TUTORIAL 1: Introduction to a Distribution System

Q. 1. Shown below are the kWhr demands of four consumers for a day. A 20-kVA single-phase
transformer serves the four customers. Determine:
(a) The load factor of each consumer, (0.65, 0.57, 0.58, and 0.63)
(b) The max diversified demand and diversity factor, (26.7 kW, 1.14)
(c) Utilization factor (assume unity power factor), (1.34)

Time Con. 1 Con. 2 Con. 3 Con. 4

0-2 2.12 3.16 7.04 1.62
2-4 9.48 7.08 7.68 2.46
4-6 7.16 5.08 6.08 0.84
6-8 6.04 3.12 4.32 1.12
8-10 9.88 6.56 5.12 2.24
10-12 4.68 6.88 6.56 1.12
12-14 5.12 3.84 8.48 2.24
14-16 10.44 4.44 4.12 1.12
16-18 3.72 8.52 3.68 0.96
18-20 8.72 4.52 0.32 2.56
20-22 10.84 2.92 3.04 1.28
22-24 6.96 2.08 2.72 1.92

Q. 2. The number of consumers and their diversity factors, obtained from the loads surveys, are given in
the following table.

No. of Consumers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Diversity Factors 1.00 1.60 1.80 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.55 2.60 2.65

No. of Consumers 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Diversity Factors 2.67 2.70 2.74 2.78 2.80 2.82 2.84 2.86 2.88 2.90

The maximum demands of the consumers connected to the two distribution transformers, shown in
the following figure, are given in the following tables. The max. Diversified demand measured at
the substation at N1 is 72.7 kW.

Transformer 1
Consumer No. #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6
 kW Max. Demand 10.1 12.9 13.8 14.2 16.3 14.3

Transformer 2
Consumer No. #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13
kW Max. Demand 17.0 15.1 16.7 18.3 17.3 16.1 17.0

T1 30 kVA 2400/240 V Zpu = 0.018  40

T2 50 kVA 2400/240 V Zpu = 0.02  50

a) Allocate the demands to each transformer based upon the transformer kVA ratings and allocation
factor. (27.26 kW, 45.44 kW)
b) Allocate the demand on each transformer taking diversity factor into account. (35.47 kW, 48.96
kW)

Q. 3. Two single-phase transformers serving 12 customers are shown in the following figure.

T1 25 kVA 2400/240 V Zpu = 0.018  40

T2 37.5 kVA 2400/240 V Zpu = 0.02  50

The 15-minute kW demands for the 12 customers between the hours of 5:00 p.m. and 9:00 p.m. are
given in the following tables. The average power factor of the loads is 0.95 lagging. The impedance
of the line is z = 0.2 + j0.5 Ω/km. At node N1, the voltage is 2400 V and the metered 15-minute kW
demand is 72.43 kW.
a) Allocate the metered demand to each transformer based upon the transformer kVA ratings and
allocation factor, and compute the secondary voltage for each transformer. (28.97 kW, 43.46kW,
V, )
b) Allocate the demand on each transformer taking diversity factor into account, and compute the
secondary voltage for each transformer. (22.71 kW, 41.56 kW, V,
)