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Review Article
Effect of heavy metals in our body9 ● Long-term low level exposure can cause a darkening of
the skin and the appearance of small “corns” or “warts”
Arsenic
on the palms, soles, and torso.
Aside from occurring naturally in the environment,
Regulatory limits
arsenic can be released in larger quantities through
volcanic activity, erosion of rocks, forest fires, and human ● Environmental Protec on Agency (EPA) - 0.01 parts per
activity. million (ppm) in drinking water.
Health effects ● Occupa onal Safety and Health Administra on (OSHA) -
10 micrograms per cubic meter of workplace air (10 µg/
Arsenic is odourless and tasteless. Inorganic arsenic is a
m3) for 8 hour shifts and 40 hour work weeks
known carcinogen and can cause cancer of the skin, lungs,
liver and bladder. Barium
● Inges on of very high levels can possibly result in death. Barium is a very abundant, naturally occurring metal and
is used for a variety of industrial purposes.
● Brief exposures to high levels in air can result in ANALYTICAL METHOD ESTIMATION OF HEAVY METAL
respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, difficulty
Analysis of toxic heavy metals (arsenic, lead, and
breathing, and stomach pains. Longer-term exposure can
cause respiratory irritation, bronchial spasms, and mercury) in selected infant formula milk commercially
7
coughing available in the philippines by AAS
Regulatory limits To test for the presence of toxic heavy metals, specifically
Arsenic, Lead and Mercury in formula milk available in
● EPA – 50 parts per billion of selenium (50 ppb) in
the Philippines for infants aged 6 to through Atomic
drinking water.
Absorption Spectrophotometry. And to compare the
● OSHA – 0.2 mg per cubic meter of workroom air for an results an existing standard for allowable amounts of
8-hour work shift. toxic heavy metals in food product by the World Health
Organization
Silver
Determination of Heavy Metals in Fish Species of the
Silver usually combines with other elements such as
Mediterranean Sea (Libyan coastline) Using Atomic
sulfide, chloride, and nitrate.
Absorption Spectrometry2
Health effects
The presence of heavy metals in our environment has
According to EPA, silver is not classifiable as a human been of great concern because of their toxicity when their
carcinogen concentration is more than the permissible level. The
accepted values of the concentrations of Co, Cd, Pb, Fe
● Exposure to high levels for a long period may result in a
and Cu in fishes as reported in the World Health
condition called arygria, a blue-gray discoloration of the
Organization (WHO) are presented in. The concentrations
skin and other body tissues. Argyria appears to be a
of Co in different tissues are presented in. It was found
cosmetic problem that may not be otherwise harmful to
that the concentration of this metal was ranged from
health.
0.570mg/kg to 44.693 mg/kg, which means that, the
● Exposure to high levels of silver in the air has resulted in concentrations of Co in all examined tissues were more
breathing problems, lung and throat irritation, and than the reported level.
stomach pains.
Levels of some heavy metals in fishes as reported in
● Skin contact with silver can cause mild allergic reac ons WHO
such as rash, swelling, and inflammation in some people.
Concentration, mg/kg Heavy metal
Regulatory limits 0.015 Co
● EPA – recommends concentration in drinking water not 0.030 Cd
to exceed 0.10 parts per billion (ppb). Requires that spills 0.050 Pb
or accidental releases of 1,000 pounds or more be
0.300 Fe
reported.
1.000 Cu
● OSHA – in workplace air, 0.01 milligrams per cubic
meter (0.01 mg/m³) for an 8-hour workday, 40- Evaluation of essential elements and heavy metal levels
hourworkweek. in fruiting bodies of wild mushrooms and their substrate
by EDXRF spectrometry and FAAspectrometry12
Factors influencing metal toxicity 11
The essential elements (Zn, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Mg, Se) and
- physical and chemical properties (among others heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Ti, Sr,Co, Bi) contents of eight
chemical forms of element) wild mushrooms (Amanita vaginata, Amanita rubescens,
- element interaction Amanita phalloides, Armillariella mellea, Armillariella
tabescens, Agaricus campestris, Hypholoma fasciculare,
- formation of compounds or complexes among metal Hypholoma pudorinus) and soil samples of ten forest sites
and other metalloids from Dambovita County, Romania, were determined.. The
- interchange of metal bounds to proteins elements in soil, especially heavy metals, are specific to
the acidic soils of the Romanian forest lands and are
- sources and sinks, environmental transport, and influenced by industrial pollution. Analytical possibilities
transformation of EDXRF and FAAS analytical methods were compared
- influence of concentration and other exposure variables and the heavy metal transfer from substrate to
(for example: time, route, pattern of exposure, mushrooms was studied. The coefficient of accumulation
bioavailability) of essential elements and heavy metals was calculated as
well.
- nutritional status
- taking drugs such as alcohol and nicotine
Heavy metal analysis for the toy industry by inductively Speciation of heavy metal binding non-protein thiols in
coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy6 Agropyronelongatum by size-exclusion HPLC–ICP-MS17
In support of the toy industry, many laboratories are In order to quantify the major heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cd,
being called upon to analyze a wide variety of sample Co, Zn and Ni), three ionic separation column systems
matrices for metal content. The primary element of were evaluated: (1) a cationic column (HPIC-CS2, Dionex)
interest is lead, but a number of other toxic elements tested with two eluents (10 mMoxalic acid–7.5 mM citric
pose a considerable threat, especially for children. This acid; and 40 mM D-tartaric acid–12 mM citric acid); (2) an
subset of elements, known as heavy metals, includes anionic column (HPIC-AS4, Dionex) evaluated with 25 mM
antimony, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, oxalic acid as eluent; and (3) a bifunctional ion-exchange
selenium, mercury and lead as they are all known to column (Ionpac CS5, Dionex) which was also tested with
accumulate in the body and cause detrimental effects two eluents (6 mM pyridine, 2,6-dicarboxylic acid; and 50
over time. Some plastic and wooden toys, particularly mM oxalic acid /95 mM lithium hydroxide
those with painted surfaces have demonstrated elevated
Colorimetric Assay for Determination of Lead (II) Based
levels of Pb and other elements. Regulations exist which
on Its Incorporation into Gold Nanoparticles during Their
provide limits in materials for which surface contact with
Synthesis18
children can result in possible ingestion..
Gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) were synthesized in one
Ion chromatographic and voltammetric determination of
step at room temperature, using gallic acid (GA) as
heavy metals in soils. Comparison with atomic emission
reducer and stabilizer. Pb2+ is added during the gold
spectroscopy13
nanoparticle formation. Analysis of Pb2+ is conducted by
The aim of this paper is to compare different analytical a dual strategy, namely, colorimetry and spectrometry. As
techniques, aspectroscopic, an electrochemical and a the Pb2+ concentration increases, the color turns from
chromatographicone to determine total heavy metals red-wine to purple, and finally blue. This method offers a
concentrations in soils and to establish a correlation sensitive linear correlation between the shift of the
between these three techniques even though soil absorption band (Δλ) and logarithm of Pb2+
solutions are complex matrices providing a lot of concentration ranging from 5.0 × 10−8 to 1.0 × 10−6 M
interference problems. Atomic emission spectroscopy is with a linear fit coefficient of 0.998, and a high selectivity
the method of reference for heavy metals concentrations for Pb2+ detection with a low detection limit down to 2.5
analysis × 10−8 M.
A titrimetric method for the quantitative estimation of CONCLUSION
lead in biologicalmaterials14
A heavy metal is a member of a loosely-defined subset of
The announcement by Fischer in 1929 of the remarkable elements that exhibit metallic properties. It mainly
affinity of dithizone (diphenylthiocarbazone) solutions for includes the transition metals, some metalloids,
lead has stimulated many laboratories to search for lanthanides, and actinides. Many different definitions
practical micro methods that could be applied to the have been proposed—some based on density, some on
determination of lead in biological materials. atomic number or atomic weight, and some on chemical
properties or toxicity. The term heavy metal has been
Estimation of relative bioavailability of lead in soil and
called a "misinterpretation" in an IUPAC technical report
soil-like materials using in vivo and in vitro methods15
due to the contradictory definitions and its lack of a
Bioavailability of lead in a particular medium may be "coherent scientific basis". The heavy metals based
expressed either in absolute terms (absolute researcher rapidly becoming very important class of area
bioavailability, ABA) or in relative terms (relative and are likely to a replace many existing research field in
bioavailability, RBA). For example, if 100 micrograms (µg) the very near future due to its harmful effect to human
of lead dissolved in drinking water were ingested and a being. Raw material used in the production of food, drug
total of 50 µg were absorbed into the body, the ABA and Ayurvedic formulation always tested for the
would be 0.50 (50%). maximum limits of heavy metals specified by WHO
(Arsenic not more than 10Jg/kg, cadmium not more
Trace analysis of heavy metals in groundwater samples
than0.3 mg/kg, and lead not more than 10 mg/kg of raw
by ionchromatography with post-column reaction and
materials). Different consumable and unconsumeable
ultraviolet–visibledetection16
product containing heavy metals for producing different
In order to quantify the major heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cd, effects like toxicity, act as a carrier for active ingredients
Co, Zn and Ni), three ionic separation column systems and as a catalysts. Different analytical technique use to
were evaluated: (1) a cationic column (HPIC-CS2, Dionex) performing modern chemical tests on these results clearly
tested with two eluents (10 mM oxalic acid–7.5 mM citric indicates the presence of heavy metals which is not safe
acid; and 40 mM D-tartaric acid–12 mM citric acid); (2) an but according to Ayurveda these metals have been
anionic column (HPIC-AS4, Dionex) evaluated with 25 mM transformed to non toxic forms that are safe for internal
oxalic acid as eluent; and (3) a bifunctional ion-exchange use. Our aims to focus on the heavy metal toxicity and its
column (Ionpac CS5, Dionex).
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research Page 17
Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net
Volume 11, Issue 1, November – December 2011; Article-003 ISSN 0976 – 044X
th
estimation by different analytical technique those are 10. Katzung Bertram g. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology-10
now in development. edition.
7. Cruz Gian Carlo, Din Zaheer, Feri Christian Dale, Balaoing 17. Wei MS Zhenggui, Wong Jonathan Woonchung, Chen
Angela Mae, Gonzales Eva Marie, Navidad Hannah Mia, Dengyun, Speciation of heavy metal binding non-protein
Schlaaff Ma. Margot Flor, Winter. Jennifer. Analysis Of thiols in Agropyronelongatum by size-exclusion HPLC–ICP-
Toxic Heavy Metals (Arsenic,Lead, And Mercury) In Microchemical Journal, 2003, 74, 207–213.
Selected Infant Formula Milk Commercially Available In The
18. Ding Nan, Cao Qian, Zhao Hong, Yang Yimin, Zeng Lixi, He
Philippines By AAS.E-International Scientific Research
Yujian, Xiang Kaixiang and Wang Guangwei Colorimetric
Journal 2009, 1, 40-51.
Assay for Determination of Lead (II) Based on Its
8. Ghosh Amitava, Chakrabarti Piyali, Roy Partha, Bhadury Incorporation into Gold Nanoparticles during Their
Somnath, Nag Tanushree And Sarkar Simli Bioremediation
Synthesis, 2010, 10, 11144-11155.
Of Heavy Metals From Neem (Azadirachta Indica) Leaf
Extract By Chelation With Dithizone. Asian Journal of
Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2009, 2, 87-92.
9. Martin Sabine, Griswold Wendy, Human Health Effects of
Heavy Metals Ewww.engg.ksu.edu/CHSR 15, 2009.
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