CH2 Conduction

CHAPTER 2
CONDUCTION
1
MEC 551 Thermal Engineering
Conduction
Outlines for Chapter 2
2.1 Fourier`s law of heat conduction

2.2 Thermal conductivity of materials
2.3 Thermal resistance circuits: Plane wall and
cylindrical geometries; Conduction with
convection
2.4 Solution of 2D temperature distribution using
finite difference techniques: internal and
external nodes, heat transfer rate across
surfaces
2
 MEC 551 Thermal Engineering
Fins
Rectangular
1, 2 and 3 D
Conduction Spherical General
Equation
Cylindrical
Solve/Analyze a
problem
• Thermal Resistance Method

• Boundary and Initial Conditions
• Numerical Method
3
Conduction Analysis
The driving force for any heat transfer is
temperature difference
Some heat transfer problems in engineering
application require the determination of
temperature distribution throughout the
medium
An approach is required in order to calculate
some quantities of interest such as the local
heat transfer rate, thermal stress and thermal
expansion
4
Steady vs Transient Heat Transfer

 Steady implies no change with time at any point within the
medium
 Transient implies variation with time or time dependence
5
Multidimensional Heat Transfer
 Heat transfer problems are also classified as being:
 one-dimensional
 two dimensional
 three-dimensional
 In the most general case, heat transfer through a medium is three-
dimensional. However, some problems can be classified as two- or one-
dimensional depending on the relative magnitudes of heat transfer rates
in different directions and the level of accuracy desired.
 One-dimensional if the temperature in the medium varies in one
direction only and thus heat is transferred in one direction, and the
variation of temperature and thus heat transfer in other directions are
negligible or zero.
 Two-dimensional if the temperature in a medium, in some cases, varies
mainly in two primary directions, and the variation of temperature in the
third direction (and thus heat transfer in that direction) is negligible.
6
7
 The rate of heat conduction through a medium in a specified
direction (say, in the x-direction) is expressed by Fourier’s
law of heat conduction for one-dimensional heat
conduction as:
Heat is conducted in the direction

of decreasing temperature, and
thus the temperature gradient is
negative when heat is conducted
in the positive x -direction.
8
 The first thing is defining the specification of the location of
that point and can be done by using
Three prime coordinate systems:
a) rectangular (T(x, y, z, t)) ,
b) cylindrical (T(r, f, z, t)),
c) spherical (T(r, f, q, t)).
9
Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction
Where n= the normal of isothermal surface at point P

 T
Q n  kA
n
 T
Q x  kA
x
 T
Q y  kA
y
 T
Q z  kA
z
10
Energy balance
Rate of heat storage = Net rate of heat into element + rate of heat generation
Net rate of Rate of

Rate of +
= Heat into Heat
Heat Storage
Element Generation
Differential volume
dV = Adx
11
a)Rectangular Coordinates
Cartesian Coordinates: dQ(z+dz)
Z dQx
dz
dQy dQ(y+dy)
Y
dx
X
dy
dQ(x+dx) dQz
MEC 551 Thermal Engineering 12
Differential volume:
dV  dx  dy  dz Fourier`s Law
Heat conduction rate in x-direction (into element):
 k  dy  dz  
dT dT
dQx  k  A 
dx   dx
A
dz
dQx
dy
13
Taylor Series Expansion:
f ( x  h)  f ( x)  h  f ( x)  
Substitute our equation:
0
 T
 f ( x)  d Q X  k  dy  dz  
x
h  dx
  
 d Q x 
   2
 k  dy  dz   2
T
f ( x) 
x x
14
 T  2T
d Q( x  dx)  k  dy  dz   k  dy  dz  dx  2
  
x   x

  
d Qx   d Q x 
  dx
x
 Therefore the net rate of flow in the x-direction is:
  T  T  2T 
d Q x  d Q x  dx  k  dydz    k  dydz  k  dydzdx 2 
x  x x 
 2T
 k  dx  dy  dz  2
x
15
 Likewise:
   2T
d Q y  d Q y  dy  k  dx  dy  dz  2
y
  T
2
d Q z  d Q z  dz  k  dx  dy  dz  2
z
16
In addition to the heat flow into and out of the element, there
is also the possibilities of:
- Heat being generated within the element (e.g. due

to the flow of electricity).
- Heat being stored within the element, as in the case of

an unsteady-state condition.
17
In the case of heat generated is:
 
q dV  q  dx  dy  dz 
rate of heat
generated
per volume
In the case of heat storage is:
T T
  C p  dV    C p  dx  dy  dz 
 
t density  t

specific
heat rate of
temperature
change
18
Assuming the element may expand or contract freely at constant
pressure, the energy balance is given by:
In equation form this is:
T   2T  2T  2T  
  CP   k  2  2  2   q
 x 
 t
  
 
y

z
 Rate of Heat
Rate of Heat Storage Generation
Net Rate of Heat int o element
19
Knowing that:
k
 ~
Thermal diffusivity (i.e. the ratio of
  CP heat conduction to heat storage)
Substituting α in, this equation becomes the general

differential conduction equation for rectangular coordinates:

1 T   2T  2T  2T  q
   2  2  2  

t 
x y z  k
Rate of Heat Storage
   Rate of Heat
Net Rate of Heat int o element Generation
20
For a special cases:
Fourier Equation (When no heat generation, q′ =0):
1 T   2T  2T  2T 
   2  2  2 
 t  x y z 
Poisson Equation (at steady state, T/t =0):
  2T  2T  2T  q
 2  2  2    0
 x y z  k
Laplace Equation (at steady state with no heat generation):
  2T  2T  2T 
 2  2  2   0
 x y z 
21
a) Rectangular Coordinates – Lets Try
1. Consider a medium in which the heat conduction

equation is given in its simplest form;
a. Is heat transfer steady or transient?

b. Is heat transfer 1,2 or 3D dimensional?
c. Is there heat generation in the medium?
d. Is the thermal conductivity of the medium
constant or variable?
22
a) Rectangular Coordinates – Let’s Try
2. Write a one dimensional transient heat

conduction equation for a plane wall with
constant thermal conductivity and heat
generation.
23
b) Spherical Coordinates
Now calculate the general conduction equation in spherical
coordinates
z z
q
T(r,Φ,q)
r
x y x y
Φ
24
Now calculate the general conduction equation in spherical
coordinates
z q(q)
q(r+dr)
r·dq
r·dq q
dq
dr
r q(Φ)
dΦ y q(r)
x
r·sinq·dΦ
r·q q(Φ+dΦ)
q
q(q+dq)
MEC 551 Thermal Engineering 25

Differential volume:
dV  dr   rdq   r sin q  df  r·dq

q(r)
 r df  dq  dr  sin q
2
Heat conduction rate in r-direction (in to element):

 T
d Q r  k r sin q  df   rdq  
   r
A
T
 kr df  dq  sin q 
2
r
26
 Heat conduction rate in r-direction (out of element):
q(r+dr)
  
 
 d Q r 
d Q ( r  dr )  dQ r    .dr r·dq
r
T
  kr df  dq sin q
2

r
  2
T
  kr df  dq sin q 2 .dr
2
 r 
27
Total heat conduction rate in r-direction:
  T T
d Q r  d Q ( r  dr )   kr df  dq sin q
2
 kr df  dq sin q
2

r r
  T
2
  kr df  dq sin q 2 .dr
2
 r 
   2  2T 
d Q r  d Q ( r  dr )  k  df  dq  dr sin q r 2 
 r 
28
Heat conduction rate in q-direction (in to element):
 T
d Qq  k  dr  r sin q  df  
 r  dq
A
T
 k  dr  sin q  df
q
q(q)
dr
r·sinq·dΦ
29
Heat conduction rate in q-direction (out of element):
  
 
  d Qq 
d Q q  dq   d Qq  dq   
q
T   2T 
  k  dr  sin q  df  k  dr  df  sin q  dq
2 
q  q 
q(q+dq)
dr
r·sinq·dΦ
30
Total heat conduction rate in q-direction:
  T T
d Qq  d Q q  dq    k  dr  sin q  df  k  dr  sin q  df 
q q
  2T 
 k  dr  df  sin q  dq
2 
 q 
    2T 
d Qq  d Q q  dq   k  dr  df  dq   sin q 
2 
 q 
31
Heat conduction rate in Ф-direction (in to element):
 T
d Qf  k r  dq  dr  q(Φ)
r sin q  f r·dq
k  dq  dr T

sin q f
32
Heat conduction rate in Ф-direction (out of element):
  
 
 d Qf 
d Q f  df   d Qf  df   
f
k  dq  dr T k  dq  dr  df  2T
    2
sin q f sin q f
r·dq
q(Φ+dФ)
33
Total heat conduction rate in Ф-direction:
  k  dq  dr T k  dq  dr T
d Qf  dQ f  df       
sin q f sin q f
k  dq  dr  df  2T
  2
sin q f
  k  dq  dr  df  T
2
d Qf  d Q f  df    2
sin q f
34
Rate of Heat Generation:
 
q dV  q r 2 dr  df  dq  sin q
Rate of Heat Storage:
T T
  CP  dV     CP r dr  df  dq  sin q 
2
t t
35
The energy balance is given by:
T
  C P r dr  df  dq  sin q 
2

t
 2  2T 
r sin q 2  
 r 
 T
2
  2
k  dr  df  dq  sin q     q r dr  df  dq  sin q
q 2
 
 1 T 
2
 sin q f 2 
 
36
T
  C P r dr  df  dq  sin q 
2

t
 1 2  2T 
 2 .r .k . 2   
 r r 
1 1 T
2
  2
r dr  df  dq  sin q  2
2
.k . sin q . 2    q r dr  df  dq  sin q
r sin q q
 
1 1 1 T
2

.k
 r 2 sin q sin q f 2 . 
 
37
  C P T

k t
 1 2  2T 
 2 .r . 2   
 r  r  
1 1 T
2
 q
 r 2 sin q . sin q . q 2    k
 
1 1 1 T 2

.
 r 2 sin q sin q f 2 
 
38
Therefore the conduction equation in spherical
coordinates is:
1 T

 t

1   2 T  1   T  1  T q 2
 r  2   sin q  2 2  2 
r r  r  r sin q q 
2
q  r sin q f k
39
Homework 1: Derive the equations for cylindrical coordinates
40
Equations for cylindrical coordinates:
1 T  T 1 T 1  T  T q 
2 2 2
  2    2 2 2 
 t 
r r r q
 r
 z k
1   T 
  r 
r r  r 
1 T 1   T  1  T  T q  2 2
   r  2  2  2 
 t r r  r  r q z k
41
Lets Try (spherical and cylindrical coordinates)
3. Consider a medium in which the heat conduction
equation is given in its simplest form;
a. Is heat transfer steady or transient?

b. Is heat transfer 1,2 or 3D dimensional?
c. Is there heat generation in the medium?
d. Is the thermal conductivity of the medium constant or
variable? 42
Lets Try (spherical and cylindrical coordinates)
4. Write a three-dimensional steady

state heat conduction equation for
spherical with constant thermal
conductivity and no heat generation.
43
BOUNDARY AND INITIAL CONDITIONS
The description of a heat transfer problem in a medium is not complete without a full
description of the thermal conditions at the bounding surfaces of the medium.
Boundary conditions: The mathematical expressions of the thermal conditions at the
boundaries.
The temperature at any

point on the wall at a
specified time depends
on the condition of the
geometry at the
beginning of the heat
conduction process.
Such a condition, which
is usually specified at
time t = 0, is called the
initial condition, which
is a mathematical
expression for the
temperature distribution
of the medium initially.
44
Boundary and Initial Conditions

The 4 most common boundary conditions are:
a. Constant Surface Temperature:
T
T(0,t) = Ts
Ts
x
T(x,t)
45

b. Constant and finite heat flux (heat transfer rate per unit area,
W/m2):
T
T qs
k  qs
x x 0 T(0,t)
x
qs
46

c. Adiabatic or insulated surface:
T
0 T(0,t)
x x 0 x
T(x,t)
47

d. Convection surface condition:
x
q
T(x,t)
T∞, h
48
Let’s Try!
4. Consider a large plane wall of thickness

L=0.2m, thermal conductivity k=1.2W/m.K
and surface area A=15m2. The two sides of
the wall are maintained at constant
temperatures of T1=120C and T2=50C,
respectively. Determine the variation of
temperature within the wall and the value of
temperature at x=0.1 and the rate of heat
conduction through the wall under steady
conditions.
49
Let’s Try!
5. Consider a large plane wall of thickness L=0.3m, thermal

conductivity k= 2.5 W/mK and surface area A= 12 m2. The left
side of the wall at x=0 is subjected to a net heat flux of 700
W/m2 while temperature at that surface is measured to be T1=80
C. Assuming constant thermal conductivity and no heat
generation in the wall (a) Express the differential equation and its
boundary condition for steady one D (b) solve the differential
equation (c) evaluate the temperature at the right wall at x=L
50
Let’s Try!
6. A steam pipe of length L=20 m, inner

radius r1= 6 cm, outer radius r2 = 8 cm,
and thermal conductivity k = 20 W/m.K
as shown in the figure. The inner and
outer surfaces of the pipe are
maintained at the average temperature
of T1= 150 C and T2 = 60 C
respectively. Obtain a) general
equation for temperature distribution
inside the pipe under steady condition
and determine the heat loss from the
steam through the pipe.
51
Let’s Try!
A spherical container of inner radius r1 = 2 m, outer

radius r2 = 2.1 m, and thermal conductivity k= 30
W/mK is filled with iced water at 0C. The container is
gaining heat by convection from the surrounding air
at T= 25 C with a heat transfer coefficient of h= 18
W/mK. Assuming the inner surface temperature of
the container to be 0C, (a) express the differential
equation and the boundary conditions for steady one
dimensional heat conduction through the container,
(b) obtain relation for the variation of temperature in
the container by solving the differential equation (c)
evaluate the rate of heat gain to the iced water.
Conduction
53
Thermal conductivity
 Thermal conductivity (k) of a material is the measure
of the ability of the material to conduct heat.
Gas Liquid Solid
54
55
 Thermal conductivity is
temperature dependent
56
57
Conduction

convection
surfaces
58
2.3 Thermal resistance circuit:Plane wall and cylindrical
geometries; conduction with convection
1-D Steady State Conduction

 One-dimensional (1D) heat conduction
Implies that the temperature gradient exists in only one
direction.
 Steady state systems (SS)

The temperature within the solid is assumed to not be time
dependent.
59
Thermal Resistance Method

 1-D/SS analysis can be applied to problems to
determine the temperature distribution and heat flow
in a solid, slab, cylinder, or sphere.
 The thermal resistance approach (similar to Ohm’s

Law) is a technique that simplifies complicated
problems which involve multi-layered mediums when
there is no heat generation (q′=0).

60

 If q′(x)=0 (no heat generation) then the rate of flow of heat energy
normal to the area (A) is given by:
 T T T
Q  kA  kA 
x L R
L
where : R 
kA
 L – Thickness of the slab
 A – Area normal to the direction of heat flow
 K – Thermal conductivity coefficient
 ∆T – Temperature difference (gradient)
 R – Thermal resistance
61

 This is like Ohm’s Law:
Potential Difference (V )
Current ( I ) 
Re sis tan ce ( R)
 Therefore, circuit representations can provide a useful tool

for both conceptualizing and calculating heat transfer
problems.
62
Analogy to Electrical Current Flow
 Eq. 3-5 is analogous to the relation for electric current flow I,
expressed as
V1  V2
I (3-6)
Re
Heat Transfer Electrical current flow

Rate of heat transfer  Electric current
Thermal resistance  Electrical resistance
Temperature difference  Voltage difference
63

T
T1 1 k, A
dT
q(x) q(x)
2
T2
T2
X
dx
Q Q
T1 T2
L
R
kA
64

• Example 2.2 - Multi-Layer Wall: Determine Q.
AA  AB  AC  A
kA, AA kB, AB
T kC, AC
T1
Q(x)
T2
B
A C
T3
T4
X
Q Q
T1 RA T2 RB T3 RC T4 65
(Example 2.2)
Q Q
T1 RA T2 RB T3 RC T4

Q  k A A
T2  T1 
 k A
T3  T2 
 k A
T4  T3 
x A xB xC
B C
x A xB xC
RA  ; RB  ; RC 
kA A kB A kC A
66
(Example 2.2)
Q Q
T1 RA T2 RB T3 RC T4

Q
T1  T4 
x A xB xC
 
k A A k B A kC A
Toverall thermal potential difference

 
R thermal resis tan ce
67
Generalized Thermal Resistance Network
 The thermal resistance concept can be used to solve steady
heat transfer problems that involve parallel layers or
combined series-parallel arrangements.
 The total heat transfer of two parallel layers
T1  T2 T1  T2 1 1 
Q  Q1  Q2    T1  T2    
R1 R2  R1 R2 
1
Rtotal (3-29)
1 1 1  RR
     Rtotal = 1 2 (3-31)
Rtotal  R1 R2  R1  R2
68
Combined Series-Parallel Arrangement
The total rate of heat transfer through
the composite system
T1  T
Q (3-32)
Rtotal
where
R1R2
Rtotal  R12  R3  Rconv   R3  Rconv (3-33)
R1  R2
L1 L2 L3 1
R1  ; R2  ; R3  ; Rconv  (3-34)
k1 A1 k2 A2 k3 A3 hA3
69
Thermal Resistance Concept- Conduction
Resistance
 Equation 3–3 for heat conduction through a plane wall
can be rearranged as
T1  T2
Qcond , wall  (W) (3-4)
Rwall
 Where Rwall is the conduction resistance expressed as
L
Rwall  ( C/W) (3-5)
kA
70
Thermal Resistance Concept- Convection Resistance
 Thermal resistance can also be applied to convection processes.

 Newton’s law of cooling for convection heat transfer rate
( Qconv  hAs Ts  T  ) can be rearranged as
Ts  T
Qconv  (W)
Rconv
 Rconv is the convection resistance
1
Rconv  ( C/W)
hAs
71
Thermal Resistance Concept- Radiation Resistance
 The rate of radiation heat transfer between a surface and the

surrounding
Ts  Tsurr

Qrad   As T  T s
4 4
surr   hrad As (Ts  Tsurr ) 
Rrad
(W)
1
Rrad  (K/W)
hrad As
hrad 
Qrad
As (Ts  Tsurr )

  Ts2  Tsurr
2
T 
 s surr 
 T (W/m 2
 K)
72
Thermal Resistance Concept- Radiation and Convection
Resistance
 A surface exposed to the surrounding might involves
convection and radiation simultaneously.
 The convection and radiation resistances are parallel to
each other.
 When Tsurr≈T∞, the radiation
effect can properly be
accounted for by replacing h
in the convection resistance
relation by
hcombined = hconv+hrad (W/m2K)
73
Thermal Resistance Network
 consider steady one-dimensional heat transfer through a
plane wall that is exposed to convection on both sides.
 Under steady conditions we have
Rate of Rate of Rate of
heat convection = heat conduction = heat convection
into the wall through the wall from the wall
or
Q  h1 A T ,1  T1  
T1  T2
kA  h2 A T2  T,2 
L
74
Thermal Contact Resistance
 In reality surfaces have some roughness.
 When two surfaces are pressed against each other, the peaks form good
material contact but the valleys form voids filled with air.
 As a result, an interface contains
numerous air gaps of varying sizes
that act as insulation because of the
low thermal conductivity of air.
 Thus, an interface offers some
resistance to heat transfer, which
is termed the thermal contact
resistance, Rc.
75
Multilayer Plane Walls
 In practice we often encounter plane walls that consist of
several layers of different materials.
 The rate of steady heat transfer through this two-layer
composite wall can be expressed through where the total
thermal resistance is
Rtotal  Rconv ,1  Rwall ,1  Rwall ,2  Rconv ,2

1 L1 L2 1
   
h1 A k1 A k2 A h2 A
76
Radial Systems
 Cylindrical and spherical systems often experience
temperature gradients in the radial direction only and
in the case can be treated as one-dimensional.
77
1-D, SS Heat Conduction - (Cylindrical Coordinates)
Example 2.5:
Hollow Cylinder (Tube) (with convective surface conditions):
Find all of the thermal resistances.
Cold Fluid, Tf2, h2
No heat generation
T1 q  0
r2
Hot fluid r1 Hot fluid

Tf1, h1 Tf1, h1
T2
L 78
Example 2.5:
 Solve using the thermal
resistance method:
1
Rf1 
 The resistances Rf1 and 2r1 L  h1
Rf2 can be found from 
Interior Surface
Area of Cylinder
Newton’s Law of
Cooling: 1
Rf 2 
2r2 L  h2

Outer Surface
Area of Cylinder 79
Example 2.5:
• The resistance RA can be found from Fourier’s Law:
 dT
Qcond  kA
dr
r2

Qcond
T2
r A  dr  T k  dT
1 1
2 rL
Q cond 2 1
r T1

2 L r1 r
 dr   k  dT
T2

Qcond  2 L  k
T1  T2 
ln  2 
r
r1
80
Example 2.5:
If the heat transfer rate is constant, this can be further simplified:
 T1  T2
Qcond 
RA
Thermal
ln  2 
r Resistance
RA   r1 
2 L  k1
81
Example 2.6:
Example 2.6: Composite Cylindrical Wall. Solve Q in terms of
the overall thermal resistance (Rtot) and overall heat transfer
coefficient (U).
Example 2.6:
Composite layers C
B
A
rA
rB TA
TB
rC TC
TD
rD 83
Example 2.6:
Use the thermal resistance method:
T
rA
TA Tf1 TA
rB TB
TB
TC TC
rC TD
TD
Tf4
rD r
Tf1 Rf1 TA RA TB RB TC RC TD Rf4 Tf4

Tf 1  Tf 2
Q r 
 rB  ln  rC  ln  rD 
ln      
1
  rA
  rB
  rC

1
2 rA Lh1 2 k A L 2 k B L 2 kC L 2 rD Lh284
Let’s Try!
A 1.0 m X 1.5 m double pane window consists of two 4 mm
thick layers of glass (k=0.78 W/mK) that are separated by a
5 mm air gap (Kair=0.025 W/mK). The heat flow through the
air gap is assumed to be by conduction. The inside and
outside air temperatures are 20°C and -20°C, respectively
and the inside and outside heat transfer coefficients are 40
and 20 W/m2K. Determine;
(a) The daily rate of heat loss through the window in a

steady operation
(b) The temperature difference across the largest thermal
resistance
85
Let’s Try!
2. Steam at 320C flows in a cast iron pipe (k=80W/mK)
whose inner and outer diameters are D1=5 cm and D2=5.5
cm, respectively. The pipe is covered with 3 cm thick glass
wool insulation with k=0.05 W/m.K. Heat is lost to the
surroundings at 5C by natural convection and radiationwith
a combined heat transfer coefficient of h2=18W/m2.K.
Taking the heat transfer coefficient inside the pipe to be
h1=60W/m2K, determine the rate of heat loss from the
steam per unit length of the pipe. Also determine the
temperature drops across the pipe shell and the insulation.
86
1-D, SS Heat Conduction - (Spherical Coordinates)
Critical Thickness of Insulation
 Consider a tube, cable, or wire dissipating heat

from the outer surface into the surrounding air by
convection.
 It is covered by a layer of insulation to minimize
heat loss. In many cases, the thermal resistance
offered by a metal tube or wire is negligibly small
in comparison to the insulation.
87
The tube wall temperature (To) is nearly the same as the
fluid.
To, ho
insulation
insulation ri
ri
Ti ro Ti
ro
(a) Rod or Wire (b) Pipe 88

 For a single layer of insulation material, the heat transfer rate is
given by:
 Ti  To Ti  T
Qr  
Ri  Ro 1
2 kL  ln 
ro
ri  1
2 ro Lho
 Ri ≡ Thermal resistance due to conduction in the insulation.

 Ro ≡ Thermal resistance due to convection on the surface.
89
 Assume Ti, To, k, L, ri, h all remain constant and allow ro to

vary between ri < r < ro.
 T  T
Qr  1

i o
2 kL  ln ro
ri  1
2 ro Lho
  
Ri Ro
As ro increases, the thermal resistance Ri also increases as Ro

decreases. 90
R Rtot
Rcond
(Rises with thickness)
Rconv
(Sinks with thickness)
r r
A critical value of ro may be found that will result in a
maximum rate of heat loss.
Differentiate the heat equation with respect to ro and set to
0 to maximize the equation.
dQr 2 kLTi  To   1 k 
     0
dr0  
ro 2

ln ri  hokro  ro ho ro 
2
1 k k
  ro ,crit 
ro ho ro2 ho
92
2.3 Thermal resistance circuit: Plane wall and
cylindrical geometries; conduction with convection
k
ro ,crit  Critical radius of insulation
ho
if ro  ro ,crit Will decrease the rate of heat loss

expected. Good !
ro  ro ,crit Will increase the heat loss

continuously. Maximum at the critical
thickness. Avoid !
93
Function of Fins
 Finned surfaces are commonly used to enhance the heat

transfer from a surface by increasing the surface area.
 Recall Newton’s Law of Cooling:
Q conv  h  As Ts  T 
94
Fins – Function of fin
(a) Unfinned (b) Finned

95
Fins -Types of Fins

Fins of Uniform Cross Section:
96
Function of Fins - Fin Heat Transfer

The fin is cooled along its surface by a fluid temperature T.
The temperature distribution relation through the fin can be
developed by performing an energy balance.
Rate of
Rate of Rate of
heat flow by
heat flow by heat flow by +
conduction into = conduction out
convection from
surface between
element x of element x+dx
x and x+dx
97
dQconv P = Perimeter of rectangular body

t
dx= Surface area between x & dx
h= Convection coefficient
dx A= Cross-sectional area of body

Z K= Thermal conductivity of body
Qx Qx+dx
L
x
  T 
dx   h  Pdx T  T 
dT
 kA   kA  T 
dx x  x   
    Convection from
Conduction Conductionout of surfacebetween
int o element element at x  dx x and dx
at x 98
99

If k and h are uniform, the energy generation can be simplified
further to:
T   T 
 kA  kA  T  dx   h  Pdx T  T 
x x  x 
 2T
 kA 2  h  P T  T   0
x
 T hP
2
 T  T   0
x 2
kA
100

q x   T x   T
Let:
hP
m 
2
kA
dq2
 2
 m q x   0
2
dx
This is known as the 1-D fin equation for fins of uniform
cross-section.
101

This is a linear, homogenous differential equation. The
general solution is:
q x   T x   T  C1e  C2e
mx  mx
Where C1 and C2 are constants that can be determined by

boundary conditions.
102

Example 2.9 Fin with convection heat transfer at tip. If the 1st
boundary condition is at the base, x=0 where T=Tb, then:
Tb
Base (b)
x
m 0   m 0 
qb  Tb  T  C1e  C2 e
 C1  C2
103

Example 2.9
The 2nd boundary condition depends on the nature of the
problem. This could be specified at the fin tip (x=L). Applying
an energy balance to a control surface about the tip gives:
hAT L   T   kA
dT
dx xL
Rate of energy Rate of energy

transferred to which reaches
the fluid by = the tip by
convection conduction
from the tip through the fin
104

Example 2.9
105

Example 2.9
 Substituting in our definition for q
dq
h  q L    k
dx xL
  
h  C1e mL  C2 e  mL  k  m  C1e mL  C2 e  mL 
 Solving for C1 and C2 (not shown) from these two conditions obtains:
q coshm  L  x   mkh sinhm  L  x 


qb coshmL  mkh sinh mL
b~ base 106

Standardized tables exist which show solutions for other
boundary conditions (also see pg 158-160 in text):
107

Example 2.10 : Long fin
In long fins, the temperature will approach the temperature

of the fluid T→T∞ as x→ ∞. Substituting this into the
equation gives:
0
q   T  T  0  C1e m
 C2 e  m
T 
The boundary condition is satisfied if C1=0.
108

 The other boundary condition is:

0
qb  Tb  T  C1  C2
C2  Tb  T
 Therefore: C1  0; C2  Tb  T
109

0
 So: q  x  C1e  C2 e
mx  mx

qb Tb  T

Tb  T   e
 mx
Tb  T 
 e  mx
110

Since the heat flowing by conduction across the base of the
fin must be transmitted by convection from the surface of the
fin to the fluid.

  h  PT x   T  dx
 dT
Q fin  kA
dx x 0 0
q T x   T
Since:   e  mx
qb Tb  T
T x   T  e  mx
Tb  T 
111


 Substituting: Q fin   hP  Tb  T  e dx
  mx

hP
Tb  T  e 0
 mx 
m

hP
hP

Tb  T   e  e
 0

kA
 hPkA  Tb  T 
112
Function of Fins - Fin Performance

 In the previous calculation, it was assumed that the fin is
sufficiently thin, so substantial temperature gradients occur
only in the x-direction (1-D).
 In most practical fins, the error introduced by this 1-D

approximation is only about 1%.
 The overall accuracy of practical fin calculations will usually

be limited by uncertainties in values of the convection
coefficient.
113
Function of Fins – Fin Performance

 Convection is seldom uniform over the entire surface, as
commonly assumed. For severe non-uniform behavior, it is
more appropriate to solve the problem by numerical finite
difference techniques.
 In practical applications, fins may have varying cross-

sectional areas and may be attached to circular surfaces and
solution of the basic differential equation and mathematical
techniques become tedious.
114
Function of Fins – Fin Efficiency

The effectiveness of a fin in transferring a given quantity of
heat is described by its efficiency.
 f  Actual
Actual heat transfer  
rate Q
fin
heat transfer rate from the fin_________________________________
 fin max 
Idealheat transfer rate without fin Q fin were at base temperature
Ideal heat transfer rate from the fin IF the entire
Q fin

hA fin Tb  T 
115
Function of Fins – Fin Efficiency

 For cases where the fin is very long:
aspreviously
found 
Q fin hPkAc Tb  T 
long   
fin Q fin h  A fin Tb  T 
max
hPkAc Tb  T 

h  P  L Tb  T  Afin

A fin Ab
1 kAc Afin  2  w  L  w  t

L hP  2 w L 116
Function of Fins – Fin Effectiveness

Fins are used to enhance heat transfer. The performance of
fins is expressed in terms of the fin effectiveness (efin).
Heat transfer rate from the fin
Q fin of base area Ab
 fin 
Q no fin Heat transfer rate from
the surface of area Ab
Q fin Q fin
  * Note that
Qno fin h  Ab Tb  T 
 If ε =1 , fin does not give any effect
If ε <1 , fin act as insulation
If ε >1 , fin enhanced heat transfer
117
Function of Fins – Fin Effectiveness

Therefore for a very long fin (Ab=Ac):
Q fin
 long  
fin Q no fin
hPkAc Tb  T 

hAb Tb  T 
kP

hAc
118
Conduction

convection
surfaces
119
2.4 Solution of 2F temperature distribution using finite
difference techniques
Multi-dimensional SS Conduction
• As previously shown, the
objective of heat transfer
analysis is to predict the
rate of heat flow or the
temperature distribution.
• In many practical problems, the temperature and heat flow

are functions of two and three coordinates (2D, 3D). Such
cases occur when the boundary is non-uniform.
• Examples:
– Heat flow through a corner section where 2 or 3 walls meet
– Conduction through the walls of a short, hollow cylinder
– Heat loss through a buried pipe. 120
Multi-dimensional SS Conduction
 The solution to 2-D and 3-
D problems can be solved
by:
 Analytical
 Graphical
 Analogical
 Numerical methods (finite
difference)
 Finite difference methods

(using computers) is often
the best choice.
121
Analytical Solution – 2D problem
 The rate of flow per unit area in the x and y directions can
be obtained from Fourier’s Law.
Q T
q x     k
 A x x
Q T
q y     k
 A y y
 Although temperature is scalar (not a vector), the heat flux
depends on a temperature gradient and is therefore a
vector.
122
 The total heat flow of a given point (x,y) is the resultant

Qtot= (Qx, Qy) at that point and is directed perpendicular to
the isotherm (as shown below).
Qy Q= Qx+Qy
Qx
T(x,y)
isotherm
123
Analytical Solution
(2-D Problem)
 Thus if the temperature is known, the rate of heat flow can
be easily calculated.
 The classical solution of a heat conduction problem (to
exact solution of the Fourier equation) is separation of
variables.
Qy Q= Qx+Qy
Qx
T(x,y)
isotherm 124
Example 2.11 Analytical Solution to 2-D problem. To appreciate
the analytical method of separation of variables, we will
consider the relatively simple system below:
For 2-D, steady state, no heat

generation, the conduction
equation is:
T T
2 2
 2 0
x 2
y
125
Example 2.11
• We want to find the temperature distribution T(x,y) but to
simplify the solution, the following transformation is used:
T  T1
q
T2  T1
• Substituting this into the conduction equation gives:
q q
2 2
 2 0
x 2
y
126
 Since this equation is second

order, two boundary conditions
are needed for each of the
coordinates:
q 0, y   0 and q x,0  0

q L, y   0 and q x,W   1
127
Example 2.11
 Plotting the isotherms for this plate gives:
128
Graphical Method
 The Graphical Method has now been superseded by
computer solutions based on numerical methods, however
it may still be used to obtain a first estimate of the
temperature distribution.
 The rationale behind the graphical method comes from the

fact that lines of constant temperature must be
PERPENDICULAR TO LINES THAT INDICATE THE
DIRECTION OF HEAT FLOW.
 So the objective is to draw a flux plot by constructing a

network of isotherms and heat flow lines.
129
Graphical Method
130
Analogical Method
 This method refers to situations where 2 or more
phenomena that can be described by the same equation are
mathematically analogous (similar to the thermal resistance
method).
 The variables in the system are called analogues of the

corresponding variables in other systems.
131
Analogical Method
 A simple example of one case is the 2-D Laplace equation:
 2T  2T
 2 0
x 2
y
 Which is analogous to the electrical potential E(x,y):
2E 2E
 2 0
x 2
y
 So constant lines in an electric field correspond to constant
temperature lines in a heat flow field.
132
2.4 Solution of 2D temperature distribution
Finite Differences (Numerical Method)
 Numerical methods based on finite difference
techniques are ideally suited for systems of more
complex geometries by means of high speed
computers.
 It is suitable for 2-D or 3-D systems
 Consider a 2-D system such as a solid of constant

thickness b, subdividing into equal increments in
both the x and y-directions
133
m – x increment Node
n – y increment x
y
b
y
x
134
 In the absence of a
heat source or sink in m,n+1
the system, the rate Qm,n+1

of heat flow toward
the nodal point must m-1,n m, n m+1,n
be equal to the rate
of heat flow from it Qm-1,n Qm+1,n
in steady state. Qm,n-1
m,n-1
135
 In the finite difference method the derivatives are replaced

by differences.
df x   f x  x   f x  
 lim  
dx x 0
 x 
 Instead of taking the limit, the following approximation for

the derivative can be used.
f(x+Dx)
df x  f x  x   f x 
Df
f(x)

dx x Dx
x x+dx 136
 If the grid is subdivided into M sections of equal

length.
L
x  Tm+1
M Tm
in the x  direction Tm-1
m-1 m m+1
m-½ m+½
137
m-1/2
dT Tm  Tm 1

dx m
1 x Tm-1 Tm
2
m+1/2
dT Tm 1  Tm

dx m
1 x Tm Tm+1
2
138
 The 2nd derivative is simply:
2
d T
dT
dx m  1  dT
dx m  12
 2
dx 2
x
Tm1 Tm Tm Tm1
 x
 x
x
Tm 1  2Tm  Tm 1

x 2
139
 Likewise:
d 2T Tn1  2Tn  Tn1


dy 2
y 2
140
 Finite Differences of Plane Wall: The 1-D heat transfer

through a plane wall is given by the following equation. Find
the finite difference expression for:
d 2T q 
2
 0
dx k
 This can be expressed in differential form as:
Tm1  2Tm  Tm1 qm

 0 for m  1, 2, 3 
x 2
k
Where qm is the rate of heat generation per unit volume at node m.
141
(m, n+1)
 For 2-dimensions:
 2T  2T q 
 2  0 (m-1, n) (m, n) (m+1, n)
x 2
y k
Dy
Dx
 The finite difference
(m, n-1)
formulation is:
Tm1,n  2Tm,n  Tm1,n Tm,n 1  2Tm,n  Tm,n 1 q m ,n

 
x 2
y 2
k
for m  1, 2, 3  M  1
for n  1, 2, 3  N  1 142
 If x = y then:
Tm1,n  Tm1,n  Tm,n1  Tm,n1  4  Tm,n  

 
qm ,n  x 2
k
 Or since we are considering that k= constant, the heat flows
may all be expressed in terms of temperature differentials
and this same equation can be derived.
 dT
Qx  kAx where Ax  y 1
dx
 dT
Qy  kAy where Ay  x 1
dy
143
 Therefore the finite difference expressions for Q are:
Q cond,left  Q m 1,n  k  y
T m 1, n  Tm ,n 
x
Q cond,right  Q m 1,n  k  y
Tm1,n  Tm,n 
x
Q cond,up  Q m ,n 1  k  x
Tm,n1  Tm,n 
y
Q cond,down  Q m ,n 1  k  x
Tm,n1  Tm,n 
y 144
 Therefore the total heat transfer is:
Q m1,n  Q m1,n  Q m,n1  Q m,n1  qm ,n  

A 0
xy
 Therefore if x = y:
 y  Tm1,n  Tm,n  y  Tm1,n  Tm,n  

   
 x  x   qm ,n  x  y 
k 
 x  Tm,n1  Tm,n  x  Tm,n1  Tm,n  
  
  y  y 
145
 Then:
Tm1,n  Tm1,n  Tm,n1  Tm,n1  4  Tm,n  

 
qm ,n  x 2
k
for an interior node

1 2
3 4
146
 To use this numerical method, these equations must be

written for each node within the material and the resultant
system of equations solved for the temperature at the various
nodes.
147
Example 2.12: Finite Difference Modeling of a

square plate. A small plate (1x1 m) and with a k=
10 W/(mC) has one face maintained at 500C
and the rest at 100C.
k 500C
Compute:
(i) Temperature at various nodes.
(ii) Heat flow at the boundaries. 100C 1 m 100C
1m
100C 148
Example 2.12
x  1 m
Four node problem 3
T=500C
y  1 m
3 1 2
T=100C T=100C
3 4
T=100C 149
Example 2.12
(i) The solution for finding the

1 2
temperatures is (for an interior node):
Tm1,n  Tm1.n  Tm,n1  Tm,n1  4  Tm,n  0 3 4
Node 1 : T2  100 C  500 C  T3  4T1  0

 
Node 2 : 100 C  T1  500 C  T4  4T2  0

Node 3 : T4  100 C  T1  100 C  4T3  0
Node 4 : 100 C  T3  T2  100 C  4T4  0
150
Example 2.12
 Rearranging equations:
600  4T1  T2  T3 0
600  T1  4T2  T4  0
200  T1  4T3  T4  0
200  T2  T3  4T4  0
151
Example 2.12
-4 1 1 0 T1 -600
1 -4 0 1 T2 -600
· =
1 0 -4 1 T3 -200
0 1 1 -4 T4 -200
152
Example 2.12
 Solve by Gaussian Elimination:

T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
1 -4 0 1 -600
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
153
Example 2.12
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
4x1= -4x4= 4x0= 4x1= -600x4=

X4
4 -16 0 4 -2400
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
154
Example 2.12
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4+(4)=0
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -16 0 4 -2,400
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
155
Example 2.12
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
1+(-16)=-15
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 0 4 -2,400
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
156
Example 2.12
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
1+(0)=1
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -2,400
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
157
Example 2.12
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
0+(4)=4
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -2,400
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
158
Example 2.12
-600+(-2400)=-3000
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -3,000
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
159
Example 2.12
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -3,000
X4 0 1 -15 4 -1,400
0 1 1 -4 -200
160
Example 2.12
-15+(1x15)=0
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -3,000
X15 0 0 -224 64 -24,000
0 1 1 -4 -200
161
Example 2.12
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -3,000
0 0 -224 64 -24,000
X15 0 0 16 -56 -6,000

162
Example 2.12
-224+(14x16)=0
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -3,000
0 0 -224 64 -24,000
224
0 0 0 -720 -108,000
X 16 =14
163
Example 2.12
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -3,000
0 0 -224 64 -24,000
0 0 0 -720 -108,000
164
Example 2.12
 4  T1  T2  T3  600
 15  T2  T3  4  T4  3,000
 224  T3  64  T4  24,000
 720  T4  108,000
• Solving for the unknowns
108,000
T4   150 C

720
165
Example 2.12
24,000  150  64
T3   150 C
224
150  150  4  3,000

T2   250 C

15
600  250  150

T1   250 C
4
166
Example 2.12
 (ii) The heat rate is thus:

T
Qx  k  y
 1 2
x
-Qx=0
T
Q y  k  x
 3 4
y
y  

Qx  0   k T  100   T  100  
1
500  100  
1
100  100 
x  
1 3
2 2 
 
 10  250  100  150  100  500  100
1
 2 
 4,000 Wm
167
Example 2.12

1 2
-Qx=1
3 4
y  

Qx 1  k T  100   T  100  
1
500  100  
1
100  100 
x  
2 4
2 2 
 
 10  250  100  150  100  500  100
1
 2 
 4,000 Wm
168
Example 2.12

1 2
3 4
-Qy=0
x  

Qy 0  k T  100   T  100  
1
100  100  
1
100  100 
y  
3 4
2 2 
 10  150  100  150  100
 1,000 Wm
169
Example 2.12
 (ii) The heat rate is thus: +Qy=1
1 2
3 4
x  

Qy 1  k T1  500  T2  500  100  500  100  500
1 1
y  2 2 
 10  250  500  250  500  200  200
 9,000 Wm
170
Example 2.12
 Therefore: +9,000 W/m
1 2
-4,000 W/m -4,000 W/m
3 4
-1,000 W/m
Heat flowing into the plate = +9,000 W/m
Heat flow leaving the plate = -4000-4000-1000=-9,000

W/m 171
Example 2.13
 Example 2.13: Derive the heat equation for node 3 of

the plate shown below.
1 2
Given:
k= constant
3 4
b= thickness
insulation
x= y
Steady state
5 6
172
Example 2.13
 Also note the half areas:

x
1 2
y
y 3 4
2
5
173
Example 2.13
 Since the heat transfer is steady state then ΣQ=0 and the
equation at node 3 is:
0  k  y  b 
T4  T3   x  b  T1  T3 
 k 
 x  b  T5  T3 
   k  
xAy

 2  y 
 2  y

  1A 1A
Q m1,n 
2 x
  
2 x
Q m ,n1 Q m ,n1

 Note:Q 0 because of the insulation
m 1, n
174
Example 2.14
 Example 2.14: Steady 2-D Heat Conduction in an L-bar.
Given: k = 15 W/(m·ºC) h= 80 W/(m2·ºC)
T= 25ºC q′= gn= 2x106 W/m3
Convection x= y= L = 0.012m

h, T= 25ºC
1 2 3
Dx Dy
insulation
4 5 6 7 8 9
qr= 5000 W/m2
10 11 12 13 14 15
T= 90 ºC 175
Example 2.14
 Assumptions:
 Heat transfer is steady and 2-D
 Thermal conductivity (k) is constant
 Heat generation q′ is constant
 Radiation heat transfer is neglible
 Form the volume elements by partitioning the region

between nodes. Node 5 is the only completely interior
node. Consider the volume element represented by Node 5
to be full size (e.g. x=y=1).
176
Example 2.14
 Then the elements represented by a regular boundary node

(i.e. Node 2) becomes half size (e.g. x=y/2=1) and a
corner node (i.e. Node 1) is quarter size (e.g. x/2=y/2=1) .
Convection
1 2 3 h, T= 25ºC
y x
insulation
4 5 6 7 8 9
qr= 5000 W/m2
10 11 12 13 14 15
T= 90 ºC 177
Example 2.14
Convection
h, T= 25ºC x= y= L
1 2 3
insulation
x y
4 5 6 7 8 9
qr= 5000 W/m2
10 11 12 13 14 15
T= 90 ºC
 Since the bottom surface is at a constant temperature of 90
ºC, then:
T10  T11  T12  T13  T14  T15  90 C 
178
Example 2.14
Convection
 Node 1 (Energy balance): h, T= 25ºC
 Insulated on the left
insulation
1 2 Dy
 Convection on top ______
2
 Conduction on right and bottom
4 5
x  y  L Dx/2
x y T2  T1  x T4  T1  x y
0  h  T  T1   k  k  g1  
2 2 x 2 y 2 2

2 
80 mW2  C  0.012 m 
  T1  T2  T4 
 
80 mW2  C  25 C 2 106  0.012 m2


 15 W

m C

 15 W

m C
2  15 W
m C

 2.064  T1  T2  T4  11.2 179
Example 2.14
Convection
 Convection on top
 Conduction right, left, bottom 1 2 3
Dy
y T3  T2 
0  h  x  T  T2   k    4 5 6
2 x
  k  x 
T5  T2  y T1  T2 
k   g 2  x 
y
Dx
y 2 x 2
 2hL  2hL g 2 2
T1   4    T2  T3  2T5    T  L
 k  k k
T1  4.128  T2  T3  2  T5  22.4
180
Example 2.14
Convection
 Convection on top and right
 Conduction at bottom and left 2 3
Dy
 x y  x T6  T3 
h    T  T3   k    5 6
 2 2  2 y
y T2  T3 
Dx
x y
 k    g 3   0
2 x 2 2
 2hL  2hL g 3 L
T2   2    T3  T6    T 
 k  k 2k
T2  2.128  T3  T6  12.8
181
Example 2.14
Dx
 Node 4 (Energy balance):
 Insulated on left
1 2
 Conduction at the top, right, bottom
 This node is on the insulated boundary and

can be treated as an interior node by
5′ 4 5
insulation
replacing the insulation with a mirror. This Dy
puts a reflected image of node 5 to the left of
node 4. 10 11
g 4 L2
T5  T1  T5  T10  4  T4   0
  k T= 90 ºC
Interior
T1 0
 
g4 L2
T1  4T4  2T5   90   109.2
k 182
Example 2.14
 Interior node
 Conduction all sides 1 2 3
Dy
insulation
 Can use the equation for an interior
node
4 5 6
10 11 12
g 5 L2
T4  T2  T6  T11  4  T5  0
k T= 90 ºC
T11
g 5 L2
T4  T2  T6  4  T5   90   109.2
k 183
Example 2.14

 Convection upward right corner
 Conduction everywhere else Qcond
Convection
2 3
h, T= 25ºC Qconv
Qconv
5 6 7
Dy
11 12 13 Qcond 6
Qcond
Dx
T= 90 ºC Qcond 184
Example 2.14
 x y  y  T7  T6   T12  T6 
h    T  T6   k      k  x     
 2 2  2  x   y 
k  y x T3  T6 
 T5  T6   k    g 6  x  y   0

3
x 2 y 4
¾ of the internal
energy generation, 2 3 Convection
h, T= 25ºC
since only ¾ the
volume
5 6 7
Dy
T3  2  T5  6.128  T6  T7  212.0
11 12 13
Dx
185
T= 90 ºC
Example 2.14
Convection
 Convection on top x
 Conduction right, left, and bottom
6 7 8
y T8  T7  y
h  x  T  T7   k    12 13 14
2 x
  k  x
T13  T7 
 k  y
T6  T7 
 g 7  x 
y
0
y x 2 T= 90 ºC
 2hL  2hL g 7 L2
T6   4  T7  T8  180  T 
 k  k k
T6  4.128  T7  T8  202.4
186
Example 2.14
Convection
Dx
 Identical to Node 7
7 8 9
Dy
13 14 15
T= 90 ºC
 
2
2 hL 2 hL g L
T7   4    T8  T9  180   T  8
 k  k k
T7  4.128  T8  T9  202.4
187
Example 2.14
Convection
 qr heat flow on right
qr= 5000
 Convection on top
W/m2
 Conduction on bottom and left 8 9
Dy
x y x  T15  T9 
h  T  T9   q R   k      14 15
2 2 2  y 
y  T8  T9  x y Dx
 k     g 9   0
2  x  2 2
T= 90 ºC
 hL  q R hL g 9 L2
T8   2    T9  90  L   T 
 k  k k 2k
T8  2.064  T9  105.2 188
Example 2.14
 We now have 9 equations and 9 unknowns, so we can solve:
Node 1:  2.064  T1  T2  T4  11.2
Node 2: T1  4.128  T2  T3  2  T5  22.4
Node 3: T2  2.128  T3  T6  12.8
Node 4: T1  4T4  2T5  109.2
Node 5: T4  T2  T6  4  T5  109.2
Node 6: T3  2  T5  6.128  T6  T7  212.0
Node 7: T6  4.128  T7  T8  202.4
Node 8: T7  4.128  T8  T9  202.4
Node 9: T8  2.064  T9  105.2 189
Example 2.14
 Solving:
T1= 112.1 ºC
T2 = 110.8 ºC
T3= 106.6 ºC
T4= 109.4 ºC
T5= 108.1 ºC
T6= 103.2 ºC
T7= 97.3 ºC
T8 = 96.3 ºC
T 9= 97.6 ºC 190
Example 2.14
Temperature
(ºC)
Hi Convection
h, T= 25ºC
1 2 3
insulation
4 5 6 7 8 9
Low qr= 5000 W/m2
10 11 12 13 14 15
T= 90 ºC
191

CH2 Conduction

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CHAPTER 2

2.1 Fourier`s law of heat conduction

• Thermal Resistance Method

Steady vs Transient Heat Transfer

 Transient implies variation with time or time dependence

Heat is conducted in the direction

Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction

Where n= the normal of isothermal surface at point P

Net rate of Rate of

- Heat being generated within the element (e.g. due

- Heat being stored within the element, as in the case of

In the case of heat storage is:

In equation form this is:

Substituting α in, this equation becomes the general

1. Consider a medium in which the heat conduction

a. Is heat transfer steady or transient?

2. Write a one dimensional transient heat

MEC 551 Thermal Engineering 25

dV  dr   rdq   r sin q  df  r·dq

Heat conduction rate in r-direction (in to element):

 Heat conduction rate in r-direction (out of element):

Equations for cylindrical coordinates:

a. Is heat transfer steady or transient?

4. Write a three-dimensional steady

The temperature at any

Boundary and Initial Conditions

Boundary and Initial Conditions

Boundary and Initial Conditions

Boundary and Initial Conditions

4. Consider a large plane wall of thickness

5. Consider a large plane wall of thickness L=0.3m, thermal

6. A steam pipe of length L=20 m, inner

A spherical container of inner radius r1 = 2 m, outer

2.2 Thermal conductivity of materials

Gas Liquid Solid

2.1 Fourier`s law of heat conduction

1-D Steady State Conduction

 Steady state systems (SS)

Thermal Resistance Method

 The thermal resistance approach (similar to Ohm’s

Thermal Resistance Method

Thermal Resistance Method

 Therefore, circuit representations can provide a useful tool

Heat Transfer Electrical current flow

Thermal Resistance Method

Thermal Resistance Method

Toverall thermal potential difference

 Where Rwall is the conduction resistance expressed as

 Thermal resistance can also be applied to convection processes.

 The rate of radiation heat transfer between a surface and the

Rtotal  Rconv ,1  Rwall ,1  Rwall ,2  Rconv ,2

Hot fluid r1 Hot fluid

Tf1 Rf1 TA RA TB RB TC RC TD Rf4 Tf4

(a) The daily rate of heat loss through the window in a

Critical Thickness of Insulation

 Consider a tube, cable, or wire dissipating heat

(a) Rod or Wire (b) Pipe 88

 Ri ≡ Thermal resistance due to conduction in the insulation.

 Assume Ti, To, k, L, ri, h all remain constant and allow ro to

As ro increases, the thermal resistance Ri also increases as Ro

if ro  ro ,crit Will decrease the rate of heat loss

ro  ro ,crit Will increase the heat loss

 Finned surfaces are commonly used to enhance the heat

 Recall Newton’s Law of Cooling: