M KUMARASAMY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING-KARUR

(AUTONOMOUS)
B.E/B.Tech DEGREE EXAMINATION, APR/MAY - 2017
FOURTH SEMESTER
(Regulations 2012)
UME12404-THERMAL ENGINEERING
ANSWER KEY
PART-A-(10X2 = 20 marks)
1. Define Mean effective pressure.

Pressure which is acting on the piston during the power stroke. It is also defined as
the ratio of work done to swept volume.

Pm = Indicated Power / No. of. Working Stroke*stroke volume per second

2.Draw P-V diagram of Otto-cycle and mention the process on the diagram.

An Otto cycle consists of four processes:

1. Two isentropic (reversible adiabatic) processes

2. Two isochoric (constant volume) processes

3.What is meant by Carburetion?

The process of vaporizing the fuel mixing it with air is called Carburetion.
4.State the importance of cooling system in IC engine.

When the air-fuel mixture is ignited and the combustion takes place at about 2500o C
for producing power inside an engine, the temperature of the cylinder, cylinder head, piston

and valve, continues to raise when the engine runs. if these parts are not cooled by some
means then they likely to get damaged and even melted. The piston may cease inside the
cylinder prevent this, the temperature of the parts around the combustion, chamber is
maintained as 200oC to 250oC. Too much of cooling will lower the thermal efficiency of the
engine. Hence, the purpose of cooling is to keep the engine at is most efficient operating
temperature at all engine speeds and all driving conditions.

5.What is meant by critical pressure in nozzle?

critical pressure is the ratio of P2/P1, which produces maximum discharge from

nozzle.

6.Write the need for compounding of turbines.

In simple, impulse turbine, the expansion of steam from the boiler pressure to
condenser pressure takes place in a single stage turbine. The velocity of steam at the exit of
the turbine is very high. Hence, there is a considerable loss of kinetic energy. Also the speed
of the turbine is high. There are several methods of reducing this lower value. Compounding
is a method of absorbing jet velocity in stages when the steam flows over moving blades.

7.List the different type of compressor.

1.Reciprocating with Single and Double acting.

2.Rotary Compressors

3.Centrifugal compressors

8.Mention the advantages of multistage compression.

1) Reduced work of compression per kg of air

2) Wall thickness of L.P. cylinder is reduced, since it has to withstand lower

pressures. This makes compressor lighter and cheaper.

3) Volumetric efficiency of compressor increases due to reduced pressure ratio in

each stage.

4) Operating cost is reduced, It gives more uniform torque, hence size of flywheel is
reduced.
9.Name the components of vapor compression refrigeration system.

1.Compressor 2.Condenser 3. Expansion valve 4.Evaporator

10.Define specific Humidity.

The ratio of the weight of water in a volume of air to the weight of the dry air alone,
usually expressed in grams per kilogram of Dry air.
12.(a). Explain the valve and port timing diagram for an IC engine.

(i)Actual and Theoretical Valve timing diagram for Four stroke CI Engine

(ii) Actual and Theoretical Valve timing diagram for Four stroke SI Engine
(iii).Port timing diagram for two Stroke Spark ignition Engine.

(iv).Port timing diagram for two Stroke CI Engine

15.(a).Explain with the working principle of vapor Absorption Refrigeration System.

A simple vapour absorption system consists of an absorber, pump, generator and a

pressure reducing valve to replace the compressor of vapour compression system. Another
components of simple vapour absorption system are condenser, receiver, expansion valve and
evaporator in the vapour compression system.

Working of simple vapour absorption system

The evaporator and absorber are situated at low-pressure side while the condenser and
generator are located on the high pressure side of the system.

In this system high pressure refrigerant (Ammonia) vapour from the generator gets
condensed into low pressure liquid refrigerant in the condenser and passed into the
evaporator through the expansion valve.

The liquid refrigerant gets vaporized in the evaporator into low pressure vapour
refrigerant and enters into the absorber. The existence of absorbent in the absorber, it changes
into a strong hot solution. This strong solution of low pressure is again pumped into the
generator which is at high pressure. The strong solution in the generator is heated up
separating solution and vapour. This weak absorbent solution left in the generator is returned
to the absorber and the high pressure vapour refrigerant is passed into the condenser thus
completing the cycle.

Absorber

The main function of an absorber in a simple vapour absorption system is to absorb the
refrigerant and form it into a strong solution. In vapour absorption refrigeration system, the
low pressure in the absorber, which contains absorbent. Due to its presence, the low pressure
refrigerant is then changed into a strong hot solution. This strong solution of low pressure
from the absorber is again pumped in to the generator.
Condenser
It is an important device used at high pressure side of the vapour absorption system. The
primary purpose of condenser is to eliminate heat of the hot vapour refrigerant discharged
from the compressor. Later heat is removed by transforming it to the walls of the condenser
tube the tubes are cooled through a cooling medium. This medium may be air or water.

Evaporator
In evaporator the liquid refrigerant enters and boils to change its phase to vapour .The
temperature of the boiling refrigerant in the evaporator will be less compared to the
surrounding medium.