt-Gen. Gul Hassan as the army commander, replacing with
Lt-Gen. Tikka Khan who was later promoted to four-star rank and
appointed as the first Chief of Army Staff (COAS).:8[105] The army
under Bhutto administration was reconstructed in its structure,
improving its fighting ability, and reorganized with the
establishment of the X Corps in Punjab in 1974, followed by the
V Corps in Sindh and XI Corps in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa in
Pakistan in 1975.[107] The trilateral agreement in India, the Bhutto
administration transferred all the war prisoners back to the
country but the military struggle to fill in the vacancies and
employments due to some suffering from the PTSD and other
mental health complications, while others simply did not wanted
to serve in the military any longer.:19–20[105] Under Bhutto
administration, the army engage in self-reliance production and
eventually reached to China for establishing the material and
metal industries to overcome the material shortage and
manufacturing of weapons industry in the country.[108]
In 1973, the Bhutto administration dismissed the state
government in Balochistan that resulting in another separatist
movement, culminating the series of army actions in largest
province of the country that ended in 1977.:319[109] With the
military aid receiving from Iran including the transfer of the Bell
AH-1 Cobra to Aviation Corps,:319[109] the conflict came to end
with the Pakistani government offering the general amnesties to
separatists in the 1980s.:151[110]:319:319[109] Over the issue of
Baloch conflict, the Pakistani military remained engage in Omani
civil war in favor of Omani government until the rebels were
defeated in 1979.[111] The War Enquiry Commission noted the
lack of joint grand strategy between the four-branches of the
military during the first, the second, and the third wars with India,
recommending the establishment of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Committee to maintain strategic military communication
between the inter-services and the federal government, that is to
be chaired by the appointed Chairman joint chiefs as the
government's principal military adviser.:145[112] In 1976, the first
Chairman joint chiefs was appointed from the army with Gen.
Muhammad Shariff taking over the chairmanship, but resigned a
year later.:145[112] In 1975, Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
controversially superseded at least seven senior army generals
to promote Lt-Gen. Zia-ul-Haq to the four-star rank, appointing
him the Chief of Army Staff (COAS) in spite of army
recommendations forwarded to the federal government.:24[105]

In the 1970s, the army's engineering formations, notable the

Corps of Engineers, played a crucial role in supporting the
clandestine atomic bomb program to reach its parity and
feasibility, including the constructions of iron-steel tunnels in the
secretive nuclear weapons-testing sites in 1977–78.:144–145[104]

PAF and Navy fighter pilots voluntarily served in Arab nations'

militaries against Israel in the Yom Kippur War (1973). In the
1973 war one of the PAF pilots, Flt. Lt. Sattar Alvi flying a MiG-21
shot down an Israeli Air Force Mirage and was honoured by the
Syrian government.[113][114][115]

Middle East operations, peacekeeping missions, and

covert actions (1977–1999)

Transferred from Iranian Ground Force in 1973–75, the Pakistan Army acquired additional the AH-
1S Cobra attack helicopters from the United States under the Foreign Military Sales to improve the
Pakistan's defences in the 1980s.:45–46[105]
The political instability increased in the country when the
conservative alliance refused to accept the voting turnout in
favor of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) after the general elections
held in 1977.:25–26[105] The army, under Gen. Zia-ul-Haq–the army
chief, began planning the military takeover of the federal
government under Prime Minister Zulfikar Bhutto, eventually
leading the coup d'état that suspended the writ of the
Constitution amid responding to the call from one of the
opposition leader of threatening to call for another civil
war.:27[105] The military interference in civic matters grew further
when the martial law was extended for an infinite period despite
maintaining that the elections to be held in 90-days
prior.:30–31[105] At the request from the Saudi monarchy, the Zia
administration deployed the company of the special forces to
end seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca from
Islamists.:265–280[116]

The army under President Zia weakened due to the army officers
were needed in running the affairs of civic government and the
controversial military courts that held trials of the communists,
dissidents, and the oppositions of Zia's administration.:31–32[105]
In 1984–85, Pakistan lost the control of her northern glaciers
due to the successful expedition and penetration by the Indian
Army, and army had to engage in years long difficult battles with
Indian Army to regain their areas from the Indian Army.:45[105]
Concerns over the military officers and army personnel needed
to counter the further advances by the Indian Army in Northern
fronts in 1984, the martial law was lifted following the
referendum that approved Zia's presidency and provided a way
of holding the general elections in 1985.:45[105] The military
control the under army administration had successfully
stabilized the law and order in Balochistan despite the massive
illegal immigration from Afghanistan, and issued the general
amnesties to separatists and rebels.[117] To address the Afghan
containment and security, the army established the XII Corps in
1985 that is permanently headquartered in Quetta, that is
designed to provide defence against the infiltration by the
Afghan National Army from Afghanistan.[118]

The Pakistan Army's troops, as part of their deployment in Somalia, patrolling off their mission in
the Mogadishu in Somalia in 1993.[119]
In 1985, the United States approved the military aid package,
worth $4.02 billion, to Pakistan when the mujaheddin fighting
with the Soviet Union in Afghanistan increased and intensified,
with Soviet Army began violating and attacking the insurgents in
the tribal areas in Pakistan.:45–46[105] In 1986, the tensions with
India increased when the Indian Army's standing troops
mobilized in combat position in Pakistan's southern frontier with
India failing to give notification of exercise to Pakistan
prior.:46[105] In 1987–88, the XXX Corps, headquartered in North
of Punjab, and the XXXI Corps, headquartered in South of
Punjab, was raised and established to provide defence against
the Indian army's mass infiltration.[88]

After the aviation accident that resulted in passing of President

Zia in 1988, the army organized the massive military exercise
with the Pakistan Air Force to evaluate the technological
assessment of the weapon systems and operational
readiness.:57[105][120] In the 1980s, Pakistan Army remained
engage in the affairs of Middle East, first being deployed in Saudi
Arabia during the Iran–Iraq War in 1980–1988, and later
overseeing operational support measures and combat actions
during the Gulf War in 1990–91.[6]
The period from 1991–98 saw the army engaged in
professionalism and proved its fighting skills in the Somalian
theater (1991–94), Bosnian-Serb War (on Bosnian side from
1994–98[121]), and the other theaters of the Yugoslav Wars, as
part of the United Nation's deployment.:69–73[122][123] In 1998, the
army's Corps of Engineers played a crucial role in providing the
military administration of preparing the atomic weapon-testing in
Balochistan when the air force's bombers flown and airlifted the
atomic devices.[124] The controversial relief of Gen. Jehangir
Karamat by the Sharif administration reportedly disturbed the
balance of the civil-military relations with the junior most Lt-Gen.
Pervez Musharraf replacing it as chairman joint chiefs and the
army chief in 1999.[125]

In May 1999, the army's northern light infantry, the paramilitary

unit at that time, slipped into Kargil that resulted in heavy border
fighting with the Indian Army, inflicted with heavy casualties on
both sides.[126] The ill-devised plan without meaningful
consideration of the outcomes of the border war with India, the
army under Chairman joint chiefs Gen. Pervez Musharraf (also
army chief at that time) failed to its combat performance and
suffered with similar outcomes as the previous plan in 1965,
with the American military observers in the Pakistan military
famously commenting to news channels in Pakistan: Kargil was
yet another example of Pakistan's (lack of) grand strategy,
repeating the follies of the previous wars with
India.":200[127][128][129]

After its commendable performance, the President of Pakistan

commissioned the Northern Light Infantry as a regular regiment
in the army and its personnel eventually becoming officers and
enlisted personnel in the army in 1999.[130]

21st Century: War performances

Homegrown religious insurgency and War on terror

(2001–Present)

The Pakistan Army's paratroopers watching the Swat Valley from its highest point after the
intense battle with Taliban fighters in 2009.

In October 1999, the army engaged in another military takeover

of the federal government from the Sharif administration when
the Army GHQ refused to accept the relief of commission of
Gen. Pervez Musharraf over his failure in succeeding the control
of Kargil sector from India.:142[131] This controversial takeover of
the federal government was subjected to a lengthy and an
expensive lawsuit fought between the lawyers of the department
of army and the former Sharif administration at the Supreme
Court, with the landmark verdict rendered in 2009 ultimately
sided and favored the Sharif administration's arguments as the
Justices of the Supreme Court accepted the fact that the army's
takeover was in fact a direct violation of the constitution and
breach of its given constitutional mandate.:119–120:112–115[132][133]

The Pakistan Army's mountain brigade soldiers conducting the tactical training exercise in 2016.

Responding to the terror attacks in New York in the United

States, the army joined the combat actions in Afghanistan with
the United States and simultaneously engage in military standoff
with Indian Army in 2001–02. In 2004–06, the military observers
from the army were deployed to guide the Sri Lankan army to
end the civil war with the Tamil fighters.[134]

To overcome the governance crises in 2004–07, the Musharraf

administration appointed several army officers in the civilian
institutions with some receiving extensions while others were
deployed from their combat service– thus affecting the fighting
capabilities and weakening the army.:37[135] Under Gen.
Musharraf's leadership, the army's capabilities fighting the
fanatic Talibans and Afghan Arab fighters in Pakistan further
weakened and suffered serious setbacks in gaining control of
the tribal belt that fell under the control of the Afghan Arabs and
Uzbek fighters.:37[135] From 2006–09, the army fought the series
of bloody battles with the fanatic Afghan Arabs and other foreign
fighters including the army action in a Red Mosque in Islamabad
to control the religious fanaticism.:37[135] With the controversial
assassination of Baloch politician in 2006, the army had to
engage in battles with the Baloch separatists fighting for the
Balochistan's autonomy.:37[135]

In April 2007, the major reorganization of the commands of the

army was taken place under Gen. Ahsan S. Hyatt, the vice army
chief under Gen. Musharraf, establishing the Southern, Central,
and the Northern Commands to "improve the operational
efficiency and working of its land forces."[136][137][138] With Gen.
Musharraf's resignation and Gen. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani
becoming the army chief, the army realigned itself to review its
combat policies and withdrew officers in civilian institutions to
focus on its primary constitutional mission to protect and
responsible in 2009–14.:37[135][133] In 2012, there was a serious
accident involving the entire battalion from the Northern Light
Infantry when the avalanche struck the battalion base in Siachen,
entrapping 135 soldiers and including several army officers.[139]

In 2013–16, the homegrown far-right guerrilla war with the

Taliban, Afghan Arabs, and the Central Asian fighters took the
decisive turn in favor of the army under Sharif administration,
eventually gaining the control of the entire country and
established the writ of the constitution in the affected lawless
regions.[140] As of its current deployment as of 2019, the army
remained engage in border fighting with the Indian Army while
deploying its combat strike brigade teams in Saudi Arabia in a
response of Saudi intervention in Yemen.[141]

UN peacekeeping missions
The Training Pakistan Army and Russian Ground Forces soldiers from the landing of the Mil Mi-8
helicopter at the tactical exercise "Friendship-2016".

In the wake of the new world power equilibrium, a more complex

security environment has emerged. It is characterized by
growing national power politics
UN Operation in Congo
(ONUC) 1960–1964
UN Security Force in New
Guinea, West Irian (UNSF)
1962–1963
UN Yemen Observer
Mission Yemen (UNYOM)
1963–1964
UN Transition Assistance
Group in Namibia (UNTAG)
1989–1990
UN Iraq–Kuwait Observer
Mission (UNIKOM) 1991–
2003
UN Mission in Haiti
(UNMIH) 1993–1996
UN Transitional Authority in
Cambodia (UNTAC) 1992–
1993
UN Operations in Somalia
(UNOSOM) 1992–1995
UN Protection Forces in Bosnia
(UNPROFOR) 1992–1995
UN Observer Mission for
Rwanda (UNAMIR) 1993–1996
UN Verification Mission in
Angola (UNAVEM III) 1995–
1997
UN Transitional Administration
for Eastern Slavonia (UNTAES)
1996–1997
UN Mission of Observers in
Prevlaka (UNMOP) 1996–2002
UN Assistance Mission in Sierra
Leone (UNAMSIL) 2001–2005
UN Transitional Administration
in East Timor (UNTAET) 1999-
to-date
UN Interim Administration
Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK)
1999-to-date
The table below shows the current deployment of Pakistani
forces in UN Peacekeeping missions.
Start of Name of
Location Conflict Contribution
operation Operation
United Nations
Organization
Stabilization
Second
Mission in the  Democratic 3,556
1999 Congo
Democratic Republic of Troops.[142]
War
Republic of the Congo
Congo
(MONUSCO)
United Nations Second
2,741
2003 Mission in  Liberia Liberian
Troops.[142]
Liberia (UNMIL) Civil War
United Nations
Burundi 1,185
2004 Operation in  Burundi
Civil War Troops.[142]
Burundi ONUB
United Nations
Civil war
Operation in  Côte 1,145
2004 in Côte
Côte d'Ivoire d'Ivoire Troops.[142]
d'Ivoire
(UNOCI)
2005 United Nations  Sudan Second 1,542

Mission in the Sudanese Troops.[142]

 Sudan (UNMIS) Civil War
191
Staff/Observers
Observers.[142]

The total number of Pakistani troops serving in peacekeeping

missions is 7,533, as of August 2015, which is one of the
biggest number among rest of participants.[143]

Organization
Command and control structure
Pakistan Army

Leadership
Chief of Army Staff
Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee
Organisation and Components
Structure of the Pakistan Army
Frontier Corps
Frontier Works Organisation
Special Service Group
Army Cantonment Board
Pakistan Armoured Corps
Installations
General Headquarters
Pakistan Military Academy
Command and Staff College
National Defence University
Personnel
Army Ranks of Pakistan
Serving generals
Equipment
Equipment
History and Traditions
Military history of Pakistan
UN Peacekeeping Missions
Pakistan Army FC
Awards, Decorations and Badges
Awards and Decorations
Nishan-e-Haider

Leadership in the army is provided by the Minister of Defense,

usually leading and controlling the direction of the department of
the army from the Army Secretariat-I at the Ministry of Defense,
with the Defense Secretary who is responsible for the
bureaucratic affairs of the army's department.[144] The
Constitution allows the President of Pakistan, an elected civilian
official, to act as the civilian Commander-in-Chief while the
Prime Minister, an elected civilian, to act as the Chief
Executive.[145] The Chief of Army Staff, an appointed four-star
rank army general, is the highest general officer who acts as the
principal military adviser on the expeditionary and land/ground
warfare affairs, and a senior member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Committee– a military body that advises and briefs the elected
civilian Prime Minister and its executive cabinet on national
security affairs and operational military matters under the
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.[3]

The single combat headquarter, the Army GHQ, is located in

Rawalpindi Cantonment in Punjab in Pakistan, in the vicinity of
the Joint Staff Headquarters.[3] The Chief of Army Staff controls
and commands the army at all levels of operational command,
and is assisted the number of Principal Staff Officers (PSOs)
who are commissioned at the three-star rank generals.[3]

The military administration under the army chief operating at the

Army GHQ including the appointed Principal Staff Officers:

Chief of General Staff, under whom the Military Operations and

Intelligence Directorates function.[3]

Chief of Logistics Staff.[3]

Chief of Logistics Staff.[3]

Quartermaster General (QMG).[3]

Master General of Ordnance (MGO).[3]

Engineer-in-Chief, the chief army engineer and topographer.[3]

Judge Advocate General.[3]

Military Secretary.[3]
 Comptroller of Civilian Personnel.[3]

Note: See Chief of Army Staff for more command PSO-level appointments

In 2008, a major introduction was made in the military

bureaucracy at the Army GHQ under Gene. Ashfaq Parvez
Kayani, when two new PSO positions were introduced: the
Inspector-General of Arms and the Inspector-General
Communications and IT.[146]

Personnel
Commissioned officers

The commissioned army ranks and insignia authorized in the

Pakistan Army are modified and patterned on the British Army's
officer ranks and insignia system.[147] There are several paths of
becoming the commissioned officer in the army including the
admission and required graduation from the Pakistan Military
Academy in Kakul, Cadet Colleges or the Officer Candidate
Schools (OCS i.e. Sui or Jhelum).:134[148] To become an officer in
the army, the academic four-year college degree is required for
the candidates to become officers in the army, and therefore
they are designated by insignia unique to their staff
community.:134[148]
Selection to the officer candidates is highly competitive with
~320–700 individuals are allowed to entered in the Pakistan
Military Academy annually, with a small number of already
graduated physicians, specialists, veterinaries and the engineers
from the civilian universities are directly recruited in the
administrative staff corps such as Medical Corps, Veterinary
Corps, Engineering Corps, Dental Corps— and these graduated
individuals are the heart of the administrative corps.:293[149] The
product of a highly competitive selection process, members of
the staff corps have completed twelve years of education in their
respected fields (such as attending the schools and universities),
and has to spend two years at the Pakistan Military Academy,
with their time divided about equally between military training
and academic work to bring them up to a baccalaureate
education level, which includes English-language skills.:293[149]
The Department of Army also offers employment to civilians in
financial management, accountancy, engineering, construction,
and administration, and has currently employed 6,500
civilians.[150]

The military officers in the Pakistani military seeks retirement

between the ages of forty-two and sixty, depending on their
ranks, and often seeks employment in the federal government or
the private sector where the pay scales are higher as well as
opportunity for gain considerably greater.:294[149]

Estimations by the International Institute for Strategic Studies

(IISS) the Pakistan Army's combined strength of the standing
army is ~815,000 including the active duty personnels from the
Regular Army, Army Reserve, Army National Guard, and is
additionally supported by the ~70,000 personnel from the
Frontier Corps–the military provost under the command of the
Pakistan Army as of 2018.[108]

Pay grade O-10 O-9 O-8 O-7 O-6 O-5 O-4 O-3 O-2 O-1 O-1

Insignia

Title Field Marshal General Lieutenant-General Major-General Brigadier Colonel Lieutenant-Colonel Major Captain Lieutenant Second Lieutenant

Abbreviation FM Gen. Lt-Gen. Maj-Gen. Brig. Col. Lt-Col. Maj. Capt. Lt. 2nd-Lt.
NATO Code OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1 OF-1

Rank Hierarchy
Five-star Four-star Three-star Two-star One-star

Warrant officers

The Pakistan Army uniquely uses the junior commissioned

officer (JCO) ranks, equivalent of the Warrant officers or the
Limited duty officers in the United States military, inherited from
the former British Indian Army introduced by the British Army in
India between the enlisted and officer ranks.:134[148] The JCOs
are single-track specialists with their subject of expertise in their
particular part of the job and initially appointed (NS1) after risen
from their enlisted ranks, receiving the promotion (SM3) from
the commanding officer.:134[148]

The usage of the junior commissioned officer is the continuation

of the former Viceroy's commissioned officer rank, and the JCO
ranking system benefited the army since there was a large gap
existed between the officers and the enlisted personnel at the
time of the establishment of the new army in 1947.:134[148] Over
the several years, the JCOs rank system has outlived its
usefulness because of the educational level of the enlisted
personnel has risen and army has more comfortably adopted the
U.S. Army's ranking platform than the British.[43]:134[148]
Promotion to the JCOs/WO ranks remains a powerful and
influential incentive for those enlisted personnel desire not to
attend the accredit four-year college.:134[148]

Junior Commissioned Officer/Warrant Officer Ranks

Insignia

Subedar-Major Subedar Naib Subedar

(infantry and other arms) (infantry and other arms) (infantry and other arms)
Title
Risaldar Major Risaldar Naib Risaldar
(cavalry and armor) (cavalry and armor) (cavalry and armor)

U.S. Code CWO WO2 WO1

Enlisted personnel

The recruiting and enlistment in the army is nationwide but the

army's recruiting command maintains an ethnic balance, with
those who turned away are encourage to join the either the
Marines or the Air Force.:292[149] Most enlisted personnel had
come from the poor and rural families with many had only
rudimentary literacy skills in the past, but with the increase in the
affordable education have risen to the matriculation level (12th
Grade).:292[149] In the past, the army recruits had to re-educate
the illiterate personnel while processing them gradually through
a paternalistically run regimental training center, teaching the
official language, Urdu, if necessary, and given a period of
elementary education before their military training actually
starts.:292[149]

In the thirty-six-week training period, they develop an attachment

to the regiment they will remain with through much of their
careers and begin to develop a sense of being a Pakistani rather
than primarily a member of a tribe or a village.:292[149] Enlisted
personnel usually serve for eighteen to twenty years, before
retiring or gaining commission, during which they participate in
regular military training cycles and have the opportunity to take
academic courses to help them advance.:292[149]

The noncommissioned officers (or enlists) wear respective

regimental color chevrons on the right sleeve.:292[149] Center
point of the uppermost chevron must remain 10 cm from the
point of the shoulder.:292[149] The Company/battalion
appointments wear the appointments badges on the right
wrist.:292[149] Pay scales and incentives are greater and attractive
upon enlistment including the allocation of land, free housing,
and financial aid to attend the colleges and universities.:294[149]
Retirement age for the enlisted personnel varies and depends on
the enlisted ranks that they have attained during their
services.:294[149]

Structure of Enlisted Ranks of the Pakistan Army

Pay grade E-9 E-8 E-7 E-6 E-5 E-4 E-3 E-2 E-1

No No
Insignia
insignia insignia

Battalion Havildar Battalion Quartermaster Company Havildar Company Quartermaster No

Title Havildar Naik Lance Naik Sepoy
Major Havildar Major Havildar Equivalent

Abbreviation BHM BQMH CHM CQMH HAV NK L/Nk Sep. NE

NATO Code OR-9 OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4 OR-3 OR-2 OR-1

U.S. Code SGM MSG SFC SSG SGT CPL PFC PVT –

Recruitment and training

The passing out (graduation) of cadets from the Pakistan Military Academy in Kakul in 2007. The
education and boot camp training last for two years before cadets becomes officers.[151]

Prior to August 1947, the British Army's recruiting administration

had recruited the enlists from the districts of the Jhelum,
Rawalpindi, and Campbellpur that dominated the recruitment
flows.[6] From 1947–71, the Pakistan Army was predominantly
favored to recruit from Punjab and was popular in the country as
the "Punjabi Army" because of heavy recruiting interests coming
from the rural and poor families of villages in Punjab as well as
being the most populous province of Pakistan.:149[152][153]

Even as of today, the Pakistan Army's recruiters struggle to enlist

citizens and their selfless commitment to the military from the
urban areas (i.e. Karachi and Peshawar) where the preference of
the college education is quiet popular (especially attending post-
graduate schools in the United States and the English-speaking
countries) as well as working in the settled private industry for
lucrative salaries and benefits, while the military enlistment still
comes from the most rural and remote areas of Pakistan, where
commitment to the military is much greater than in the
metropolitan cities.:31[12]

After 1971, the Bhutto administration introduced the Quota

system and drastically reduced the officers and enlists from
Punjab and gave strong preference to residents in Sindh,
Balochistan, and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, and such policy continue
to exists to maintain an ethnic balance in the army.:163[154] Those
who are turned away are strongly encourage to join the Marines
Corps or the Air Force.[6]

In 1991, the department of army drastically reduced the size of

personnel from Punjab, downsizing the army personnel to 63%,
and issues acceptable medical waivers interested enlists while
encourage citizens of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Sindh.[155] This
decision has given a fair chance to every citizen of Pakistan to
be part of the Pakistan Army as each district possesses a fixed
percentage of seats in all branches of the Army, as per census
records.[155] By 2003–05, the department of army continued its
policy by drastically downsizing the personnel from Punjab to
43–70%.[155][156]

The Department of Army has relaxes its recruitment and medical

standards in Sindh and Balochistan where the height
requirement of 5 feet 4 inches is considered acceptable even
with the enlists educational level at eight grade is acceptable for
the waiver; since the army recruiters takes responsibility of
providing education to 12th grade to the interested enlists from
Balochistan and Sindh.:31[12] In Punjab and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa
where the recruitment is popular, the height requirement remains
to be at 5 feet 6 inches with minimum education of 10th
grade.:31[12]

The army has only one bootcamp that is located in Kakul at the
Pakistan Military Academy where basic training takes place.
Such training usually lasts for two years until the cadets are able
to meet their graduation requirements from the Academy.[151] All
the recruits, enlists, and officer candidates have to attend and be
trained at the PMA regardless of attending the military schools
and colleges in other parts of the country.[151]

It is one of the longest boot camp in the country, and the boot
camp training continues for two years until the cadet is being
able pass out from the academy, before selecting the college to
start their career of their choice in the military.[151]

Women and religion in the Pakistan Army

The entrance and the main gate of the Pakistan Military Academy in Kakul, ca. 2007.

Since the establishment of the army in 1947, the women have

been part of the Pakistan Army, and currently there are ~4,000
women are serving in administrative positions in the department
of the army.[157] In the past, the women were inducted in the
Women's Guard Section of the Army National Guard who were
trained in medical works, welfare, and clerical positions but the
combat positions have been opened to women due to shortage
in the qualifications filled by males in the combat positions.[158]

In the Islamic world, Pakistan has a distinction of appointing and

promoting women to the general officer ranks, the major-
generals, in the army, and Major-General Shahida Malik was the
first woman army officer and military physician by profession
who was promoted to the two-star rank.[159] Major-General
Shahida Malik, a military physician by profession, was Pakistan's
first female two-star army general.[160] In 2015, Pakistan Army
reportedly trained a sizeable contingent of women unit in
infantry, airborne, and sniper missions, and are deployed in
combat zone alongside with the males.[161][162]

The military service with the army does not restrict to the
Muslims but is open to other religions in Pakistan and Hindus,
Sikhs, Zoroastrians, Christians have served in the army at the
commanding level positions.[163][164] The religious services in the
military is provided by the Chaplain Corps for Muslims, Hindus,
Christians, Sikhs, and Zoroastrians.[88]

In 1993, Major-General Julian Peter was the first Christian to be

appointed at the command position while Hercharn Singh
became the first Sikh to be commissioned in the army.[164]
Between 1947–2000, a policy of restricting Hindus prior enlisting
in the Pakistan Army was in practice until the policy was
reversed by the federal government.[165] In 2006, army recruiters
began recruiting Hindus into the army and people of all faith or
no faith can be promoted to any rank or commanding position in
the army.[166][167]

Components and structure

Army components and branches
Since its organization that commenced in 1947, the army's
functionality is broadly maintained in two main branches:
Combat Arms and Administrative Services.:46[42]:570[168]:127[148]
From 1947–71, the Pakistan Army had responsibility of
maintaining the British-built Forts, till the new and modern
garrisons were built in post 1971, and performs the non-combat
duties such as engineering and construction.[6]

Currently, the Army's combat services are kept in active-duty

personnel and reservists that operates as members of either
Reserves and National Guard.[3] In addition, the workforce of the
army is supported by the Frontier Corps (a paramilitary) and
Rangers that performs military police duty within the state
governments in Pakistan to help control and manage the law
and control situation.[3]

The two main branches of the army, Combat Arms and

Administrative Services, are also consists of into several
branches and functional areas that includes the army officers,
junior commissioned (or warrant officers), and the enlisted
personnel who are classified from their branches in their
uniforms and berets.[3] In Pakistan Army, the careers are not
restricted to military officials but are extended to civilian
personnel and contractors who can progress in administrative
branches of the army.[169]

Pakistan Army branches and functional areas

Combat Arms Insignia Administrative Services Insignia

Armoured Corps (AR) Services (ASC)

Air Defence Corps (AD) Military Police (MP)

Aviation Corps (AVN) Electrical and Mechanical Engineering (EME)

Artillery Corps (Art) Medical Corps (AMC)

Signals Corps (Sigs) Education Corps (EC)

Engineer Corps (EN) Remount Veterinary and Farms (RVF)

Infantry Regiments (Inf) Ordnance Corps (AOC)

Special Service (SSG) Military Intelligence Corps (MI)

Coast Guards (CG) Chaplain Corps (ChC)

— — Dental Corps (DC)

Commands

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The Command and control structure of the six tactical operational commands in the Pakistan
Army. Click to enlarge
The reorganization of the position standing army in 2008, the
Pakistan Army now operates six tactical commands, each
commanded by the GOC-in-C, with a holding three-star rank:
Lieutenant-General.[107] The each of the six tactical commands
directly reports to the office of Chief of Army Staff, operating
directly at the Army GHQ.[107] Each command consists of two or
more Corps– an army field formation responsible for zone within
a command theater.[3]

There are nine active Corps in the Pakistan Army, composing of

mixed infantry, mechanized, armored, artillery divisions, while the
Air Defense, Aviation, and the Aviation and Special Forces are
organized and maintained in separate level of their commands.[3]

Established and organized in March 2000, the Army Strategic

Forces Command is exercise its authority for responsible
training in safety, weapons deployments, and activation of the
atomic missile systems.[170][171][172][173][174]

The peacetime commands and the Corps allocated to each

command are given below.

Tactical Operational Commands

Headquarters Army GHQ, Rawalpindi Cantt., Punjab in Pakistan
Reporting Corps and
Regional
Command subordinate Corps Corps
Combat
Combat combat units Commanders Headquar
Commands
Headquarters and arms
Punjab Strike Rawalpindi I Corps Lt-Gen. N.Z. Mangla
Command Cantt. 6th Armoured Manj Multan
(Formerly Central Division – Lt-Gen. Naeem
Command) Gujranwala Ashraf

17th Infantry
Division –
Kharian
37th Infantry
Division –
Kharian
11th
Independent
Armored
Brigade
Independent Air
Defence
Brigade
Independent
Artillery Brigade
Independent
Infantry Brigade
Independent
Signal Brigade
II Corps
1st Armored
Division –
Multan
14th Infantry
Division –
Okara
40th Infantry
Division –
Kharian
Independent
Armored
Brigade
Independent
Engineer
Brigade
 Independent
Artillery Brigade
Independent
Infantry Brigade
Independent
Signal Brigade
Punjab Lahore Catt. IV Corps Lt-Gen. Majid Lahore
Holding 10th Infantry Ehsan Gujranwa
Command Division – Lt-Gen. Aamir Bahawalp
Lahore Abbasi

11th Infantry Lt-Gen. Javed

Bukhari
Division –
Lahore
3rd
Independent
Armoured
Brigade
212th Infantry
Brigade
Independent
Artillery Brigade
Independent
Engineer
Brigade
Independent
Signal Brigade
XXX Corps
8th Infantry
Division –
Sialkot
15th Infantry
Division –
Sialkot 2nd
Artillery
Division –
Gujranwala
2nd Artillery
Division –
Gujranwala
2nd
Independent
Armoured
Brigade
54th
Independent
Infantry Brigade
Independent
Artillery Brigade
Independent
Engineer
Brigade
Independent
Signal Brigade
Independent
Anti-tank
Brigade
XXXI Corps
26th
Mechanized
Division –
Bahawalpur[175]
35th Infantry
Division –
Sialkot
 13th
Independent
Armored
Brigade
101st
Independent
Infantry Brigade
Independent
Artillery Brigade
Independent
Engineer
Brigade
Independent
Signal Brigade
Sindh Karachi V Corps Lt-Gen. Karachi
Command Cantt. 16th Infantry Humayun Aziz

Division – Pano
Aqil
18th Infantry
Division –
Hyderabad
 25th
Mechanized
Division –
Malir[175]
31st
Mechanized
Brigade –
Hyderabad
2nd Armored
Brigade – Malir
Independent
Artillery Brigade
Independent
Engineer
Brigade
Independent
Signal Brigade
Kashmir Rawalpindi X Corps Lt-Gen. Bilal Rawalpind
Command Cantt. 12th Infantry Akbar Gilgit
(Formerly Division – Maj-Gen. Ehsan
Northern Murree Khan
Command)
19th Infantry
Division –
Mangla
23rd Infantry
Division –
Jhelum
8th Armored
Brigade –
Kharian
111th Infantry
Brigade –
Rawalpindi
54th
Independent
Infantry Brigade
Independent
Anti-Tank
Brigade
Independent
Artillery Brigade
Independent
Engineer
 Brigade
Independent
Signal Brigade
Force
Command
Northern Areas
61st Infantry
Brigade
62nd Infantry
Brigade –
Skardu
80th Infantry
Brigade – Astor
150th Infantry
Brigade – Gilgit
323rd Infantry
Brigade –
Karakoram-
Dansam
Independent
Engineer
Brigade
 Independent
Signal Brigade
Western Quetta Cantt. XII Corps Lt-Gen. A. S. Quetta
Command 33rd Infantry Bajwa Peshawar
Division – Lt-Gen.

Quetta Shaheen

41st Infantry Mehmud

Division –
Quetta
Independent
Armored
Brigade –
Khuzdar
Independent
Infantry Brigade
– Turbat
Independent
Infantry Brigade
– Gwadar
Independent
Engineer
Brigade
 Independent
Signal Brigade
XI Corps
7th Infantry
Division –
Peshawar
9th Infantry
Division– Kohat
Independent
Armored
Brigade –
Nowshera
Independent
Engineer
Brigade
Independent
Signal Brigade
Strategic Chaklala Army Air Lt-Gen. H. Z. Chaklala
Command Cantt. Defense Khan Rawalpind
Command Lt-Gen. Qazi

3rd Air Defense Ikram Ahmad

Division –
 Sargodha
4th Air Defense
Division – Malir
Army
Strategic
Forces
Command
Strategic Force
North (SFN) –
Sargodha
Strategic Force
South (SFS) –
Petaro
22nd Artillery
Division –
Sargodha
21st Artillery
Division – Pano
Aqil

Notes: Sources: GlobalSecurity.org[176] and the textbook: Pakistan

Army: Modernisation, Arms Procurement and Capacity Building.[88]
Combat maneuvering organizations

The map of Five Rivers. The strategic reserves of Pakistan including the desert and forest.[177]

In an events involving the large and massive foreign invasion by

the Indian Army charging towards the Pakistan-side Punjab
sector, the Pakistan Army maintains the Pakistan Army Reserves
as a strategic reserve component for conducting the offense
and defense measures against the advancing enemy.[177]

Infantry branch

The Honor Guards from the Guides Cavalry Regiment, in traditional Red Coat, welcoming the U.S.
President George W. Bush at the Presidency in Islamabad in 2006.
Since its establishment in 1947, the Pakistan Army has
traditionally followed the British regimental system and culture,
and currently there are six organized infantry regiments.[178]

In the infantry branch, there are originally six regiments are in

fact the administrative military organization that are not combat
field formation, and the size of the regiments are vary as their
rotation and deployments including assisting the federal
government in civic administration.[179]

In each of original six regiments, there are multiple battalions

that are associated together to form an infantry regiment and
such battalions do not fight together as one formation as they
are all deployed over various formations in shape of being part
of the brigade combat team (under a Brigadier), division, or a
being part of much larger corps.[180]

After the independence from the Great Britain in 1947, the

Pakistan Army begin to follow the U.S. Army's standing
formation of their Infantry Branch, having the infantry battalion
serving for a time period under a different command zone before
being deployed to another command zone, usually in another
sector or terrain when its tenure is over.[180]
Infantry Branch
 The
Infantry Commanding
Activation
Regiments Insignia Regimental Motto War
Date
by Center
seniority
Urdu
-‫ﯾﺎ‬-‫ﻧﺎرا‬
‫ﺪری ﯾﺎ‬
Mardan,
Punjab ‫ﻋﻠﯽ‬
1759 Khyber-
Regiment (Eng
Pakhtunkhwa
lit. A
the
Grea
‫ﯽ ﮐﯽ‬
‫ﻏﺎزی ﯾﺎ ﺷﮩﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﻮچ‬
Abbottabad,
Baloch (English lit. (Eng
1798 Khyber-
Regiment Honored or lit. O
Pakhtunkhwa
Martyr) the
Balo
Frontier Abbottabad, ‫ﻟ ّﺒﯿﮏ‬
Force 1843 Khyber- (English lit.
Regiment Pakhtunkhwa Lucky)
Azad 1947 Mansar,
Kashmir Punjab
Regiment
Sind Hyderabad,
1980
Regiment Sindh
Northern
‫ﺳﺒﻂ ﻗﺪم‬
Light Gilgit, Gilgit
1999 (English lit.
Infantry Baltistan
Consistent)
Regiment
Other type
Activation Regimental
of Insignia Motto War
Date Center
Regiments
Regiment Rawalpindi,
1826
of Artillery Punjab
Mujahid Bhimber,
Force 1963 Azad
Regiment Kashmir
Regiment
Rawalpindi,
of Air 1989
Punjab
Defense

Sources: Infantry Branch of Pakistan Army. For a

description of the modern army, see: global context.
Special operations forces

The logo of the Army SSG where the Special Forces and Army Rangers are trained together.

The Pakistan Army has a military division dedicated towards

conducting the unconventional and asymmetric warfare
operations, established with the guidance provided by the United
States Army in 1956.[181] This competitive special operation
force is known as the Special Services Group (Army SSG,
distinguishing the Navy SSG), and is assembled in eight
battalions, commanded by the Lieutenant-Colonel, with addition
of three companies commanded by the Major or a Captain,
depending on the availability.[182]

The special operation forces training school is located in Cherat

in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan where the training and
education on the philosophy of military arts and tactics takes
place by the army instructors.[182]
Each battalion in the Pakistan Army Special Forces is specifically
trained for a specific type of operation, and each battalion is a
specialist in their nature of conducting the operation.[182] Due to
their distinctive service headgear, the Army SSG is colloquially
known as the Maroon Berets.[182] In 2000, the Pakistan Army
established the Army Strategic Forces Command that is charged
with overseeing the operational readiness and various
deployment of the Army SSG, Special Forces, Special Support
Group, Army Rangers, and the Strategic Plans Division Force—
the CBRN defense component of the department of army.[182]

Besides the Army SSG and the Special Forces (SF), the Pakistan
Army has trained a specific Rangers team that is especially
trained in counter tactics, and is trained for carrying out the
difficult counter-terrorism operation involving the civilian
hostages in Karachi, and helping the state governments in Sindh
and Punjab maintaining the law and order situation intact.[183]

Implementing the counterterrorism tactics in 2004, the Army has

been training the specific Army Ranger company, known as the
Rangers Anti-terrorist Force (ATF), alongside with the Army SSG
company, often conduct training with the U.S. Army Ranger in
terror and infantry tactics.[183]
Military philosophy
Combat doctrine (1947–2007)

The U.S.-Pakistan military relations: The group photo of the United States Army and the Pakistan
Army after coordinating the joint operation in 2010.

In 1947, the Pakistan Army's war strategists developed a combat

doctrine which was called "The Riposte", which featured a
strategy of "offensive-defense".:310[184][185] In 1989, the first and
official implementation of this strategy was refined and featured
in the major military exercise, Exercise Zab-e-Momin, organized
under Lt-Gen. Hamid Gul[186]– this combat doctrine was fully
focused in engaging towards its primary adversary, Indian
Army.:310[184]

In 1989–99, the JS HQ, working with the Army GHQ to identify

several key factors considering the large conventional attacks
from the better equipped and numerically advantage adversary,
the Indian Army, derived the combat doctrine to assess the
vulnerability of Pakistan where its vast majority of population
centers as well as political and military targets lies closer to the
international border with India.[187]

The Pakistan Army's special forces soldiers in a drill conducting jointly with the Russian special
forces in 2016.

The national security strategists explored the controversial idea

of strategic depth in form of fomenting friendly foreign relations
with Afghanistan and Iran while India substantially enhancing its
offensive capabilities designed in its doctrine, the Cold Start
Doctrine.[187] Due to the numerical advantage of Indian Army
over its small adversary, the Pakistan Army, the Pakistani
national security analysts noted that any counterattack on
advancing Indian Army would be very tricky and miscalculated–
the ideal response of countering the attacks from the Indian
ground forces would be operationalizing the battle-ranged Hatf-
IA/Hatf-IB missiles.[187] The Pakistan Army Reserves, supported
by the Army National Guard, and India's Territorial Army would
eventually forward towards the defensive positions and
fortifications in less than 24 hours.[188] However, the Corps in
both nation's commands with large stockpiles of ordnance will
take between 24–72 hours for logistically mobilized its combat
assets after the orders are authorized; therefore, both nation's
armies will be evenly matched in the first 24 hours since the
Pakistani units have to travel a shorter distance to their forward
positions.[188]

The war doctrine of "offensive-defense" entailed Pakistan of not

waiting to be attacked but instead launching an offense of its
own, with an offense being a limited advance along with narrow
fronts aiming towards occupying enemy territory near the border
to a depth of 40–50 km.[188] Pakistani national security
calculated that since Indian forces will not reach their maximum
strength near the border for another 48–72 hours, Pakistan
might have parity or numerical superiority against the India.[188]
Earlier studies in "Offensive-defense" doctrine validated results
of finding and keeping the enemy forces off-balance as the
Indian Army engage in containing the Pakistan Army forces into
its territory rather than concentrating towards launching an
attack onto Pakistan's territory.[188] The strategic calculations by
Pakistan Army's war strategists hoped that the Pakistan Army's
soldiers would keep the Indian Army soldiers engage in fighting
on the Indian territory, therefore the collateral damage being
suffered by the Indian Army at most.[188] An important aspect in
"offensive-defense" doctrine was to seize sizable Indian territory
which gives Pakistan an issue to negotiate with India in the
aftermath of a ceasefire brought about by international pressure
after 3–4 weeks of fighting.[188]

Due to fortification of LoC in Kashmir and difficult terrains in

Northern Punjab, the Army created the Pakistan Army Reserves
in the 1990s that is concentrated in desert terrain of Sindh-
Rajasthan sector, The Army Reserve South of the Pakistan Army
Reserves is grouped in several powerful field-level corps and
designed to provide a defensive maneuvers in case of war with
the Indian Army.[188]

The limitation and constraint of the "offensive-defense" doctrine

was eventually exposed by the Indian Army's performance in the
Kargil war in 1999, as Indian Army decided to take an action with
full offense that forced Pakistan Army to go into full defense.
Without the synergy between the Air Force, Navy and Marines,
the doctrine became redundant, and the Pakistan Army had to
rely on international pressure on India to desist from an assault
as it exactly happened, according to the Indian author, RSN Singh
in 2011.[188]

Threat Matrix (2010–Present)

The Urban warfare near Afghanistan: The Pakistan Army infantry troops engages in door-to-door
clearance in N. Waziristan offense in 2016.

After the failure of the "Offensive-defense" in 1999, the national

security institutions engaged in critical thinking to evaluate new
doctrine that would provide a comprehensive grand strategy
against the infiltrating enemy forces, and development began
2010–11 for the new combat doctrine.[189] In 2013, the new
combat doctrine, the Threat Matrix, was unveiled by the ISPR,
that first time, in its history, the army's national security analysts
realized that Pakistan faces the real threat from within, a threat
that is concentrated in areas along western borders.[189] The
Threat Matrix doctrine analyze the military's comprehensive
operational priorities and goes beyond in comprehensively
describing both existential and non-existential threats to the
country.[189]

Based on that strategy in 2013, the Pakistani military organized a

massive four-tier joint-military exercise, code named: Exercise
Azm-e-Nau, in which the aim was to update the military's
"readiness strategy for dealing with the complex security threat
environment" was evaluate simultaneously by the Army, Navy, Air
Force, and Marines.[190] In successive years, the Pakistani
military combined all the Army-Navy-Air Force-Marines military
exercises into joint warfare exercise, in which, all four branches
participating in the military exercise regardless of the terrain,
platform, and the control of command of the military
exercise.[190]

The objective of the exercise was to assess military tactics,

procedures and techniques in the event of an emerging threat
environment, and explore joint operations strategies in response
to combating the threat with all four branches of the military: the
Army, Air Force, Marines, and Navy.[190]

Corporate and business activities

According to the international news agencies and investigation
reports by international financial regulatory institutions, the
department of army controls, manages, and runs the large
number of business enterprises and conglomerates, that is
estimated to be revenue at US$ 20 billion in 2007–08.[191] One of
the largest real estate conglomerate that is run by the army is
known as the Defense Housing Authority (DHA), as well as the
Army Welfare Trust (AWT), and out 46 housing schemes directly
built by the armed forces, none of the scheme is for ordinary
soldiers or civilian officers and personnel employed by the
army.[192]

The Fauji Foundation (lit. Military Foundation) has shares in the

Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) and involves in manufacturing
and selling the process meat, stud, and dairy farms meant for
the military's own use while there are enterprises perform
functions in local civilian economy such as bakeries, security
and the banking services.[191] The army factories managed by
the Fauji Foundation produces such goods such as sugar, Fauji
Fertilizer, brass castings, and sells its products to civilian
consumers albeit at prices higher than those charged from
military personnel.[155] The Pakistani military has a largest
shares in the PSX and has financial stakes in commercial
banking, airlines, steel businesses, cement, telecoms, petroleum
and energy, education, sports, health care and even chains of
grocery shops and bakeries.[193]

Involvement in Pakistani society

The Pakistan Army soldiers distributing the military rations to the affectees of the national
calamities. The Army often involves in the civil society to relief activities and national-building to
the local population of affected areas.

The RVF Corps moving animals and livestock to a safer locations after the flood warning issues by
the NDMA in 2017.

The Pakistan Army has played an integral part in the civil society
of Pakistan, almost since its inception.[194] In 1996, General
Jehangir Karamat described Pakistan armed forces' relations
with the society:
 In my opinion, if we have to repeat of past events
then we must understand that Military leaders can
pressure only up to a point. Beyond that their own
position starts getting undermined because the
military is after all is a mirror image of the civil
society from which it is drawn.

— General Jehangir Karamat on civil society–

military relations, [194]

In times of national calamities and natural disasters, including

the devastating earthquake in 2005 or the great floods in 2010,
the army engineering corps, medical, logistical personnel, and
other armed forces services have played a major role in area
rehabilitation and reconstruction of cities and towns while
distributing the relief goods and military rations to the affected
civilians.[195] Since 1948, the army has been involved in providing
power generation to affected areas, building dams, and
construction of towns and cities, and conducting rescue
operations for evacuations of general public and animals from
endangerment.[195]
To coordinate and manage the proper relief operations,
reconstructions, and rehabilitation, the federal government
appoints the active-duty officers, as an external billets
appointments, to lead federal agencies such as ERRA and the
NDMA.[196] Besides relief activities in the country, the Pakistan
Army has also engaged in other parts of the world such as
coordinating and leading the relief efforts in Indonesia,
Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka after these countries were affected
by the underwater earthquake that resulted in tsunami in
2004.[197]

Education and training

Schooling, teachings, and institutions

The Pakistan Army Music band's conductor saluting after the performance in the Russian
Federation.

The Pakistan Army offers wide range of extensive and lucrative

careers in the military to young high school graduates and the
college degree holders upon enlistment, and Pakistan Army
operates the large number of training schools in all over the
country.[198] The overall directions and management of the army
training schools are supervised and controlled by the policies
devised by the Education Corps, and philosophy on instructions
in army schools involves in modern education with combat
training.[199]

At the time of its establishment of the Pakistan Army in 1947,

the Command and Staff College in Quetta was inherited to
Pakistan, and is the oldest college established during the
colonial period in India in 1905.[200] The British officers in the
Pakistan Army had to established the wide range of schools to
provide education and to train the army personnel in order to
raise the dedicated and professional army.[201] The wide range of
military officers in the Pakistani military were sent to attend the
staff colleges in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia,
and Canada who were trained and excelled in courses in armory,
infantry, artillery, and ordnance in 1950–1961.:293[149]

The United States eventually took over the overall training

programs in the Pakistan Army under the International Military
Education and Training (IMET) but the U.S. coordination with
Pakistan varied along with the vicissitudes of the military
relations between two countries.:12[202] In the 1980s, the army
had sent ~200 army officers abroad annually, two-thirds actually
decided to attend schooling in the United States but the
cessation of the United States' aid to Pakistan led the
suspension of the IMET, leading Pakistani military officers to
choose the schooling in the United Kingdom.:294[149]

After the terrorist attacks in the United States in 2001, the IMET
cooperation was again activated with army officers begin
attending the schooling in the United States but the training
program was again suspended in 2018 by the Trump
administration, leveling accusations on supporting armed Jihadi
groups in Afghanistan.[203]

During the reconstruction and reorganization of the armed

forces in the 1970s, the army established more training schools
as below:
 School and
Army Schools Year of College
Website
and Colleges Establishment Principal
locations
School of Armour Nowshera in "School of Armour
and Mechanized 1947 Khyber- and Mechanized
Warfare Pakhtunkhwa Warfare" .
Kakul in Khyber-
School of Artillery 1948 "School of Artillery" .
Pakhtunkhwa
School of Army Air "School of Army Air
1941 Karachi in Sindh
Defense Defence" .
Military College of 1947 Risalpur in "Military College of

Engineering Khyber- Engineering" .

Pakhtunkhwa
Military College of Rawalpindi in "Military College of
1947
Signals Punjab Signals" .
School of Infantry Quetta in "School of Infantry
1947
and Tactics Balochistan and Tactics" .
Gujranwala in "Army Aviation
Aviation School 1964
Punjab School" .
Nowshera in
Service Corps "Army Service Corps
1947 Khyber
School School" .
Pakhtunkhwa
 Pakhtunkhwa
Army Medical Rawalpindi in "Army Medical
1977
College Punjab College" .
Ordnance College 1980 Karachi in Sindh "Ordnance College" .
College of Electrical "College of Electrical
Rawalpindi in
and Mechanical 1957 and Mechanical
Punjab
Engineering Engineeering" .
School and
Special Warfare
Year of College
and skills Website
Establishment Principal
schools
locations
Special Operations 1956 Cherat in "Special Operations

School Khyber- School" .

Pakhtunkhwa
Parachute Training Kakul in Khyber- "Parachute Training
1964
School Pakhtunkhwa School" .
D.I. Khan in
Corps of Military "Corps of Military
1949 Khyber-
Police School Police School" .
Pakhtunkhwa
Murree in "Army School of
School of Logistics 1974
Punjab Logistics" .
"Army School of
School of Mountain
Kakul in Khyber- Mountain Warfare
 Kakul in Khyber Mountain Warfare
Warfare and 1978
Pakhtunkhwa and Physical
Physical Training
Training" .
Rattu in Gilgit- "Army High Altitude
High Altitude School 1987
Baltistan School" .
Desert Warfare "Army Desert
1987 Chor in Sindh
School Warfare School" .
Abbottabad in
"Army School of
School of Music 1970 Khyber
Music" .
Pakhtunkhwa
Dog Breeding 1952 Rawalpindi in "Army Dog Breeding
Training Center and Punjab Training Centre and

School School" .
Sargodha in "Army Veterinary
Veterinary School 1947
Punjab School" (PDF).
Higher education Year of
locations Website
institutions Establishment
Command and Staff Quetta in "Command and Staff
1905
College Balochistan College" .
National Defense "National Defense
1971 Islamabad
University University" .
National University "National University
Multiple
of Sciences and 1991 of Sciences and
of Sciences and 1991 of Sciences and
campuses
Technology Technology" .

Sources: Army Schools and Skills Schools of Pakistan Army

The Pakistan Marines (middle) with the Pakistan Army soldier (left) being trained at the School of
Infantry and Tactics in Quetta, Balochistan in Pakistan.

The Pakistan Army's training schools are not restricted to the

department of army only but inter-services officers and
personnel have been trained and educated as part of the
interdepartmental cooperation.[198] The Pakistan Army takes
responsibility of providing the military training and education to
Pakistan Marines at their School of Infantry and Tactics, and
military officers in other branches have attended and qualified
psc from the Command and Staff College in Quetta.[198] Officers
holding the ranks of captains, majors, lieutenants and lieutenant-
commanders in marines are usually invited to attend the courses
at the Command and Staff College in Quetta to be qualified as
psc.:9[50]
Established in 1971, the National Defense University (NDU) in
Islamabad is the senior and higher education learning institution
that provides the advance critical thinking level and research-
based strategy level education to the senior military officers in
the Pakistani military.[204] The NDU in Islamabad is a significant
institution of higher learning in understanding the institutional
norms of military tutelage in Pakistan because it constitutes the
"highest learning platform where the military leadership comes
together for common instruction", according to thesis written by
Pakistani author Aqil Shah.:8[50] Without securing their
graduation from their master's program, no officer in the
Pakistani military can be promoted as general in the army or air
force, or admiral in the navy or marines as it is a prerequisite for
their promotion to become a senior member at the Joint Chiefs
of Staff Committee.:8–9[50]

Besides, the platform provided at the NDU in Islamabad

represents a radical shift from the emphasis on operational and
staff functions and the level of ranks are imposed as
qualification to attend the master's program at the NDU, usually
brigadiers, air commodores, and commodores, are invited to
given admission in broad range of strategic, political, social, and
economic factors as these factors affects the country's national
security.:8–9[50] In this sense, the NDU becomes the critical
thinking institution as its constitutes active-duty senior military
officers corps' baptism into a shared ideological framework
about the military's appropriate role, status, and behavior in
relation to state and society, and shared values affect how these
officers perceive and respond to civilian governmental decisions,
policies, and political crises.:9–10[205] Admissions to the army's
military engineering colleges and NDU is not restricted to
military officials but the civilians can also attend and graduate
from the NDU, allowing the civilians to explore the broader
aspects of national security.:8–9[50]

The M60 AVLB, the engineering vehicle currently inventory in Pakistan Army.

Established in 1991, the National University of Sciences and

Technology (NUST) has now absorbed and amalgamated the
existing military engineering colleges of engineering, signals,
aeronautical, and medicines, and is a counterpart institution in
science and technology to that of the National Defense
University (NDU) in Islamabad.[206]

The foreign military officials and students, including from the

United States, have attended the Command and Staff College in
Quetta and the National Defense University (NDU) in Islamabad
but the American instructors and observers have penned critical
analysis by reporting the curriculum offered by the Command
and Staff College in Quetta to be narrow focus and failure to
encourage speculative thinking or to give adequate attention to
less glamorous subjects, such as logistics.:293[149]:518[207][208]

Civil engineering and construction

Since the 1970s, the Pakistan Army's engineering formations

have been involved in civil engineering of the important
landmarks in the country, hydroelectricity, power generation,
dams, and national freeways.[150]

The Pakistan Army builds major civil engineering landmarks in

the country, including the Karakoram Highway, Skardu Airport,
and the national security sites in Kahuta.[150] The Frontier Works
Organization of the army, has built several infrastructure with the
Corps of Engineers in all over the country, and has built the
communications lines in Northern Pakistan through its Special
Communications Organization (SCO).[150]

The Corps of Engineers are the major civil engineering

contractor and engineering consultant employed by the federal
government, advising on construction management and on to
improving the efficiency of construction measures in times of
natural calamities.[209]

The Pakistan Army's landmark civil engineering projects

included the Lyari Expressway in Karachi, Makran Coastal
Highway in Balochistan, and the Khanpur Dam in Khyber-
Pakhtunkhwa.[209] Besides their infrastructure projects in
Pakistan, the Pakistan Army has built several infrastructures
projects in other part of the world as part their deployment in
United Nation's peacekeeping missions.[209]

Awards and honors

Service awards
Nishan-e-Haider

The Nishan-e-Haider (lit. Order of Lion). Nine out of Ten Army personnel have been posthumously
honored.

In military awards hierarchy, the Nishan-i-Haidar (lit. Order of

Lion; Urdu: ‫ )ﻧﺸﺎن ﺣﯿﺪر‬is the highest and most prestigious honor
awarded posthumously for bravery and actions of valor in event
of war.:220[210] The honor is a namesake of Ali and the recipients
receiving this honorary title as a sign of respect: Shaheed
meaning martyr.:4[211]

Since 1947–2019, there has been ten Pakistani military officers

and personnel who have honored with this prestigious medal—
out of which, nine have been officers and soldiers in the Pakistan
Army, bestowed to those who engaged in wars with India.[212]
 War and
Commissioned Arms of Year of
OrderRecipients Gallantry
Rank Commission Conflict
Ribbon
Indo-
Muhammad Punjab Pakistani
1 Captain
Sarwar Regiment war of
1947
Tufail Punjab
2 Major —
Mohammad Regiment
Indo-
Punjab Pakistani
3 Aziz Bhatti Major
Regiment war of
1965
Indo-
Shabbir Frontier Force Pakistani
4 Major
Sharif Regiment war of
1971

5 Muhammad Sepoy (Pvt.) Armoured Indo-

Hussain Corps Pakistani
war of
1971
Indo-
Muhammad Frontier Force Pakistani
 Muhammad Frontier Force Pakistani
6 Major
Akram Regiment war of
1971
Indo-
Muhammad Punjab Pakistani
7 Lance Naik
Mahfuz Regiment war of
1971
Indo-
Sindh Pakistani
8 Karnal Sher Captain
Regiment war of
1999
Indo-
Northern Light
Pakistani
9 Lalak Jan Havildar (Sgt.) Infantry
war of
Regiment
1999

Recipient of the foreign awards

The Pakistan Army has been conferred with the foreign awards
for its services provided to the foreign nations, including the
honoring of two army pilots from the Aviation Corps who
conducted a difficult operation in extracting the Slovenian
mountaineer, Tomaz Humar, who got stranded on the western
end of the 8,125 metres (26,657 ft) high Nanga Parbat and the
Slovenian President presented Lt-Col. Rashiduhlla Beg and Lt-
Col. Khalid Amir with the Golden Order for Services in the
country's capital, Ljubljana, for risking their lives during the
rescue mission, a Pakistan Army statement said.[213]

In addition, there are numbers of the army general officers have

been honored multiple times with the United States's Legion of
Merit for cooperation and strengthening bilateral ties with the
United States 1980s–2015.:261[214] In 2010, the Pakistan Army
was awarded with a gold medal at the Exercise Cambrian Patrol
held in Wales in the United Kingdom.[215][216][217]

Equipment

The ordnance and The al-Khalid MBT The Anza

explosives designed and built MANPAD designed
produced by the by the HIT in and built by the
Metal Lab at Wah Taxila. KRL.
Cantt.

Weapon system of Pakistan Army

The equipment and weapon system of Pakistan Army is
developed and manufactured by the local weapons industry and
modern arms have been imported from the United States, China,
United Kingdom, France, and the other countries in the European
Union.[6]

The Heavy Industries Taxila (HIT), Defense Science and

Technology Organization (DESTO), Pakistan Ordnance Factories
(POF), and the National Development Complex (NDC), Pakistan
Aeronautical Complex (PAC), Kahuta Research Laboratories
(KRL) are the one of the major defense contractor for the
Department of the Pakistan Army.[218]

The Heavy Industries Taxila designs and manufactured main

battle tanks (MBT) in cooperation with the China and the
Ukraine, while the fire arms and standard rifles for the army are
licensed manufactured by the Pakistan Ordnance Factories
(POF).[218] The Chinese cooperation and further assistance with
the Pakistan Army is vital in designing, vehicular construction,
and material manufacturing of the main battle tanks.:xxxv[219] The
standard rifle for the army is the German designed and POF
manufactured Koch G3P4.[218]
The defense funding for the army was preferential, which was
described as the "lion’s share", however, in light of CPEC's
security demanding to secure the seaborne borders, the army
financial planners significantly lowered its share in a view of
strengthening the under-funded department of the navy.[220]

Uniforms

From 1947–71, the army service uniform of the Pakistan Army

closely resembled to the army uniform of the British Army, but
the uniform changed in preference of Sherwani.:172[148] The army
service uniform in the Pakistan Army consists of the Sherwani
with two front pockets, cap of a synthetic material, trousers with
two pockets, with Golden Khaki colors.:222[221]

In the 1970s, the Ministry of Defense introduced the first

camouflage pattern in the army combat uniform, resembling the
British-styled DPM but this was changed in 1990 in favor of
adopting the U.S. Woodland which continued until 2010.[222] In
winter front such as in the Siachen and near the Wakhan
Corridor, the Pakistan Army personnel wears the heavy winter all
white military gear.[223]
As of 2011, the camouflage pattern of the brown and black BDU
was issued and is worn by the officers and the army troops in
their times of deployments.[224] The Pakistan Army has
introduced arid camouflage pattern in uniform and resized
qualification badges which are now service ribbons and no
longer worn along with the ranks are now embroidered and are
on chest.[224] The name is badged on the right pocket and the
left pocket displays achievement badges by Pakistan Army.[225]

Flag of Pakistan is placed over the black embroidered formation

sign on the left arm and class course insignias are put up for the
Goldish uniform,[224] decorations and awards[226] and the
ranks.[225]

Military Uniforms in the Pakistan Army

The COAS, Gen. Q.J. Bajwa: the standard Sherwani-based ceremonial uniform
of the Pakistan Army.
The standard army service uniform of the Pakistan Army, wore by the officer
and an enlisted personnel.

The COAS, Gen. R. Sharif: The standard battle dress uniform of the Pakistan
Army.
 The army service uniform of the Pakistan Army closely resembled to the army
uniform of the British Army as seen and active from 1947–71.

Sports
The Pakistan Army offers the robust and noteworthy sports
program to its elite athletes in many sports disciplines, including
in boxing, hockey, cricket, swimming, table tennis, karateka,
basketball, soccer, and other sports played in the world.[227]

An example of the program's success is its basketball program

which regularly provides the Pakistan national basketball team
with key players.[228]

See also
Pakistan Army Retribution (Video game)
Army National Guard
Comparative military ranks
 Military history of Pakistan
Military history of Pakistani Americans
Military–industrial complex
Structure of the Pakistan Army
Timeline of United States military operations
Islamic Military Alliance
Pakistan Military Academy
List of serving army generals in the Pakistan Army
Employment in Pakistan
Expeditionary warfare
Sport in Pakistan
Physical fitness in Pakistan (Wrestling)

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Further reading
Cloughley, Brian. A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and
Insurrections (4th ed. 2014).
 International Institute for Strategic Studies (3 February 2010).
Hackett, James (ed.). The Military Balance 2010. London:
Routledge. ISBN 1-85743-557-5.
Ayub, Muhammad (2005). An army, Its Role and Rule: A History
of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil, 1947–1999.
RoseDog Books. ISBN 9780805995947.
Major Nasir Uddin (2005). Juddhey Juddhey Swadhinata.
Agami Prokashoni. ISBN 984-401-455-7. (A Bengali-language
book about the history of Pakistan Army)

External links
Official website

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