Kingdom Monera- Lecture notes

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Kingdom Monera consists of unicellular prokaryotes

 Main members are bacteria
 Bacteria are present everywhere.
 They were first discovered by Antoni van Leeuwenhoek in 1675.
 The science of bacteria- Bacteriology (established by Louis Pasteur)

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 1. Archaebacteria
 They live in extreme and harsh conditions (eg. Volcanic hot spring) so they are called
extremophiles (extreme condition loving).
 Cell wall with polysaccharides and surface layer proteins (S layer proteins) makes
their life possible in these extreme conditions.
 Based on where they are found, archaebacteria can be divided into 3 groups:
1. Halophiles (salt loving)-found in extreme salty areas
2. Methanogens (methane producers)- found in marshy (wetland) areas
Found in the gut of cows and buffaloes
Used in production of biogas (methane)
3. Thermoacidophiles (heat as well as acid loving)-found in hot sulphur
springs
 Carl Woese found that based on the ribosomal RNA analysis, archaebacteria were a
different sort of life form when compared to other life forms, and thus he made
Archaebacteria a separate kingdom in 1977.

2. Eubacteria
 They have a rigid cell wall and if motile, a flagellum will also be present.
Eubacteria
(mode of nutrition)

Autotrophic
Photosynthetic
Cyanobacteria (blue green
algae) are the main members.
 Colonial/ filamentous
 Toxic/ non toxic
Eg. for toxic effect is
cyanobacterial harmful
algal blooms
(cyanoHABs) that occur
during eutrophication in
water bodies.
Eg. for non toxic
cyanobacteria are
Anabaena and Nostoc.
They help in Nitrogen
fixation. They have
specialized cells called
heterocysts for Nitrogen
fixation.
Chemosynthetic
They oxidize various
inorganic substances like
nitrates, nitrites, ammonia etc
to derive energy.
For eg. the bacteria
Venenivibrio stagnispumantis
gain energy by oxidizing
hydrogen gas.
They play a great role in
recycling nutrients like
nitrogen, phosphorus, iron
and sulphur.
2
Heterotrophic
Most abundant group of bacteria.
They are important decomposers.
Uses
1. Making curd from milk-
Lactobacillus
2. Production of antibiotics
Streptomycin and tetracycline
from -soil bacteria
3. Nitrogen fixation in roots of
legume plants by Rhizobium
Harmful effects
They cause diseases:
Vibrio cholera cause Cholera
Salmonella typhi cause Typhoid
Clostridium tetani cause Tetanus
Xanthomonas axonopodis cause
Citrus canker (in citrus plants)
Mycoplasmas

 Mycoplasma is a genus of bacteria

 No cell wall present- because of this they can change shape (pleomorphic) and so
they are called jokers of microbiological park.
 Smallest living cells known.
 They can survive without oxygen.
 They cause diseases in both animals and plants.

Question for you: One day if all bacteria vanish away from earth, will it be a better
world?

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 Kingdom Monera- NEET previous ten years’ questions

1. Which of the following are found in extreme saline conditions? (NEET 2017)
(a) Eubacteria (b) Cyanobacteria (c) Mycobacteria (d) Archaebacteria
2. Which among the following are the smallest living cells known, without a definite cell
wall, pathogenic to plants as well as animals and can survive without oxygen?
(a) Pseudomonas (b) Mycoplasma (c) Nostoc (d) Bacillus (NEET 2017)
3. Select the mismatch: (NEET 2017)
(a) Rhodospirillum -Mycorrhiza
(b) Anabaena -Nitrogen fixer
(c) Rhizobium -Alfalfa
(d) Frankia -Alnus
4. The primitive prokaryotes responsible for the production of biogas from the dung of
ruminant animals, include the: (NEET 2016)
(a) Eubacteria (b) Halophiles (c) Thermoacidophiles (d) Methanogens
5. The guts of cow and buffalo possess? (AIPMT/NEET 2015)
(a) Fucus spp. (b) Chlorella spp. (c) Methanogens (d) Cyanobacteria
6. Pick up the wrong statement: (AIPMT/NEET (Re) 2015)
(a)Protista have photosynthetic and heterotrophic modes of nutrition
(b)Some fungi are edible
(c)Nuclear membrane is present in Monera
(d)Cell wall is absent in Animalia
7. Cell wall is absent in: (AIPMT/NEET (Re) 2015)
(a) Funaria (b) Mycoplasma (c) Nostoc (d) Aspergillus
8. Eutrophication of water bodies leading to killing of fishes is mainly due to non-
availability of: (AIPMT/NEET (Re) 2015)
(a) Light (b) Essential minerals (c) Oxygen (d) Food
9. What gases are produced in anaerobic sludge digesters? (AIPMT/NEET 2014)
(a) Hydrogen sulphide and CO2 (b) Methane and CO2 only (c) Methane, hydrogen
sulphide and CO2 (d) Methane, hydrogen sulphide and O2
10. The motile bacteria are able to move by (AIPMT/NEET 2014)
(a) Pili (b) Fimbriae (c) Flagella (d) Cilia
11. Besides paddy fields, cyanobacteria are also found inside vegetative part of:
(a) Cycas (b) Equisetum (c) Psilotum (d) Pinus (NEET 2013)
12. During sewage treatment, biogases are produced which include: (NEET 2013)
(a) Methane, oxygen, hydrogen sulphide (b) Hydrogen sulphide, methane, sulphur
dioxide (c) Hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen, methane (d) Methane, hydrogen
sulphide, carbon dioxide.
13. Which of the following are likely to be present in deep sea water? (NEET 2013)
(a) Eubacteria (b) Blue-green algae (c) Saprophytic fungi (d) Archaebacteria
14. The cyanobacteia are also referred to as: (AIPMT/NEET 2012)
(a) Golden algae (b) Slime moulds (c) Blue green algae (d) Protists
15. A nitrogen fixing microbe associated with Azolla in rice fields is:
(a) Anabaena (b) Frankia (c) Tolypothrix (d) Spirulina (AIPMT/NEET 2012)

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 16. Maximum nutritional diversity is found in the group: (AIPMT/NEET 2012)
(a) Animalia (b) Monera (c) Plantae (d) Fungi
17. The most abundant prokaryotes helpful to humans in making curd from milk and in
production of antibiotics are the ones categorized as: (AIPMT/NEET 2012)
(a) Archaebacteria (b) Chemosynthetic autotrophs (c) Heterotrophic bacteria
(d) Cyanobacteria
18. Which one of the following is mainly produced by the activity of anaerobic bacteria
on sewage? (AIPMT/NEET 2011)
(a) Marsh gas (b) Laughing gas (c) Propane (d) Mustard gas
19. Which one of the following organisms is not an example of eukaryotic cells
(AIPMT/NEET 2011)
(a) Amoeba proteus (b) Paramecium caudatum (c) Escherichia coli (d) Euglena
viridis
20. An organism used as biofertilizer for raising soyabean crops is (AIPMT/NEET 2011)
(a) Nostoc (b) Azotobacter (c) Azospirillum (d) Rhizobium
21. The common nitrogen-fixer in paddy fields is (2010)
(a) Rhizobium (b) Azospirillum (c) Oscillatoria (d) Frankia
22. Some hyperthermophilic organisms that grow in highly acidic (pH 2) habitats belong
to the two groups called: (2010)
(a) Eubacteria and archae (b) Cyanobacteria and diatoms (c) Protists and mosses
(d) Liverworts and yeasts
23. Which of the following is a symbiotic nitrogen fixer? (2009)
(a) Frankia (b) Azolla (c) Glomus (d) Azotobacter
24. Nitrogen fixation in root nodules of Alnus is brought about by (2008)
(a) Bradyrhizobium (b) Clostridium (c) Frankia (d) Azorhizobium

Answers

1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (d)

13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (d) 21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (c)