Factors Affecting the Efficient Service of Arrest Warrants by Police Officers

Republic of the Philippines
City of Taguig
Gen. Santos Avenue, Central Bicutan, Taguig City
Taguig City University

1
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
The Philippine National Police (PNP) which is one of the pillars of the Criminal
Justice System in the country, is the most visible agency in the matter of crime
prevention, suppression and control. The operational efficiency of law enforcement
agencies, principally lies in its efficiency to investigate criminal cases, with the objectives
of identifying the perpetrators, filing the appropriate criminal cases against them and
arresting them, so that, they may be made to answer for their offences before courts of
law.
At the cutting-edge levels of policing, the police organization in the Philippines, as
throughout the world, has a universal duty and responsibility of preserving the rights of
people and in bringing justice to all non-conformist who violate the law of the society
where they live.
To improve and strengthen police operations that are geared towards patrol, law
enforcement, internal security and public safety, every police officer should be equipped
with the necessary procedures and mechanics to efficiently carry out police operations
into a more responsive and attuned to the demands of law enforcement and
City of Taguig

2
peacekeeping; faithfully observe the rule of law; and uphold the rights of victims and
other individuals, including criminals.
On the other hand, the role of the police is more pronounced in democratic
societies where it plays a major role in the maintenance and promotion of order, safety
and protection as vividly manifested in Section 2 of the Republic Act No. 6975. Likewise,
the police force shall be organized, trained and equipped primarily for the performance of
police functions.
As stated by the then Chief, Philippine National Police Director General Ronald
“Bato” Marapon Dela Rosa, an extensive training and reorientation in all the aspects of
police work is extremely necessary because the policeman is the guardian of the people,
and he must learn to appreciate the value of selfless dedication to duty in the exercise of
his role and function.
However, it is an irrefutable fact that almost all daily newspapers today that carry
news reports on crimes committed, oftentimes involving either military or police officers.
This involvement of officers of the law is a clear manifestation that the discipline they
developed while under training has been impaired or it could be that they have not
developed any discipline at all.
Against the background of adverse publicity and endless criticisms constantly
received by the police and other law enforcement agencies, particularly, in its seeming
inability to curb crimes and arrest criminals, there is indeed a need to take closer look on
7
City of Taguig

3
the conduct of the service of warrants of arrest which is one of the main functions of
police work.
As cited by Berman (2015), an arrest warrant is an official document, signed by
a judge (or magistrate), which authorizes a police officer to arrest the person or people
named in the warrant. Warrants typically identify the crime for which an arrest has been
authorized, and may restrict the manner in which an arrest may be made. Some warrants
also specify the bail that a defendant must post to regain freedom following arrest. If the
warrant is for a previous failure of the suspect to appear in court—called a bench warrant
—it will probably specify that the arrested person may not be released on bail at all
(sometimes termed a "no-bail warrant").
In Section 1, Rule 14 of the PNP Operational Procedures (POP) Manual (2010), it
stated that all arrests should be made only on the basis of a valid Warrant of Arrest
issued by a competent authority, except in instances where the law allows warrantless
arrest. Additionally, no violence or unnecessary force shall be used in making an arrest,
and the person to be arrested shall not be subjected to any greater restraint than what is
necessary under the circumstances.
Further, at all stages of the criminal process, including arrest, police officers must
protect citizens' constitutional rights, such as the right to remain silent and the right to be
free from unreasonable searches. If these rights are violated, a court may deem the
City of Taguig

4
arrest unlawful and order the case against the arrestee dismissed, or certain evidence
may be thrown out of the case (Reuters, 2017).
Figure 1 Map of Eastern Police District
Background of the Study
It is commonly assumed that once the person is charged with a crime, the rest
of the justice system will work and the person will be held accountable for the violation.
What is often unknown, and sometimes ignored, is the fact that many individuals are
City of Taguig

5
never held accountable for their crimes because there is a lack of responsibility in holding
persons answerable after the initial court process. An individual may be brought into
court, found guilty, had judgment entered and sentenced, but if the sentence is never
enforced, then, the process becomes ineffective (Cortes, 2014).
Interestingly, there is very little research on how courts enforce orders and
specifically, which enforcement techniques lead to greater compliance. The enforcement
of serving warrants is a largely overlooked piece of the process. Warrants need to begin
to be accounted for and the inability to measure clearance rates of warrants means that
this important metric is unknown.
Apparently, an arrest warrant is not always served by law enforcement officials
right away. Outstanding arrest warrants are arrest warrants that have yet to be served by
law enforcement officials. A warrant may be outstanding if the person named in the
warrant is intentionally evading law enforcement, unaware that there is a warrant out for
him/her, the agency responsible for executing the warrant has a backlog of warrants to
serve, or a combination of these factors.
Today, there are hundreds of thousands of outstanding arrests warrants across
many countries. The U.S. state of California had around 2.5 million outstanding warrants,
with nearly 1 million of them in the Los Angeles area. New Orleans, Louisiana has 49,000
outstanding arrest warrants and the city of Baltimore, Maryland had 100,000 outstanding
City of Taguig

6
arrest warrants. The vast majority in such American jurisdictions are for traffic related
(non-violent) citations (Zapotosky, 2013).
In the Philippines, the new administration’s war on drugs had documented 2,127
killed suspected criminals and drug dealers or pushers between June 29, 2016 and
February 16, 2017 across the country. To date, 1,104 were killed by policemen and
1,022 by unknown hitmen. Some were killed while police served a search warrant while
others were during police buy-bust operation (Inquirer, 2016).
In this regard, the illegal drugs problem in the Philippines is real and pervasive. It
is undermining the moral fabric of the society and is victimizing almost everyone,
including even young children in the grade schools. It has become a threat to national
security.
Accordingly, the Eastern Police District (EPD) is the agency of Philippine National
Police (PNP) responsible for law enforcement in the Cities of Pasig, San Juan,
Mandaluyong and Marikina. It is headed by PCSUPT REYNALDO GUBAN, District
Director, EPD.
As of September 2016, a total of 343 warrantless arrests were reported in the
District Investigation and Detective Management System, Case Monitoring Section of
EPD from the four cities. In the month of October 2016, out of the 221 most wanted
persons reported, a total of 166 warrants were received, 27 were served, 139 were not
served and 44 were arrested. These rampant crimes and drug abuses in the district
City of Taguig

7
which remain unresolved resulted to bring pressures in the four police stations of Eastern
Police District (EPD) specifically, in serving arrest warrants.
In line with these identified trails-off among Police Officers in serving arrest
warrants, the researcher who is one of the warrant/arresting officers in Mandaluyong
City, finds interest in conducting this study which will focus on evaluating and describing
more strategic actions, proper approaches and standard operating procedures in its
implementation. This will be based on the assessments of the Station Warrant/Arresting
Officers and the Barangay Tanods from all Barangays in the four cities, in their
campaign of serving warrants of arrests, specifically, in arresting the most wanted
persons in the city.
Theoretical Framework
Considering that the study endeavors to examine the extent to which increasing
the effort of the Eastern Police District arresting officers to serve warrants may be an
effective public safety strategy against violent crime, it is relevant to look into theories
pertaining to criminal investigative skills and the system of criminal justice.
Apparently, it is found out by the researcher that the Criminal Justice System
Model (CJS) of Coronel (1996) is the most suitable premise for this study since the
evolution of the CJS stated from the Theory of Classical School on Controlling Crimes.
This classical school is also known as Classical Criminology, a school of thought based
City of Taguig

8
upon the utilitarian notions of free will, and the greatest good for the greatest number. At
its core, Classical Criminology refers to the belief that a crime is committed after an
individual had weighed the pros and cons of his action. The decision to commit a crime is
a rational decision, and is best countered through a deterrence-based system.
Figure 2 shows an illustration of the theoretical model which emphasizes the
Criminal Justice System of the Philippines.
Figure 2 The Theoretical Framework
In the Philippines, the Criminal Justice System includes the five pillars comprising
of the Law Enforcement, Prosecution, Courts, Corrections and the Community (Coronel,
1996). The theory is a system approach to justice where crime prevention and solution
City of Taguig

9
are considered to be largely based on the performance of the different pillars involved in
the institutionalization of justice in the society. Generally, this framework suggests that for
justice to be delivered, and crime to be prevented and controlled, there must be an
effective coordination and synchronization of efforts among the five pillars involved in
running the system. Failure in one component is the failure of the whole, and the action
of one affects the others and the system as a whole.
Accordingly, this system model starts with the role of the law enforcement officials
to arrest a person of interest regarding a crime, to identify violators, or the crime suspects
based on the result of the investigation and on the warrant issued by
a judge or magistrate in a court of law. The second step is that suspects will undergo the
prosecution process, will be prosecuted and interrogated to gather relevant information
pertaining to the case. Then, the suspects will be presented before the court for trial
together with the documented police reports, witnesses and evidence. After a series of
court hearings, the convicted criminals will undergo correction in jails under the
supervision of the jail management supervisors. Finally, he will be released back in the
community to resume to his normal life.
Distinctly, the Criminal Justice System framework is believed to be relevant to the
present study even if the focus is on the competencies of the arresting officers in serving
warrants since the success of the whole justice system lies in the knowledge and skills of
City of Taguig

10
the front-liners of the justice system – the police officers. Indeed, if the process is not
done properly in the first step, any case will not hold in court and justice
will not be served.
Another essential theory significant to this research is the Social Control Theory by
E.A. Ross (2002) which concerns are focused with the issues that promote social order
and conformity.
The Social Control Theory specifically addresses factors which determine whether
or not a person engages in human activity, particularly in the workplace. It examines how
the establishment of rules and norms within a society serve to maintain a level of
conformity and order. Likewise, it states that social stability depends on the expectations
and obligations persons hold towards one another in terms of decency and etiquette
which in turn creates a type of societal morality. Accordingly, social order becomes a
built-in feature of everyday life.
With regards to application of this theory to the Standard Operating Procedures in
the service of warrants of the Eastern Police District arresting officers, Social Control
Theory prepares a set of rules and ethical standard where the members are expected to
practice depending on the level or degree of their religiosity. This means strict adherence
to all the rules and regulations, policies and standard operating procedures. Additionally,
such ethical rules are also expressed on how the people behave and act. Hence, their
attitudes also affect their level of performance in the workplace.

City of Taguig

11
Similarly, this theory is applicable to the special population in this study. As Police
Officers and Barangay Peace and Order Officers (Barangay Tanod), they follow uniform
rules and norms that are strictly observed. They are supposed to enforce the law, to
prevent and control crimes, to maintain peace and order, and to ensure public safety and
internal security with active support of the community. They must act in accordance to
their creed; strictly adhere to the PNP’s mandated task “TO SERVE and PROTECT”,
otherwise, they would be punished accordingly. It is also noted that they observe to
various core values such as being God-fearing, nationalistic, humane and environment-
friendly.
Moreover, this scheme is underpinned by a philosophy which emphasized on the
need for the implementation and enforcement of the apposite procedures in the conduct
of serving arrest warrants in relation to the provisions of the Philippine National Police
Operational Procedures Manual, 2010.
Conceptual Framework
This research study is based on the concept that a crime could be controlled
through the use of punishments that combined the proper degrees of certainty, severity,
and celerity.
Consequently, from the theoretical frameworks presented, a conceptual
framework is developed showing the general purpose of the study, the different variables
City of Taguig

12
involved and the dynamics of such variables. Likewise, it asserts that the better service
of warrants among police/arresting officers in the Eastern Police District (EPD) has
significant contribution to the Crime Solution Efficiency and the huge backlogs of
warrants along with several well-publicized cases involving heinous crimes committed by
offenders.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Data gathering: Action Plan to
1. Capability of Warrant Section Enhance the
of different Police Station in Survey
Eastern Police District in the Questionnaires Capability of
Enforcement of Service of
Warrant: An Evaluation Warrant Section of
Conduct Lectures
Different Police
1.1 Human Power Capability
1.2 Mobility Documentary Station in Eastern
1.3 Logistic Support Analysis and
1.4 Local Government Unit
Police District
Support Enforcement of
1.5 Community Collaboration Analysis and
Service of Warrant
2. The Enforcement Level of Interpretation of
Serving Warrant of Arrest as data gathered
expanded by Section 3, Rule
14 of the POP
3. Problems encountered.
Proposed Measures
City of Taguig

13
Figure 3 Conceptual Framework of the Study
Figure 3 illustrates the paradigm of the drawn conceptual framework which
INPUT-PROCESS-OUTPUT (IPO) model system approach is applied. It presents the
needed input data, instruments, process and proposed output for the evaluation on
the enforcement of the Standard Operating Procedures in observance of serving
warrant of arrest.
Specifically, the police/arresting officers from the four major police stations under
Eastern Police District as the apprehending team during their conduct of serving warrants
of arrest will be assessed whether they observed or not, the Standard Operating
Procedures set by the Philippine National Police Operational Procedures Manual (2010),
Rule No. 14, Sections 3 to 11 which included: the Implementation of Warrant of Arrest;
Time of Arrest; Procedures in Serving Warrant of Arrest; Duties of the Arresting Officer;
the Authority Given to the Arresting Officer when Making an Arrest, Medical Examination
of Arrested Person/Suspect, and Record Check.

City of Taguig

14
In order to attain the main purpose of the study, a comparative analysis will be
done on the assessments of the two groups of respondents: the Warrant/Arresting
Officers and the Barangay Peace and Order Officers (Barangay Tanod) of the four cities:
Mandaluyong, Pasig, Marikina and San Juan.
Likewise, an investigation on the possible problems encountered by the arresting
officers in the implementation of the apposite procedures in serving warrant of arrest will
be established to come up with an output which is to reinforce the implementation of the
Arrest Operating Procedures among Eastern Police District through proactive and
effective law enforcement officers.
Statement of the Problem
This study assessed the level of capability of warrant section of different police
station at Eastern Police District in the enforcement of service of warrant to serve as
basis for an action plan.
Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions:

City of Taguig

15
1. How do three groups of respondents assessed the level of capability of Warrant
Section of different Police Station in Eastern Police District in the Enforcement of Service
of Warrant in terms of the following:
1.1 Human Power Capability
1.2 Mobility,
1.3 Logistic Support;
1.4 Local Government Support; and
1.5 Community Collaboration
2. Is there any significant differences in the evaluation made by the three groups
of respondents with regard to the Capability of Warrant Section of Different Police Station
in Eastern Police District in the Enforcement of Service of Warrant?
3. What problems were encountered in the relation to the variables presented
above?
4. What measures were proposed to address the problems encountered?
5. Based on the result of the study, what action plan recommended to enhance
the level of capability of Eastern Police District and Police Stations’ Warrant Sections?
Hypothesis of the Study
To understand clearly on how the problems will be dealt with, the researcher
formulated a null hypothesis to be tested in the study.

City of Taguig

16
Ho: There is no significant difference in the assessment of the three (3) groups of
respondents as regards to the strict observance of the apposite procedures in serving
warrant of arrest in terms of the above-cited variables.
Significance of the Study
In conducting this study with the in-depth analysis on the data related to the
variables identified, the researcher expects to discern and resolve issues on the warrant
service competencies of the arresting officers in the Eastern Police District (EPD)
instituted from the Standard Operating Procedures set in Sections 3 to 11 of Rule 14 of
the PNP Operational Procedures (POP). Moreover, this will serve as a
helpful gauge to the following:
Philippine National Police (PNP) Officers. This study may serve as springboard
among officers in the PNP organization in assessing the development needs of human
resources in the police forces especially in designing and implementing appropriate
trainings and seminars needed to equip the arresting teams with upgraded knowledge
and extensive technical competencies in the implementation of service warrant
procedures.
Policy Makers. In this study, strength and weaknesses of the arresting team of the
Eastern Police District in serving warrant of arrest would be brought to the attention of
City of Taguig

17
the policy makers for recognition. At the same time, appropriate solutions to enhance
their quality of service shall be made.
Prosecutors. In this study, the understanding of the police/arresting officers in their
capabilities and limitations is a notable factor to the prosecutors in giving support and
assistance in criminal cases preparation and arrest warrant issuance.
Court. In this study, improvement in the competency of the arresting officer is a
great help to the court during testimonial proceedings and presentation of evidence.
Eastern Police District (EPD) Personnel. The findings of the study may provide
EPD ranking officials a framework for evaluation of the existing operational procedure in
serving warrant of arrest that may affect in the success of the operation. Certainly, the
performance of the police/arresting officers will be strengthened and their strategic
operation on the different crime situations will be enhanced.
Police/Arresting Officers of EPD. The result of the study will promote
stability among them particularly in acquiring deeper understanding of their call of duty
and responsibility of ensuring protection and safety to the public by arresting the
offenders and/or most wanted criminals.
Community. In this study, the effective and efficient solution of crime brought by
the police officers specifically, in arresting the most wanted criminals will lead to a safe,
peaceful and productive surrounding beneficial to the community.

City of Taguig

18
Local Government Unit (Barangays). In this study, the barangay officials and the
members of Barangay Peacekeeping Action Teams (BPAT’s) will be helped in enhancing
their abilities to support the Law Enforcement Unit in serving warrant of arrest to the
offenders in order to prevent crime incidents and be vigilant in the community. This will
also help in the implementation of the different crime prevention programs and anti-
criminality campaign programs.
Researcher. The result of this study will enhance the proficiency of the researcher
in serving warrant of arrest. Likewise this will be used as basis for the improvement of the
system and support for the enhancement of the police/arresting officers’ competencies.
Future Researchers. This will not only provide the police’ colleagues in the
profession with better understanding of what’s and how’s of the capabilities, behaviors,
and competence in the implementation of serving warrant of arrest procedures but will
also serve as a valuable source of information for related study of future researchers who
would like to further investigate the field.
Scope and Limitation

City of Taguig

19
The main focused on the enforcement of serving warrant of arrest by the arresting
officers of Eastern Police District. The period of assessment will cover the Calendar Year
2017 (from January to December).
The respondents were police/arresting officers from the four major police stations
under the supervision of the Eastern Police District and the Barangay Tanods who are
coming from the different barangays of the City of Mandaluyong, Marikina, Pasig, and
San Juan.
Definition of Terms
The following significant terms that have important bearing on this research are
operationally defined in accordance with their usage in this study.
Apposite Procedures refers to the proper or standard operating procedures in
Serving Warrant of Arrest to offenders as emphasized in Rule 14 of the PNP Operational
Procedures (POP) Manual, 2010.
Archived Case is a case for trial which is rested or set aside due to the non-arrest
of an accused who has not been arraigned or has personally entered his plea on the
charge against him after more than six months upon issuance of a warrant of arrest.
City of Taguig

20
Arrest warrant is a warrant issued by a judge or magistrate on behalf of the state,
which authorizes the arrest and detention of an individual, or the search and seizure of
an individual's property.
Authority Given to the Arresting Officer when Making an Arrest denotes to the right
of the police officer who is tasked to make a lawful arrest, with or without warrant such as
verbal summon for assistance, break into/out building or enclosure, and to arrest after
escape or rescue anytime/place in the country.
Bail denotes to the security for the release of a person in the custody of the law
furnished by him or a bondsman, conditioned upon his appearance before any court as
required under the conditions specified in section 1, Rule 114, Revised Rules on Criminal
Procedure.
Court Processes. It is defined as the delivery and acknowledging receipt of court
orders, summons, motions, subpoenas, warrants of arrest to parties in a court
proceeding.
Duties of the Arresting Officer is referring to the liabilities of the police officer
who is implementing the warrant of arrest which include delivering without delay the
arrested person to the nearest police station for record purposes, informing the cause of
the arrest, his constitutional right to remain silent and to communicate to his/her lawyer
and immediate family, and the prohibition of torture, violence, threat, intimidation, secret
detention, solitary confinement and the like.

City of Taguig

21
Enforcement of Serving Warrant of Arrest is the strict implementation of the ethical
procedures in the service of warrant to the offenders
Equipment/Supplies. These pertain to the warrant servers’ aid/tools for effective
and efficient service of warrants of arrest. As used in this study, these refer to vehicles,
cameras, and communication and computer equipment.
Index Crime are crimes which are serious in nature and which occur with sufficient
frequency and regularity such that it can serve as an indicator of the crime situation.
Information is an accusation in writing charging a person with an offense
subscribed by the fiscal and filed with the court.
Medical Examination of Arrested Person/Suspect refers to the right of the arrested
person to demand a physical examination by a competent doctor of his/her own choice
before the interrogation is done.
Perception is the degree of awareness among the respondents as dictated upon
by any of the senses in reacting to the different statements intended to assess the
effectiveness or efficiency of the warrants of arrest of EPD based on the identified
criteria of each of the parameters of this study.
Philippine National Police (PNP) is the authorized agency or organization
mandated to enforce the laws, and to keep and maintain peace and order in the country
through strict adherence to the mandated task “TO SERVE and PROTECT”.
City of Taguig

22
Police/Arresting Officer is the personnel of the PNP or authorized group of
individuals charged with the duty to arrest the offender and/or to perform the mission and
functions of the PNP.
Preliminary Investigation refers to the inquiry or proceeding for the purpose of
determining whether there is sufficient ground to engender a well-founded belief that a
crime cognizable by the Regional Trial Court has been committed and that the
respondent is probably guilty thereof, and should be held for trial.
Record Check is the process of conducting a verification of the arresting officer on
the record of the arrested person for any other crime liability.
Time of Arrest denotes to the proper day and time an arrest should be made.
Acronym
BPAT’s - Barangay Peacekeeping Action Teams
DIDMS - District Investigation and Detective Management System
EPD - Eastern Police District
MTC - Municipal Trial Court
NCRPO - National Capital Regional Police Office
PNP - Philippine National Police
POP - PNP Operational Procedures
RTC - Regional Trial Court

City of Taguig

23
WSS - Warrant and Subpoena Section

Factors Affecting the Efficient Service of Arrest Warrants by Police Officers

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Descrizione originale:

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Factors Affecting the Efficient Service of Arrest Warrants by Police Officers

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Republic of the Philippines

Taguig City University

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

prevention, suppression and control. The operational efficiency of law enforcement

At the cutting-edge levels of policing, the police organization in the Philippines, as

where they live.

Taguig City University

other individuals, including criminals.

his role and function.

developed any discipline at all.

Against the background of adverse publicity and endless criticisms constantly

Taguig City University

As cited by Berman (2015), an arrest warrant is an official document, signed by

(sometimes termed a "no-bail warrant").

In Section 1, Rule 14 of the PNP Operational Procedures (POP) Manual (2010), it

arrest. Additionally, no violence or unnecessary force shall be used in making an arrest,

necessary under the circumstances.

Taguig City University

may be thrown out of the case (Reuters, 2017).

Figure 1 Map of Eastern Police District

Background of the Study

Taguig City University

enforced, then, the process becomes ineffective (Cortes, 2014).

specifically, which enforcement techniques lead to greater compliance. The enforcement

this important metric is unknown.

Apparently, an arrest warrant is not always served by law enforcement officials

serve, or a combination of these factors.

Today, there are hundreds of thousands of outstanding arrests warrants across

Taguig City University

(non-violent) citations (Zapotosky, 2013).

others were during police buy-bust operation (Inquirer, 2016).

Mandaluyong and Marikina. It is headed by PCSUPT REYNALDO GUBAN, District

As of September 2016, a total of 343 warrantless arrests were reported in the

District Investigation and Detective Management System, Case Monitoring Section of

Taguig City University

Police District (EPD) specifically, in serving arrest warrants.

warrants, the researcher who is one of the warrant/arresting officers in Mandaluyong

implementation. This will be based on the assessments of the Station Warrant/Arresting

campaign of serving warrants of arrests, specifically, in arresting the most wanted

persons in the city.

pertaining to criminal investigative skills and the system of criminal justice.

Taguig City University

a rational decision, and is best countered through a deterrence-based system.

Figure 2 shows an illustration of the theoretical model which emphasizes the

Criminal Justice System of the Philippines.

Figure 2 The Theoretical Framework

Taguig City University

justice to be delivered, and crime to be prevented and controlled, there must be an

of one affects the others and the system as a whole.

based on the result of the investigation and on the warrant issued by

prosecution process, will be prosecuted and interrogated to gather relevant information

community to resume to his normal life.

Distinctly, the Criminal Justice System framework is believed to be relevant to the

Taguig City University

will not be served.

built-in feature of everyday life.

With regards to application of this theory to the Standard Operating Procedures in

attitudes also affect their level of performance in the workplace.

Taguig City University

Moreover, this scheme is underpinned by a philosophy which emphasized on the

Operational Procedures Manual, 2010.

Consequently, from the theoretical frameworks presented, a conceptual