R.K.MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES JEE (MAIN & ADV.), MEDICAL + BOARD, NDA, IX & X CHAPTER 1 : SETS Let us consider the following situation ; One day Mrs. and Mr, Mehta went to the market. Mr. Mehta purchased the following objects/items. "a toy, one kg sweets and a magazine". Where as Mrs, Mehta purchased the following objects/items, "Lady fingers, Potatoes and Tomatoes" In both the examples, objects in each collection are well defined, What can you say about the collection of students who speak the truth? Is it well defined? Perhaps not. A set is collection of well defined objects. For a collection to be a set it is necessary that it should be well defined The word well defined was used by the German Mathematician George Cantor (1845-1918 A.D) to definea set. He is known as father of set theory. Now- ys set theory has become basic to most of the concepts in Mathematics, In this lesson we shall discuss some basic definitions and operations involving sets. After studying this lesson, you will be able to define a set and represent the same in different forms; © define different types of sets such as, finite and infinite sets, empty set, singleton set, equivalent sets, equal sets, sub sets and cite examples thereof; define and cite examples of universal set, complement of a set and difference between two sets; define union and intersection of two sets, represent union and intersection of two sets, universal set, complement of a set, difference between two sets by Venn Diagram; EXPECTED BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE © Number systems, 1.1 SOME STANDARD NOTATIONS Before defining different terms of this lesson let us consider the following examples: Offic 306, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, 162523, 9835508812, 8507613968 1. 1SETS @_ collection of tall students in your school. (i) collection of those students of your schoo! whose height is more than 180 cm, Gi) collection of honest persons in your ® e YOUr Gi collection of those people in your colony r cople ° colony. who havenever been found involved in any Gi collection ofinterestingbooksin your _‘theftcase. school library. (ii) collection of Mathematics books in your school library (iv) collection of intelligent students in your school. (iv) collection of those students in your school who have secured more than 80% marks in annual examination. Inall collections written on left hand side of the vertical line the term tallness, interesting, hanesty, intelligence are not well defined. In fact these notions vary from individual to individual. Hence these collections can not be considered as sets. While in all collections written on right hand side of the vertical line, 'height'‘morethan 180m! ‘mathematics books! ‘never been found involved in theft case,"' marks more than 80%! are well defined properties. Therefore, these collections can be considered as sets. Ifa collection is a set then each object of this collection is said to be an element of this set. A set is usually denoted by capital letters of English alphabet and its elements are denoted by small letters. For example, A= {toy elephant, packet of sweets, magazines. } Some standard notations to represent sets : N: the set of natural numbers W: the set of whole numbers Z: ~~ thesset of integers Z*: the set ofpositve integers Z: theset ofnegative integers Q: the set ofrational numbers I: theset ofirrational numbers R: _ theset ofreal numbers CC: theset of complex numbers Other frequently used symbols are €: —elongsto! €: — ‘doesnotbelong to! 3: There exists, 4 : There does not exist Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi -834001, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968}1. SETS 3 For example Nis the set of natural numbers and we know that 2 is a natural number but —2 is not a natural number. It can be written in the symbolic form as 2 N and -2¢N REPRESENTATION OF There are two methods to represent a set. 1.2.1 (i) Roster method (Tabular form) In this method a set is represented by listing all its elements, separating them by commas and enclosing themin curly bracket. IV be the set of vowels of English alphabet, it can be written in Roster form as V={a,ei,0,u} Gi) IfAbe the set of natural numbers less than 7. then A={1,2, 3,4, 5, 6}, isinthe Roster form. Note : To writea set in Roster form elements are not to be repeated ie. all elements are taken as distinct. For example if Abe the set of letters used in the word mathematics, then A= {m,a, th, &i, cs} 1.2.2 Set-builder form Inthis form elements of the set are not listed but these are represented by some common property Let Vbe the set of vowels of English alphabet then V can be written in the set builder form as V = {x: xisa vowel of English alphabet} (i) Let Abe the set of natural numbers less than 7. then A= {x:x ¢ Nand x <7} Note : Symbol ':' read as ‘such that! Ea Write the following in set -builder form } (b) B= {3,6,9,12} fa) Af t(a) A={x:xeZ and -3 Aisasingleton set. Bisaset of those real numbers which are solutions of y? —2=0 or y B = {—V2, V2} Thus, B isnot a singleton set. Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi -834001, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968]1. SETS § Let set Abe a set containing all students of your school and B be a set containing all students of class XI1 of the school. In this example each element of set B is also an element of set A. Sucha set Bissaid to be subset of the set A. Itis written as Bc A Consider D={1, 2,3, yon dy B= foe 3 -2,- 1, 0, 1, 2,3, cccedd Clearly each element of set D is an element of set E also. DC E IfAand B are any two sets such that each element of the set A is an element of the set B also, then Ais said to be a subset of B (i) Each set isa subset ofitselfie. A c A (i) Null set has no element so the condition of becoming a subset is automatically satisfied. Therefore mull st isa subset of every set. Gil) If 4 @pand Bc AthenA=B. (iv) If 4 c Band A +B then Ais said to be a proper subset of B and B is said to be a superset of A. ie. A c Bor BDA IfA= (x: x isa prime number less than 5} and B={y:yis an even prime number}, then is B a proper subset ofA? Solution : Itis given that A=(2,3}, B={2} Clearly BC A and B 2 A We write B & A and say that B is a proper subset of A. 1,2,3,4}, B={2,3,4, 5}. is AC BorBC A? Solution: Here I< A but 1¢B > AGB. Also 5eB but S¢A> BEA Hence neither Ais a subset of B nor B is a subset of A. PPT MMEN IFA={a,¢,i,0,u),B=feiouay Is ASB or BC A orboth? Solution : Here in the given sets each element of set A is an element of set B also ACB @ and each element of set B is an element of set Aalso. , BC A Gi) From (i) and (ii) A=B Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi -834001, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968|SETS 1.4.1 Number of Subsets of a Set : Let A= {x}, then the subsets of A are , A. Note that (A) = 1, number of subsets of A = 2 = 2! Let A= {2, 4}, then the subsets of A are , {4}, {2}, (2, 4} Note that (A) = 2, number of subsets of A= 4 = 2? Let A= {1, 3, 5}, then subsets of Aare $, {1}, {3}, (5}, (1,33, (1, 5}, (3, 5}, (1.3, 5} Note that (A) = 3, number of subsets of A = 8 = 2? If Aisa set with n(A) =p, then the number of subsets of A=2? and number of proper subsets of A= 2? -1, Subsets of real Numbers : We know some standard sets of numbers as- ‘The set of natural numbers N ={L 43,4, oxo} The set of whole numbers W = {0, 1, 2, 3,4, } The set of Integers Z = {........, 4, -3, -2, -h 0, SOR ......\..3 ‘The set of Rational numbers Q= poaczanigo} The set of irrational numbers denoted by I I= {(x:xER and x €Q} ie. all real numbers that are not rational ‘These sets are subsets of the set of real numbers. Some of the obvious relations among these subsets are NeoWeZcQQcRICRNGI An interval | is a subset of R such that ifx,y" € Tand z is any real numbers between x and ythenz € 1 Any real number lying between two different elements ofan interval must be contained inthe interval Ifa, b CR and a (¥) The set {x €R :x a} isan interval which is denoted by (a, «): It is open on the both sides. On the number line it is shown as —o—> a (vii) The set {x ER : x >a} is an interval which is denoted by [a, «). It is closed on left On the number line it is shown as ——_e—> First four intervals are called finite intervals and the number b a (which is always positive) is called the length of each of these four intervals (a, 5), [a, 5], (a, b] and [a, 5) The last four intervals are called infinite intervals and length of these intervals is not defined. 1.5 POWER Let A= {a,b} then, Subset of Aare 6, {a}, {b} and {a,b} Ifwe consider these subsets as elements ofa new set B (say) then, B= {, fa}, {b}, {a,b}} Bis said to be the powerset of A Notation : Power set ofa set Ais denoted by P(A) and it is the set of all subsets of the given set. [BEEBE Write the power set ofeach of the following sets @ A= {x:xeR and x?+7=0} Gj) B= {y:yeN andl 0} Solution : (i) The given set = {x ER ; -1 2x-3 > 0} 3 => fr eR<4 2 2x > 3), = [rer exes} 3 3 => {x =k. <3}, Hence, Interval of the given set = E 2] 2 may 7 Consider the following sets. ‘A= (x: xisa student of your school} B= {y:yisamale student of your school} C= {z:z:sa female student of your school} D= {a: aisa student of class XILin your school} Clearly the set B, C, D are all subsets of A. A can be considered as the universal set for this particular example, Universal set is generally denoted by U. Ina particular problema set Uis said to be a universal set if all the sets in that problem are subsets of U (Universal set does not meana set containing all objects of the universe. (i) A set which is a universal set for one problem may not be a universal set for another problem, Which of the following sets can be considered as a universal set ? X= {x:xisa real number} Y= {y:yisanegative integer} Z= {z:zisanatural number} Solution : Asitis clear that both sets ¥ and Z. are subset of X X isthe universal set for this problem Office : 606, th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi £84001, Ph. 0681-2562523, 9895508812, 8507613968]SETS 7 VENN DL we British mathematician John Venn (1834— 1883 AD) introduced the concept of diagrams to represent sets. According to him universal set is represented by the interior of a rectangle and other sets are represented by interior of circles. For example if U= {1,2,3,4, 5}, A= {2,4} and B = {1,3}, then these sets can be represented as. Fig. 1 Diagramatical representation of sets is known as a Venn diagram, DIFFERENCE O1 Consider the sets A= {1,2,3,4, 5} and B (2, 4, 6} Anew set having those elements which are in A but not in B is said to be the difference of sets A and B and it is denoted by A-B. -, A—B= {1,3, 5} Similiarly a set of those elements which are in B but not in Ais said to be the difference of B and Aanditisdevoted byB—A. - B- A= {6} In general, if Aand B are two sets then A-B={ x: xeA and x¢B}andB-A= (x: xeBand xeA} Difference oftwo sets can be represented using Venn diagram as uv vu A 8 A B “se pa 8 [BA or When A and B are not When A and B are disjoint sets disjoint sets Fig, 1.2 Fig.1.3 1.9. COMPLEMENT OF A S) Let X denote the universal set and Y, Z its sub sets where X= {x: xis any member ofa family} Y= {x: xis a male member of the family} Z= {x: xis a female member of the family} [Lotice: 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi -89400i, Ph: 0651-2562529, 9895508812, 8507619968]SETS X—Yis aset having female members of the family. X-Y said to be the complement of Y and is usally denoted by Y' or Y° X~Z is said to be complement of Z and denoted by Z' or Z° IfU isthe universal set and A is its subset then the complement of A isa set of those elements which are in U but not in A. It is denoted by A' or A& A'=U-A= {x :x Uandx gA} ‘The complement ofa set canbe represented using Venn diagram as U ac ora’ Fig. 14 (@__ Difference oftwo sets can be found even ifnoneisa subset ofthe other but complement ofa set can be found only when the set isa subset of some universal set. @ ge =U @i) Us = Example 1.14 Kentung A= {x: xisa even natural number less than or equal to 10} and B= {x:xisan odd natural number less than or equal to 10} Find (i) A-B GiB-A ——(iii)isA-B=B-A? Solution : Itis given that A= {2,4,6)8, 10}, B={1, 3, 5, 7, 9} Therefore, (i) A-B={2, 4,6, 8, 10}, Gi) B-A=f1,3,5,7,9} ii) Clearly from (i) and (ii) A-B » BA Let U be the universal set and A its subset where U={x:xeN and x<10} A= {y:yisa prime number less than 10} Find (i) Ac i) Represent A¢ in Venn diagram, Solution : Itis given U= {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10}. and A= { 2, 3, 5, 7} Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi £34001, Ph. 0651-2562823, 9895508812, 8507619968]ETS (i) AS =U-A={1, 4,6, 8,9, 10} ae @ Fig. 15 1.9.1 Properties of complement of sets 1, Complement Law’s @ AvAsU fi) ANA =6 2. De Morgan’s Law @ (AUBY=A' Br (i) (AN BY =A BY 3. Law of double complementation (A’Y = A 4. Law of empty set and universal set i.e 6’ = U and U’ = 1. Verification of Complement Law ={y.2, 3, 10} and A= {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} 13,579 ={1, 2, 3,4, , 10} =U and An A'=6 AU A'= Uand AN A'=6 2. Verification of De Morgan’s Law Let U=(1, 2,3, J andA= (2,4, 6,8}, B= (2,3, 5,7) Hence, AUB= {2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8} and (AUBY = U-(AUB)= {1, 9} a) Now A’ =U-A= {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}and B= U-B={1, 4, 6,89} AT AB! = 11,9} @ From (1) and (2), (AW B)'= A’ 9 BY Also ANB= (2} (AO BY =U-(AOB)={1, 3, 4, 5, 6 7, 8, 9} @) and A’ UB’ ={1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} (4) From (3) and (4), we get (A> BY =A’ U BY Verification of (A’)! =A Let U={1, 2,3, , 10} and A= {1, Then A’ =U —A = {4, 6, 8, 10} (A’Y = 3, 5,7, 9} A= (1, 2,3,5,7, 9} =A Office : 606, th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi £84001, Ph. 0681-2562523, 9895508812, 8507613968]SETS ‘Thus from the definition of the complement of a subset A of the universal set U it follows that (Ay =A Consider the sets A={1,2,3,4} and B={2,4,6} Itis clear, that there are some elements which are common to both the sets A and B. Set of these common elements is said to be interesection of A and B andis denoted by 4 ~ B Here a B7 {24} If Aand B are two sets then the set of those elements which belong to both the sets is said to be the intersection ofA and B. It isdenoted by A, B. A 4 B= {x:x ¢Aandx eB} ‘AB canbe represented using Venn diagram as wt Do If AB = 6 thenA andB are said to be disjoint sets. In Venn diagram disjoint sets can berepresented as Fig.7 A= (x: xisa king out of 52 playing cards} and B= {y: yisa spade out of 52 playing cards} Find (i) 4 ~ B(ii) Represent 4 p using Venn diagram Solution : (i) As there are only four kings out of 52 playing cards, therefore the set A has only four elements. The set B has 13 elements as there are 13 spade cards but out of these 13 spade cards there is one king also, Therefore there is one common element in Aand B. ». AA B= {King of spade} Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi -834001, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968}«i anB—] 1.11 UNION OF SE’ Consider the following examples (Aisa set havingall players of Indian men cricket team and B is a set having all players of Indian women cricket team, Clearly A and B are disjoint sets. Union of these two sets is set having all players of both teams and it is denoted by A OB Gi Disaset having all players of cricket team and E is the set having all players of Hockety team, of your school. Suppose three players are common to both the teams then union of D and E is a set of all players of both the teams but three common players to be vwaitten once only, If Aand B are any two sets then union of A and B is the set of those elements which belong to AorB. Inset builderform : 4 | B= {x:x cA orxeB} OR Au Bix:xeA—Bor xeB-AO xeAnB} ‘A WB canbe represented using Venn diagram as u “~ eS ave Fig, 1.9 n(AUB)=n(A-B)+n(B—A)+m(A OB) or (AUB) =n(A)+n(B)-n(AMB) wheren J B stands for number of elements in 4 GB Office : 606, 6th Floor, ular Road, Ranchi -834001, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968]. 1.15 Leu eea A = {x :x © Z* and x 89 TB = fy: yis a prime number less than 10} Find (1) A B (ii) represent 4 J B using Venn diagram, Solution : We have, A={(1, 2,3, 4, 5} B= (2, 3,5, 7} AUB=E,2,3,4,5, 7} (i) u AUB Fig.1.11 LET US SUM UP © Set isa well defined collection of objects. . ‘To represent a set in Roster form all elements are to be written but in set builder forma set is represented by the common property of its elements. ¢ Ifthe elements of a set can be counted then it is called a finite set and ifthe elements cannot be counted, it is infinite. . Ifeach element of set 4 is an element of set 8, then A is called sub set of B. © Fortwo sets and B, A ~ B isaset of those elements which are in A but not in B. © Complement ofa set 4 isa set of those elements which are in the universal set but not in Aig. AS=U-A . Intersection of two sets is a set of those elements which belong to both the sets. . Union of two sets is a set of those elements which belong to either of the two sets. Office : 606, 6th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ran¢ 162523, 9835508812, 8507613968]SETS © Anyset ‘A’is said to bea subset ofa set ‘B’if every element of A is contained in B © Empty set is a subset of every set. © Every set is a subset of itself © The set ‘A’ is a proper subset of set “B’ iff A cB and A+B © The set of all subsets of a given set ‘A’ is called power set of A. © Two sets A and B are equal iff A & Band Bc A © Ifn(A) =p then number of subsets of A= (2) © 5), (a, 5), (a8) and [a, 5) are finite intervals as their length b— ais real and finite © Complement of a set A with respect to U is denoted by A’ and defined as A’ = {xox © Uandx ¢ A} «© AMSU-A @ IFACU, then A’ CU ‘© Properties of complement of set A with respect to U © AVA =UandAn A= e) (AUBY =A‘ OB’ and (An BY =A’ UB 2 (AY=A 2 4g =UandU=6 Office : 606, th Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi £34001, Ph. 0681-2562520, 9895508612, 8507613968]