Lesson 6: Physical Self
complicated, thus, it is not at all different from
Physical Self - refers to the body which we
interface with our environment and fellow
being.
William James - considered body as initial
source of sensation and necessary for the origin
and maintenance of personality.
Sigmund Freud - construction of self and
personality makes the physical body the core of
human experience.
Wilhelm Reich - mind and body are one; all
psychological processes, he postulated, are a
part of physical processes, and vice versa.
Erik Erikson - the role of bodily organs is
especially important in early developmental
stages of a persons life.
Carl Jung - physical body and the external world
can be known only as psychological
experiences.
B.F Skinner - the role of the body is of primary
importance.
Self – Esteem - People from different culture
have opted to change their features in attempt
to meet the cultural standards of beauty, as
well as their religious and/or social obligations.
Inflated Self-Esteem - this people holds high
regards of themselves. Better than the other to
the point of under estimating them.
High Self-Esteem - this is a positive self-esteem,
which make the person be satisfied of
themselves
Low Self-Esteem - this person do not value
themselves and do not trust their possibilities.
Lesson 7: Sexual Self
Human Sexual behavior is complex and
other species.
Human reproductive system is an organ system
by which reproduces and bear live offspring. It
requires the union between the male and
female reproductive system to which carries
out to produce another life form.
Male Reproductive System
a. Testis – is the most important part of
male reproductive organ. It is the
source of Spermatozoa (male germ cell)
b. Scrotum – it is a sac of skin where the
two testes are enveloped; directly
below and outside of the abdomen.
c. Prostate glands – it is a gland that
carries out both urine and seminal fluid.
It is connected by sperm ducts from
sperm ducts joining into single tube
called urethra. Urethra then leads to
the outside of the body through penis.
d. Penis – it is where the ejaculation
occurs by sending sperm cell from testis
and secrete out.
e. Sperm – It is a male gametes, one that
is necessary for the egg to develop and
become a baby.
Female Reproductive System
1. Ovary – It is a pair of small, oval organs
which produces ova (ovum; female
germ cells). Thousands of ova will
mature and will be taken up to the
fallopian tube through the uterus by the
time of puberty.
 2. Fallopian Tube – are pair of thin tubes
that leads from ovaries to the uterus.
3. Uterus – (womb) it is a hollow pear-
shaped elastic muscular structure
where fertilized ovum (zygote) develops
into a baby.
4. Vagina – It is a tube leading to outside
of the body through an opening called
the vulva.
Phases of Sexual Response
The arousal phase is a subjective sense of
sexual pleasure. The physiological sign in males
is penile tumescence (erection) and
vasocongestion to female leads to vaginal
lubrication and nipple erection.
The plateau phase is a brief period of time
before the orgasm. It is the body’s preparation
for orgasm.
The orgasm phase is an intense, highly
pleasurable experience. When this phase is
reached, rhythmic muscular contractions occur
in the genitals. In male, the contractions expel
semen, a fluid containing sperm, a process
called ejaculation. For women and men,
breathing and heart rates reach maximum.
The resolution stage where the decrease of
arousal (particularly in male) happens. Genitals
resume their unaroused state and shape; blood
pressure, breathing and heart rate return to
normal.
Diversity of Sexual Behavior - It may be
influenced by not only the basic physiological
aspect of sexuality but also by different
expectations, attitudes, beliefs and state of
medical and biological knowledge.
Heterosexuality - Is a sexual attraction and
behavior directed to other sex.
Homosexuality and Bisexuality - Homosexuals
is a romantic and/or sexual attraction between
members of same sex. Bisexuals are person
who can be romantically or sexually attracted to
same sex and the other sex.
Transsexuality - These are people who believed
they were born with the body of the other
gender. Men transsexuals believe that they are
men in a women’s body and women
transsexuals believe that they are women in a
men’s body
Transgenderism - These are people who view
themselves as a third gender, they are
transvestites (who wears clothes of the other
gender) or those who believed that traditional
male-female classifications inadequately
characterized them.
Natural Contraception
- are type of birth control that depend with
observations on woman’s body through
monitoring and recording different fertility
signals during her menstrual cycle.
-These may be in a form of abstinence, calendar
method, basal body temperature method,
cervical mucus method, symtothermal method,
ovulation detection, lactation amenorrhea
method and coitus interruptus.
Artificial Contraception
-is diverse method of contraception using to
prevent conception of a woman.
-These are oral contraception, transdermal
patch, vaginal ring, subdermal implants,
hormonal injection, Intrauterine device (IUD),
chemical barriers, diaphragm, cervical cap, male
and female condoms, surgical methods
(vasectomy and tubal ligation).
Lesson 8: Material and Economical Self
William James, Also known as the father of
American Psychology identified various
components of the Empirical self, one of which
is what he called a Material Self
“Material self” is not only consisting of his own
body but also includes the different things he
possess from ones family, friends, as well as
things such as, ones clothes, house, cars,
gadgets, end even the amount of money he has
in the bank.
we represent ourselves through clothes, the
gadgets we wear, the friends we have and the
things that we do. All of these contribute to
whether we are accepted or not in the world
we live in. With this in mind, the choices that
we make in order to achieve the recognition of
others depends not only on our own capabilities
but more so on the value we and the other
people give to what we have or can acquire.
Lesson 9: Spiritual Self
William James’ take on spiritual self which is
included to the other empirical selves is defined
as the inner most workings of the persons mind,
the behavior, beliefs and even morals that
involves every aspect of the human as a person.
Functions of Religion
Cognitive Function - Enabling humans to
explain the unexplainable phenomena.
Emotional Function - Helping individuals to
cope up with anxieties that often accompany
illness, accidents, death and other misfortunes
Social Function - Social control, conflict
resolution and building group solidarity
The concept of “DUNGAN”
Spirit or Soul - The “soul“ or spirit of a
person has two dimesions; (1) human
body and (2)spiritual. Soul referred to
as kaluluwa by the Tagalogs or dungan
by the Ilonggos comes from the root
word duwa,two.
• The dungan is not seen by the human
eye, it takes on a different form.
• The Bisayans believe that the dungan
leaves the body while person is asleep.
Travelling dungan outside the body
must be free from accidents such as
getting trapped in a jar. Only when the
soul has safely reunited with the body,
the person will be awake. Dungan is
also connoted as “willpower”. If a
person has a strong willpower, is it said
to have a strong dungan
Rituals or Ceremonies - Rituals in the
Philippines are quite common. Visayan
fishing villages practice the offering
ritual called harang. A local shaman
invokes sea-spirits. There are several
stages of the ritual purification,
invocation, entreaty and feast which
cover community life such as harvest,
operation of fishing boats and cases of
illnesses (Kawada, 1996).
General Features of HARANG Ritual
-Purification of the Place (tuob)
-Invocation of Spirits (pagtawag)
-Explanation of Motivation, Request & Entreaty
(pangamuyo)
-Offering Communion (bayad)
-Feast (kan-on)
Finding and Creating Meaning of Life
Viktor Frankl, the originator of Logotherapy,
indicates how his involvement in quest for the
significance of life in a Nazi death camp
changed his viewpoint of the world.
Frankl trusted that the motivation behind life
isolates the person from creatures as well as
enables us to survive troublesome
circumstances. For Frankl, man cannot avoid
suffering but can find meaning from it.
• His theory holds three primary human
capabilities called as noological
possibilities: self-detachment, self-
transcendence, and the ability to
“spiritually be in touch” with something
or someone independent of spatio-
temporal dimensions. To complement
these capabilities he indentified three
postulates.
Political Self
Developing a Filipino Identity: Values,
Traits, Community, and Institutional
Factors
Collective action, shared vision, means
of sustainable future and the link to
generation has been crucial in the
construction of identity and sense of
belonging in the democratic standpoint.
Three Major Concerns in Building an
Identity
1. Instrumental - An individual act in
accordance with rules and identities consistent
with supportive of democratic processes.
2. Morals - Values and beliefs embody and
reinforce democratic principles.
3. Transformative - Includes process of self-
reflection and redefinition of individuals,
institutions and communities.
Aspects in Developing Filipino Identity
Individual Attitudes and Traits
• Dualism of Filipino Traits (negative and
positive)
• Colonial/Accomodative Surface Value
(hiya, utang na loob, pakikisama)
• Confrontatie Surface Value(bahala na,
sama/lakas ng loob, pakikibaka)
• Pivotal Interpersonal Value
(pakiramdam)
• Linking/socio-personal Value
(kagandahang-loob)
• Associated Societal Value (karangalan,
katarungan,kalayaan)
Institutional Factors
• Family
• Church
• School
• Media
 • Government
• Non-government
• People's organization
Macro-Factors at the Societal Level
5. Continue to harness institutional as well
• Immediate community with which one
readily identifies one's self
• Less intimate grouping of which one is a
member
4. Further promote the use of Filipino and
Philippine languages in all transactions
so as to enable the articulation of
citizenship and democratic views and
values.
as informal mechanisms that open up
space for the exercise of citizenship and
democracy.

Establishing a Democratic Culture

Sense of community and public good

and empowerment of people are
central questions to consider in the
development of democracy agenda.

• Based on the following frameworks, the

democratic agenda was crafted

1. Improve the political and social

environment and reduce poverty
through structural reforms in order to
foster a sense of community and enable
citizens to exercise their rights and fulfil
their obligations.

2. Continually re-examine societal

institutions responsible for value
formation so that they can inculcate,
rather than indoctrinate, democratic
citizenship values.

3. Incorporate cross-cultural activities in

public and private sector programs,
including those of schools, churches,
NGOs and POs, so as to recognize ethno
linguistic and cultural diversity in the
country and encourage the sharing of
experiences.