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 Facebook
You are researchers,  your aim
is to know how do this actors
and actresses manage to have a
good body and healthy lifestyle.
 Twitter
You are a reporter, your
tasked is to interview the
actor/actress about his/her
latest issue.
 Youtube
You are a talk show host,
your task is to know how the
certain personality became
successful in life
 Snapchat
Your group has magazine television
show, your task is to conduct survey
on a certain issue (i.e. how many
people agree or disagree on … and
ask them why).
 Answer the
f#lowing ques&ons.
What are your
strengths and
weaknesses?
Why should we hire
you?
How long have you been using
twitter account?
0 - 1 year 6 years up
2 - 3 years
4 - 5 years
How satisfied are you using the following apps
Very satisfied Satisfied Neutral Unsatisfied
Facebook
Twitter
Youtube
Instagram
Snapchat
What could we do to make your restaurant
dining experience better?
Preparing and Implementing

Research Instruments
 Research Ins(ument

a tool used to gather data on

a specific topic of interest.
Characteris&c of a
Good Research
Ins(ument
It must be based upon the
Conceptual Framework
It must gather data suitable
for and relevant to the
research topic
It must gather data would test
the hypotheses or answer the
questions under investigation.
Free from all kinds of bias
 Research Ins(ument

When preparing an
instrument, you must ensure
that it is valid and reliable.
 VALID
A test is valid if it measures
what it is supposed to
measure.
 VALID
If the results of the personality
test claimed that a very shy
person was in fact outgoing, the
test would be invalid.
 RELIABILITY
Reliability is another
term for consistency.
 RELIABILITY
If one person takes the same
personality test several times
and always receives the same
results, the test is reliable.
 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY

Reliability and validity are

independent of each other. A
measurement maybe valid but not
reliable, or reliable but not valid.
Types of Ins(uments
 SURVEY
A survey contains planned
questions which are used to
measure attitudes, perceptions
and opinions.
Types of Ques&ons
Asked in Survey
 aCCORDING TO FORM
THE FREE-ANSWER TYPE
also called the open form, open
ended, subjective, unrestricted,
essay, and unguided response
type.
 aCCORDING TO FORM

THE GUIDED RESPONSE TYPE

This is also called the closed
form or restricted type.
 THE GUIDED RESPONSE TYPE

Recall Type
asks for specific
information such as years
of service, age and address.
 THE GUIDED RESPONSE TYPE

Recognition Type
the possible responses are
given and the respondents
selects his answer.
 Recognition Type
Dichotomous
There are only two
questions and one is selected
(yes/no)
 Recognition Type
Multiple Choice
Only one answer is chosen
from those given as options.
 Recognition Type
Multiple Responses
Two or more options may be
chosen.
 Guidelines in
Formula&ng Ques&ons
for a Ques&onnaire
Make all directions clear.
Use correct grammar
Make all questions unequivocal
Avoid asking biased questions.
Objectify the responses
Relate all questions to the
topic under study.
Create categories or classes for
approximate answer.
avoid questions that deal
with confidential.
Explain and illustrate difficult
questions
State all questions
affirmatively
Make the respondents
anonymous
 INTERVIEWS
It is an interaction in which oral
questions are posed by the
interviewer to elicit oral response
from the interviewee.
 STAGES OF INTERVIEW

1. Pre-interview stage
2. Warm-up stage
3. Main interview stage
4. Closing stage
 TYPES OF INTERVIEWS
Structured Interview
It is formal, sets of questions known as
interview questionnaire are posed to
each interviewee visited, responses are
recorded on a standardized schedule
 TYPES OF INTERVIEWS
Unstructured Interview
The interviewer freely
modifies the sequence of
questions.
 TYPES OF INTERVIEWS
Non-Directive Interview
Gives excessive freedom
for the respondent to
express his or her ideas
 TYPES OF INTERVIEWS
Focus Interview
focuses on the respondent’s
experience on the subject
matter to elicit more
information.
 OBSERVATION
Allows the description of
behavior in a naturalistic or
laboratory setting.
 OBSERVATION
It is most useful when the
respondents cannot literally
answer interview questions
and questionnaire.
 Types of observation
Non participant:
Observe the subject
without interacting with
them.
 Types of observation
Participant
Interact actively with the
sucjects.
 Types of observation
Structured
When the researchers has
list of behaviors to observe.
 Types of observation
Unstructured
The researcher allows the
behavior to emerge.
 Types of observation
Covert
The subjects are not aware
that they are being
observed.
 Types of observation
Overt
Subjects are aware that
they are being observed.
 Experiment
A procedure undertaken
scientifically and systematically
to make a discovery and to test
hypothesis.
 STEPS IN EXPERIMENT

1. Make Observations
2. Develop the Hypothesis
3. Design the Experiment
 STEPS IN EXPERIMENT
4. Conduct the experiment
5. Analyze the results
6. Decide on whether to accept or
reject the hypotheses.