Physics

Investigatory
Project
Made By : Manish Sharma
Class : XII-C
Under the supervision and guidance of :
Dr. RP singh
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Manish Sharma, student
of class XII-C, J.D. Tytler School has
completed the project titled “To calculate the
potential difference between the terminals of
daniell cell by changing the concentration of
electrolytes” Under my guidance and
completed it to my total satisfaction.

Dr. R.P. Singh

(Teacher’s Signature)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to extend my sincere thanks to

My physics teacher Mr. R.P. Singh, without
Whose guidance this project was
incomplete.

Also, I would like to thank my Lab

Assistant, Mr. Azmul, for his vital support
and encouragement
 Index

S No. TOPIC
1 Aim
2 Introduction
3 Materials and apparatus required
4 Theory
5 Procedure : a) Construction
6 Procedure : b) Method
7 Observations
8 Graph:Terminal voltage vs concentration
9 Conclusions
10 Precautions
11 Bibliography
Aim:

To Find The Potential Difference Between

The Two Terminals Of Daniell Cell By
Varying Concentration Of:
a) ZnSO4 and
b) CuSO4
Introduction

The Daniell cell is a type of electrochemical

cell invented in 1836 by John Frederic
Daniell.
The cell works with the copper sulphate and
zinc sulphate solutions.
The conductivity of the solutions used in the
cell is affected by some factors and one of
this factor is varying the concentration of the
two solutions.
We will see that how concentration affects
the potential difference of the cell
Materials And
Apparatus Required:

Salt Bridge
Copper Strip
Zinc Strip
Connecting Wires
Sand Paper
Voltmeter
Zinc Sulphate
Copper Sulphate
Theory
When the Copper Electrode is dipped in
Copper Sulphate Solution and zinc Electrode is
dipped in Zinc sulphate solution then by
completing the circuit with the help of a salt
bridge electrons get transferred from the zinc
electrode to copper electrode due to the redox
reaction.

Potential Difference: Potential difference

between two points is defined as the amount of
work done per unit positive charge in bringing it
from one point to another without acceleration.
Current: The net flow of charges per unit time at
a cross section of a conductor.
Resistance: It is the property by virtue of which
every material opposes the flow of charge
carriers or electric current.
 OHM’S LAW
Physical conditions like Temperature, Pressure etc
Remaining constant, current drawn by a circuit is
Directly proportional to the potential difference
Applied across its ends.
V=IR
Electromotive force: The potential difference
between the terminals of the cell when no current is
being drawn from it.
Terminal Voltage: The potential difference
between the terminals of the cell when some current
is being drawn from it.
Internal Resistance: The resistance of the cell’s
electrolytes and electrodes. When current is being
drawn some voltage is dropped across the internal
resistance and only the remaining voltage appears in
the outer circuit
With the help of a voltmeter we can measure
only the potential difference between the two
terminals of a cell, but using a potentiometer we
can determine the value of emf of a given cell.

When we use voltmeter to calculate the potential

difference there is a voltage drop within the volt
meter, so the measurements will not be accurate.
Procedure
A)Construction
i. Prepare a concentrated solution of copper
sulphate in distilled water and another solution
of zinc sulphate in distilled water
ii. For both of these alternatives, use about 10-30
grams of dry chemical per 100cc of distilled
water
iii. Pour the CuSO4 Solution with the copper
electrode and the ZnSO4 solution with zinc
electrode
iv. Connect the salt bridge.
 B)Method
i. Take a voltmeter and connect the copper
electrode to the positive terminal and the zinc
electrode to the negative terminal of the
voltmeter using connecting wires
ii. Note the positions of the pointer in the
voltmeter and record the readings
iii. Repeat the experiment by taking different
concentrations of zinc sulphate and copper
sulphate solutions.
 Observations
 Range of Voltmeter : 0-3 V
 Zero error in voltmeter : nil
 Least count of Voltmeter : 0.05 V
 Electrode potential of zinc : -0.76V
 Electrode potential of Copper: 0.34V
Observation Table:
Concentration Concentration Potential across
of ZnSO4 (in M) of CuSO4 (in M) the ends (in V)
1 1 1.1
0.5 1 1.108
0.25 1 1.147
0.125 1 1.156
 Concentration Concentration Potential across
of ZnSO4 (in M) of CuSO4 (in M) the ends (in V)
1 1 1.1
1 0.5 1.091
1 0.25 1.052
1 0.125 1.043

Graphs:
Concentration of ZnSO4 1 0.5 0.25 0.125
Voltmeter Reading 1.1 1.108 1.147 1.156

Concentration of CuSO4 1 0.5 0.25 0.125

Voltmeter Reading 1.1 1.091 1.052 1.043
Conclusions:
1. The Terminal Voltage of Daniell Cell at 25
degree Celsius is 1.1 V.
2. The potential difference varies non-linearly
with the change in concentration of
reactants.
3. On decreasing the concentration of ions in
anode half-cell increases the potential
difference and vice-versa.
Precautions
 The concentration of copper sulphate and
zinc sulphate should neither be too low nor
too high.
 Clean the zinc strip and copper strip with
sand paper before use.
 Connect the copper strip to the positive
terminal and the zinc strip to the negative
terminal of the voltmeter.
 Note the reading only when the pointer
becomes stable.
Bibliography

o NCERT Laboratory manual of Chemistry

o NCERT Laboratory manual of Physiscs
o Chemistry (Part 1) – Textbook for class
XII; NCERT
o Physics (Part 1) _ Textbook for class XII;
NCERT

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