MC2 P Students

Paraphrasing means to tell the meaning of a message in your own words.
When you want to do

praphrasing,
1. first, read the sentences or paragraphs in the original text carefully.
2. secondly, ask yourself the most important details and underline them.
3. after that, put these details into your own words. You must change the sentence structure, some words
or/and expressions of the original text.
Original Passage Poor Paraphrasing

Ancient Egyptians believed King Osiris was an ancient
that Osiris, a good and wise Egyptian King and the first
king, was the first pharaoh. pharaoh. He was good and
He spread knowledge to wise because he spread
other parts of the world and knowledge to other parts of
when he was gone, his wife, the world. His wife Isis ruled
Isis, ruled Egypt in his place. Egypt in his place when he
died.
Good Paraphrasing
According to people in
ancient Egypt, Osiris , the first
pharaoh, made sensible
decisions and his knowledge
reached all around the world.
When he died, his wife Isis
led the country.
1
Original Text Bad Paraphrasing
Katnisss Everdeen is a 16 year old girl. When her Katniss Everdeen, a 16-year-old girl, takes her sister’s
sister’s name comes out in a death game, Katniss place when her name comes out in a death game.
takes her place to protect her sister. The ruthless Every year, the ruthless Capitol forces 12 Panem
Capitol makes 12 Panem Districts to send a boy and Districts to send them one boy and one girl to the
a girl, aged 12 to 18, to the 74th Hunger Games name called Hunger Games. In this dystopia, this is the
every year. In this dystopia, this game is a 74th game and this is a punishment for each district.
punishment for the districts. The baker’s son, Peeta Peeta Mellark, the baker’s son, and Katniss participate
Mellark, joins the game with Katniss in the name of in the game for district 12. Katniss falls in love with
district 12. Katniss has feelings for Peeta and this Peeta and this will put her in the spotlight. She will
will put her in the spotlight. With her new friends, have new friends and enemies. The Hunger Games will
enemies and her performance, the Hunger Games change into a hope for people of all districts with her
will change into a hope for people of all districts. performance in the game.
Good Paraphrasing
The story begins when Katniss Everdeen, a 16-year-old girl, volunteers to take her sister’s place in the 74th
hunger games in dystopia. Each year, the ruthless Capitol regime forces the 12 Panem Districts to choose
a girl and a boy between the ages of 12 and 18 and play the death game as a punishment. Katniss and the
baker’s son, Peeta Mellark, represent district 12. Her feelings for Peeta will be in the center of the game.
She will make new friends and enemies and give hope to many people in Panem thanks to her performance
in the games.
2
 Paraphrasing Method
1. Changing the order of the words.
a. Harry Potter thinks he is an ordinary boy until he celebrates his 11th birthday.
Until he celebrates his 11th birthday, Harry Potter thinks he is an ordinary boy.
b. Harry Potter finally receives a mysterious letter from Hogwarts School of
Witchcraft and Wizardry.
Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry finally sends Harry Potter a mysterious letter.
2. Using different grammar.

a. Harry makes friends easily at his new school.
It is not hard for Harry to make friends at his new school.
b. The evil wizard Voldemort killed Harry Potter’s parents.
Harry Potter’s parents were killed by the evil wizard Voldemort.
3. Changing parts of speech.

a. The School of Witchcraft and Wizardry invites Harry to study magic at Hogwarts in a letter.
Harry receieves an invitation from the School of Witchcraft and Wizardry to study magic at Hogwarts.
b. Harry would not be able to kill Voldemort unless Harry died first.
Without his death first, Harry would not be able to kill Voldemort.
4. Synonym replacement.
a. Harry discovers he has a talent for riding broomsticks.
Harry finds out he can ride broomsticks skillfully.
b. Harry Potter’s magical power was recognised at a younger age.
Harry Potter’s magical power was identified early.
5. Reduction of clauses.
a. A giant who is named Hagrid appears and gives Harry the all important news.
Hagrid, a giant, gives Harry the all important news.
b. At the School of Wizardry, a ceremony is held during which a sorting hat is placed on a student’s
head.
At the School of Wizardry, a sorting hat is placed on a student’s head in a ceremony.
3
 Paraphrasing Exercises
1. Original sentence:
Willy Wonka was famous for his delicious candy. Children and adults loved to eat it.
Paraphrased sentence:
Willy Wonka was known throughout the world because people enjoyed eating the tasty candy he
made.
Doing potions can be a task which is challenging.
Doing potion is challenging.
When wizard Gandalf visits the hobbit Bilbo Baggins, he invites him to join in an adventure.
The hobbit Bilbo Baggins is invited to join in an adventure by wizard Gandalf during his visit to Bilbo.
“If you want to know what a man’s like, take a good look at how he treats his inferiors, not his
equals” – Sirius Black
How a man treats his inferiors not his equals shows a man’s personality.
A man with a name “Ego” helps the Guardians of Galaxy team escape.
The Guardians of Galaxy team is able to escape thanks to a man called
“Ego”.
Greeks deceived the Trojans with a huge wooden Trojan horse and won the
battle.
The Trojans lost the battle due to a huge wooden Trojan horse that Greeks
made.
4
PART I
Making Connections 2
Unit 1 Reading 1 “The News Media in the Past”
Use the words in the brackets and write the sentences again.
1. The news is not new. (old) (P1,L1)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
The news is old.
2. Humans have always wanted to know what is happening in the world. (curious) (P1,L1-2)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
People have always been curious about what is going on in the world.
3. A long time ago, information traveled by word of mouth. (spread) (P1, L5)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
A long time ago, information spread by word of mouth.
4. Writers often invented stories in order to interest readers. (draw attention) (P3, L9-11)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Writers often invented stories in order to draw readers’ attention.
5. In addition , most people at that time were still illiterate. (illiteracy) (P3, L23-24)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
In addition (Besides) , there was a lot of illiteracy those days.
6. The New York Sun cost only one cent. (price) (P4, L21-22)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
The price of the New York Sun was only one cent.
7. However, early telegraph cables did not work well. (functional) (P5, L6-7)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
But early telegraph cables were not functional well.
8. It took 12 days for news of his death to get to England by ship. (12 days later) (P5, L9-10)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
People learned about his death 12 days later in England from those who traveled by ship.
Scroll down, no sorry,

scroll up. Now scroll down
again . . .
5
Unit 1 Reading 2 “The History of Electronic Media”
1. The radio quickly became very popular. (popularity) (P1, L3)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
The radio gained its popularity quickly.
2. It had a huge impact on the news. (affected) (P1, L4)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
It affected the news a lot.
3. They also used batteries, so they were portable. (because) (P2, L4)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
They were portable because they also used batteries.
4. Television can have very significant influence on people’s ideas and opinions. (huge impact)
(P3, L3-4)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Television can have a huge impact on people’s ideas and opinions.
5. Finally, this negative news on television every night forced politicians to end the war. (had to)
(P3, L9-10)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Finally, politicians had to end the war because of this news on television every night.
6. It frequently shows stories that are not available on Western television. (appear) (P4, L8-9)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
It frequently shows stories that do not appear on Western television.
7. The pace of change in the media is accelerating. (faster) (P5, L1)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
The pace of change in the media is happening faster.
8. Digital media is now available from other delivery systems. (get) (P5, L5-6)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
People now can get digital media from other delivery systems.
6
Unit 1 Reading 3 “Citizen Journalism”
1. These people are known as citizen journalists. (we) (P1, L9)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
We know these people as citizen journalists.
2. Before citizen journalism, experienced journalists controlled the news. (prior to) (P2, L1)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Pior to citizen journalism, experienced journalists controlled the news.
3. Today, traditional journalists no longer have this control over the news. (any more) (P3, L1)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Today, traditional journalists don’t have this control over the news any more.
4. Citizen journalists have the same technology as traditional reporters. (both) (P3, L2)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Both citizen journalists and traditional reporters have the same technology.
5. Traditional news media found it difficult to report on the fast-moving events. (reporting) Gerund
(P5, L9-11)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Reporting on the fast-moving events was difficult for traditional news media.
6. These examples show the power of citizen journalism. (how) (P5, the last line) Noun Clause
________________________________________________________________________________ .
These examples show how powerful citizen journalism is.
7. Traditional media decided not to broadcast videos of execution of Saddam Hussein. (that)
(P6, L7-8) Noun Clause
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Traditional media decided that it would not broadcast videos of execution of Saddam Hussein.
8. Traditional media decided they would post videos of his death. (to) (P6, L11-12)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Traditional media decided to post videos of his death.
7
Unit 1 Reading 4 “Ethical Reporting”
1. Her story led to significant changes in how patients are treated in mental hospital. (result in)
(P2, L10-11)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Her story resulted in significant changes in how patients are treated in mental hospital.
2. His job let him walk freely around the palace. (thanks to) (P3, L4-5) Thanks to
________________________________________________________________________________.
Thanks to his job, he walked freely around the palace.
3. As a result of the story, the supermarket had to make improvements in its meat and fish
department. (led to) (P4, L10-12)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
The story led to improvements in the supermarket’s meat and fish department.
4. In most countries, it is illegal to use fake documents. (P5, L1) Gerund
____________________________________________________________________________illegal.
In most countries, using fake documents is illegal.
5. The South Korean news story led to laws against throwing poisonous chemicals into the sea.
(result in) (P5, L6-7)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
The South Korean news story resulted in laws against throwing poisonous chemicals into the sea.
6. After Janet Cooke’s resignation, The Washington Post continued as a successful newspaper.
(resigned) (P7, L1-2))
________________________________________________________________________________ .
After Janet Cooke resigned, The Washington Post continued as a successful newspaper.
7. Listening to private calls is illegal. (it) (P7, L9-10)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
It is illegal to listen to private calls.
8. Famous movie and television stars complain that they have no privacy. (lack of) (P9, L5-7)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
We are not intrusive. We keep a

respectable distance.
8
PART II
Unit 1 Reading 1 “The News Media in the Past”
 Some structures to benefit in paraphrasing:

1.
is
was
will be an adjective
It + has been + an adjective + a noun + for someone to do something /
a noun for something to be done
becomes
became
Examples:
a. Original sentence (P1, L7-8)
Villagers also used to gather around and listen to men known as town criers.
Paraphrased:
It was a common occasion for villagers to surround the men called town criers and listen to them.
b. Original sentence (P2, L1)

Before the invention of printing, people wrote newpapers by hand.
Paraphrased:
It _________________________________________________ prior to the invention of printing.
It was common for people to write newspapers by hand prior to the invention of printing.
c. Original sentence (P3, L20-21)
Few people read them (newspapers) because most people could not afford to buy a newspaper.
Paraphrased:
It ____________________________________________________________________________.
It was difficult for most people to afford a newspaper to read.
d. Original sentence (P5, L6)
Newspapers could report international news very quickly.
Paraphrased:
It _____________________________________________________________________________ .
2.
is
was /were
will be
There + + an adjective + noun + for someone to do something
has been
a noun
have been
9
Examples:
How people learn about the news has changed dramatically.
Paraphrased:
There has been a great change in the way people learn about the news.
b. Original sentence (P3, the last two lines)
In addition , most people at that time were still illiterate.
Paraphrased:
Besides, there _______________________________________________________________________.
Besides, there was a lot of illiteracy those days.
c. Original sentence (P4, L1)
By the 1840s, however, life in Europe and North America was changing very quickly, and newspapers
were changing, too.
Paraphrased:
Despite ________________________ those day, there ________________________________ not only
in ________________________________ but also __________________________ .
Despite a lot of illiteracy those day, there was a quick change not only in life in Europe and North
America but also in newspapers.
3.
In addition to
To give more As well as
information Besides
Apart from
+ a noun or a gerund, a sentence
due to
To explain
thanks to
reasons and
because of
results
Example:

People wanted to hear local news as well as reports from places far away.
Paraphrased:
In addition to ___________________, people _______________________ about the place ________.
In addition to news from remote places, people needed to hear information about the place they lived.
10
b. Original sentence (P2, L5-6)
Because most people were illiterate in both China and Rome, the governments also paid people to read
the news aloud.
Paraphrased:
Due to _________________________________ in both China and Rome, people _________________
__________________________________________________ .
Due to a lot of illiteracy in both China and Rome, people were also paid to read the news aloud by the

After the invention of the printing press in about 1440, it became possible to print the news.
Paraphrased:
People could __________________________________ thanks to ___________________ around 1440.
People could print the news thanks to the printing press which was invented around 1440.
d. Original sentence (P4, L2-3)

New industries needed more educated workers, so there were many more schools.
Paraphrased:
Because of _________________________ due to _____________, the number __________________ .
Because of the need in more educated workers due to new industries, the number of schools
e. Original sentence (P4, L5-6)
Moreover, new technology reduced the price of paper and printing, so newspapers were much
cheaper.
Paraphrased:
Besides, newspapers ___________________ thanks to _______________________ provided by new
technology.
Besides, newspapers cost less thanks to cheaper/ more economical paper and printing provided by new
f. Original sentence (P5, L1)
The development of the telegraph was the next important change in how news traveled.
Paraphrased:
The way people ______________________________significantly thanks to ____________________ .
The way people learned about the world changed significantly thanks to the development of the
g. Original sentence (P5, L5)
In the 1860s, engineers built telegraph cables, or large wires, under the oceans.
Paraphrased:
Telegraph cables ________________________ thanks to ________________ by engineers in the
1860s.
11
4.
Active Passive
Subject + Verb + Object Object + be + Verb 3 + by + Subject
Examples:
a. Original sentence (P1, L7)
Villagers asked travelers questions about what was happening in other villages.
Paraphrased:
Travelers were asked questions about the events in other villages.

The Chinese government employed educated people to write the news.
Paraphrased:
Educated people ______________________________________________ by the Chinese government.
Educated people were employed to write the news by the Chinese government.
Julius Caesar put a daily newspaper on the walls of government buildings and public baths.
Paraphrased:
______________________________________________________________________ by Julius Caesar.
A daily newspaper was put on the walls of government buildings and public baths by Julius Caesar.
d. Original sentence (P3, L 9-11)
Writers often invented stories in order to interest readers.
Paraphrased:
For the purpose of ___________________________, stories _________________________________.
For the purpose of drawing readers’ attention, stories were often invented.
German newspapers reported stories about the crimes of Count Dracula.
Paraphrased:
________________________________________________________________ by German newspapers.
Stories about the crimes of Count Dracula were reported by German newspapers.
f. Original sentence (P3, L14-16)
Local people were terrified by these reports.
Paraphrased:
___________________________________________________________________________________ .
12
g. Original sentence (P5, L13-15)
A telegraph operator on the island sent out news of this natural disaster.
Paraphrased:
People ______________________________________ through a telegraph which _________________ .
People learned about this news through a telegraph which was sent by an operator on the island.
h. Original sentence (P5, L15-18)

Four hours later, a U.S newspaper printed the news story about Krakatoa.
Paraphrased:
The news story ______________________________________________________________________ .
The news story about Krakatoa was printed by a U.S newspaper four hours later.
5.
allow someone or something to do something
make it possible for someone or something to do something
Examples:
This meant that ordinary people who could not read could also hear the news.
Paraphrased:
This ____________________________________to _____________________________ the news.
This allowed illiterate people to learn the news.
They were eager to find out about their new land to learn English, and newspapers helped them do
both.
Paraphrased:
Newspapers ____________________________________________________ both English and the US.
Newspapers made ___________________________________________________________________ .
Newspapers made it possible for immigrants to learn both English and the US.

This meant that local and national news could travel almost instantly from city to city.
Paraphrased:
Telegraph _________________________________________________________________________ .
Telegraph made it possible for local and national news to reach everywhere immediately.
13
 Some words, phrases and sentences paraphrased in the text:
1. want to know = be curious about (P1)
2. by word of mouth = by telling each other (P1)
3. it became possible for people to . . . = people could . . . (P3)
4. interest readers = attract or draw readers’ attention (P3)
5. they didn’t know = they had no idea (P3)
6. the first newspaper appeared in England = England had its first neswpaper (P3)
7. the newspaper cost one cent = the price of the newspaper was one cent (P3)
8. it became popular = people enjoyed it (P4)
9. when a volcano erupted in . . . = when a volcanic eruption occured / happened in (P5)
George often read the news on his phone during his tea-break.
14
Unit 1 Reading 2 “The History of Electronic Media”

1.
effect of an action because reason for an action
as a result
therefore
reason for an action thus effect of an action
so
Examples:
It (radio) had a huge impact on the news because people could now listen to live events.
Paraphrased:
It was now possible to listen to live events; therefore; the impact of the radio on the news was
significant.

They (transistor radios) also used batteries, so they were portable.
Paraphrased:
It ____________________________________ because _____________________________________ .
It was possible to move them because they worked on batteries.
Every night on the news, families watched American soldiers and Vietnamese citizens die. As a result,
public opinion turned against the war.
Paraphrased:
People ____________________________________ because ________________________________ of
American soldiers and ___________________ on TV every night.
2.
independent clause dependent clause
although subject + verb
subject + verb despite

a noun or a gerund
in spite of
15
Examples:
They could listen to the events at the same time as they happening although they were happening far a
way.
Paraphrased:
It was possible to hear about what was happening simultaneously despite the distance.

Television is still important, but today traditional newspapers and television are not the sole way to get
the news.
Paraphrased:
Despite _____________________________, television _______________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________ .
Despite its continuing importance, television as well as traditional newspapers are not the only source
3.
independent clause relative clause
Then came the radio, which could transmit the news through the air.
Examples:
The radio quickly became very popular. It had a huge impact on the news because people could now
listen to live events.
Paraphrased:
The radio which __________________________________________ fast thanks to the oppotunity it
provided to _______________________ .
The radio which had a huge impact on the news gained popularity fast thanks to the oppotunity it
The first radios were bulky and expensive, and they used electricity.
Paraphrased:
_________________________________ which were difficult to carry and ___________________
consumed _______________________ .
The first radios which were difficult to carry and costy consumed electricity.
16
Live, around-the clock news, is not limited to CNN anymore.
Paraphrased:
It ____________________________________ which _____________________________ any longer.
It is not only CNN which broadcasts live news any longer.

Al Jazeera television began to bring news and discussion of world events to the Arabic speaking world.
Paraphrased:
Al Jazeera television made it possible for people ___________________________________________ .
Al Jazeera television made it possible for people who speak Arabic to hear about the world events.
 Some words, phrases and sentences paraphrased in the text:

1. became popular = gained its popularity (P1)
2. at the same time as they were happening = simultaneously (P1)
3. far away = in a distance (P1)
4. convenient = easy to use (P2)
5. . . . made the radio news accessible = it became easy to access the radio news thanks to . . .
(P2)
6. it is so real = it has reality (P3)
7. have led to far-reaching changes = have caused a lot of changes with serious effects (P3)
8. that are not available = that do not appear (P4)
“The online version just doesn’t offer as much coverage as printed media.”
17
PART I
Unit 2 Reading 1 “Education Around the world”
1. They contribute to their nation’s development. (beneficial) (P1,L11-12)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
They are beneficial to their nation’s development.
2. Most countries divide education into three levels. (P2,L1) Passive
Education _________________________________________________________by most countries.
Education is divided into three levels by most countries.
3. These schools are growing in popularity. (increase) (P2, L11)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
The popularity of these schools is increasing.
4. Children with high test scores go to secondary schools. (P3, L4-5) Adj Clause
Children who ____________________________________________________________________ .
Children who have high test scores go to secondary schools.
5. There are not enough places in colleges and universities. (P4, L7)
Colleges and universities ___________________________________________________________ .
Colleges and universities do not have enough places.
6. Finally, the cost may be very high. (P4, L9)
Finally, it ________________________________________________________________________ .
Finally, it may cost a lot.
7. In general, government schools are free. (have to) (P5, L2-3) Have to
People usually don’t have to pay for the government schools.
8. Many parents hope their children will study in a university. (expect) (P6, L4-5) Infinitive
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Many parents expect their children to study in a university.
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Unit 2 Reading 2 “Testing in Education”
1. Tests measure how much people know or what they can do. (knowledge and ability) (P1,L6-7)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Tests measure people’s knowlege and abilities.
2. They (standardized tests) are usually written by testing experts. (P1, L10) Active
Testing experts ___________________________________________________________________ .
Testing experts usually write them (standardized tests).
3. Those with low scores may not get into an academic program at all. (who) (P2, L5-6)
Students _______________________________________________________________________ .
Students who have low scores may not get into an academic program at all.
4. Standardized tests are also used for university admission. (P3, L1-2)
Universities _____________________________________________________________________ .
Universities also use satndardized tests for university admission.
5. Students are under great pressure to get a high score on their admission tests. (suffer from)
(P4, L2-3)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Students suffer from pressure a lot to get a high score on their admission tests.
6. Occasionally, the pressure leads to cheating by both students and teachers. (result in) (P4, L6-7)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Occasionally, the pressure results in cheating by both students and teachers.
7. They were able to obtain illegal copies of a university entrance examination. (could) (P4, L10-11)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
They could obtain illegal copies of a university entrance examination.
8. This pressure on students can contribute to serious health problems. (because of) (P6, L1) LV
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Because of this pressure on them, students can have serious health problems.
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Unit 2 Reading 3 “Alternative Education”
1. Alternative education can take place in a school, a home, or online. (possible) (P1,the last line)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
It is possible to take alternative education in a school, a home, or online.
2. Alternative high schools are becoming popular. (popularity) (P2, L1)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
The popularity of alternative high schools is increasing.
3. Parents choose homeschooling for many reasons. (there are) (P4, L2-3) Noun clause
________________________________________________________________________________ .
There are many reasons why parents choose homeschooling.
4. It is estimated that Canada has about 80,000 homeschool families. (average) (P5, L4-6)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
The average number of homeschooling families in Canada is about 80,000.
5. There are many reasons why students become distance learners. (P6, L3-5)
Students ________________________________________________________________________ .
Students become distance learners for many reasons.
6. They do not need to attend classes at a particular time. (necessary) (P7, L2-3)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Attending classes at a particular time is not necessary.
7. This allows people with full-time jobs to continue their education in their free time. (can)
(P7, L3-4)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
People with full-time jobs can continue their education in their free time.
8. It is also likely that as technology continues to change, people will develop new forms of schooling.
(will probably) (P9, L4-6)
_______________________________________________________________________________ .
People will probably deveolp develop new forms of schooling as technology keeps changing.
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Unit 2 Reading 4 “Skills for the 21st Century”
1. Many jobs required some computer skills. (necessary) (P1, L7-8)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Some computer skills were necessary for many jobs.
2. A website must be written by an expert. (P2, L6-7) Active
An expert________________________________________________________________________ .
An expert must write a website.
3. Excellent communication is also essential for the 21st century. (require) (P3, L1)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
21st century also requires excellent communication.
4. It also includes curiosity. (P4, L3) Passive
Curiosity ________________________________________________________________________ .
Curiosity is also included.
5. It was a huge success. (became) (P5, L17)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
It became very successful.
6. There are wide differences across the world in teaching digital skills. (P7, L2)
Teaching digital skills ______________________________________________________________ .
Teaching digital skills shows variety a lot across the world.
7. Internet use is growing especially in Asia. (P7, L7-8)
There is _________________________________________________________________________ .
There is an increasing internet use especially in Asia.
8. It is much easier to test rote learning in a standardized test than it is to test critical thinking.
(as . . . as) (P10, L4-5)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Testing rote learning in a standardized test is not as hard as testing critical thinking.
The ascent of ordinary working man.
21
PART II
Unit 2 Reading 1 “Education Around the World”

1. Reduction of Clauses
when industrialization began at the onset of industrialization
when children are about five years old children at the age of five
the elite who could afford people with money
children who have high test scores children with high test scores
people who lived far away from cities people (living) away from cities
Examples:
In early times, schools were available only to the elite who could afford to pay for their education.
Paraphrased:
In the past, people _______________________________________________________________ .
In past, people with money had a chance to get education.

When industrialization began, new industries needed more educated people.
Paraphrased:
New industries were _________________________________________________ industrialization.
New industries were in search of more educated people at the onset of industrialization.

It (secondary school) begins when children are about 12 years old.
Paraphrased:
_______________________________, secondary school __________________________________ .
At the age of 12, secondary school starts.
Children with high test scores go to secondary schools that emphasize academic subjects, such as
math, science, and literature.
Paraphrased:
_________________________________________________________________________________ .
Children who have high test scores attend secondary schools with academic subjects, such as
math, science, and literature.
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2.
Doing something + is + advantageous + to someone
Examples:
Parents also believe that preschools give their children an advantage when they begin primary
school.
Paraphrased:
According to ____________ , _____________________________ at the onset of _________________ .
According to parents, going to preschool is advantageous to their children at the onset of primary

Education provides benefits for both individuals and nations.
Paraphrased:
___________________________________________________________________________________ .
Getting / Having education is advantageous to individuals and nations.

Students who stay in school have a better chance of finding good jobs.
Paraphrased:
___________________________________________________________________________________ .
Staying in school is advantageous to students in order to find / if they want to find good jobs.

For individuals and their countries, education is essential for success.
Paraphrased:
___________________________________________________________________________________ .
Getting education is advantageous to individuals and their countries in order to achieve success.
3.
Using Modals must, need to, can, could, may, might, . . .
Examples:
It (primary school) is also generally compulsory.
Paraphrased:
________________________________________________________________________________ .
23
For individuals and their countries, education is essential for success. (P6)
Paraphrased:
________________________________________________________________________________ .
People in a country need to get education if they want to be successful for themselves and their
4.
will lead to
a noun / doing something leads to a noun / a gerund
has led to
Examples:
In some countries, the entrance test for universities is very difficult, and only a small member of
students pass.
Paraphrased:
Difficulty________________________________________________________________________ .
Difficulty of the entrance test for universities in some countries leads to failure for most of the
Finally, the cost may be very high, and some people cannot afford it.
Paraphrased:
________________________________________________________________________________ .
The high price of universities leads to inability to get education for some people.
24
PART I
Unit 3 Reading 1 “Suppy and Demand in the Global Economy”
1. The demand for oil increased. (P2, L2)
There __________________________________________________________________________ .
There was a growth in demand for oil.
2. As they drive to work, they stop at a coffee shop. (P3, L3)
While __________________________________________________________________________ .
While driving to work, they stop at a coffee shop.
3. Businesses want demand to increase so they can sell more products. (in order to) (P4, L1)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Businesses want demand to increase in order to sell more products.
4. Supply and demand are closely connected. (connection) (P4, L3)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
There is a close connection between supply and demand.
5. Farmers had produced a surplus of this product. (too much) (P4, L9-10)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Farmers had produced this product too much.
6. A change in supply can have a global effect. (result in) (P5, L1)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
A change in supply can result in a global effect.
7. This price increase had a significant effect in Mexico. (significantly) (P5, L9-10)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
This price increase affected Mexico significantly.
8. A change in the supply of corn in the US led to thousands of Mexicans gathering in the streets.
(as a reult of) (P5, the last three lines)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
As a result of a cahnge in the supply of corn in the US, thousands of Mexicans gathered in the
25
Unit 3 Reading 2 “The Workforce of the TwentFirst Century”
1. Outsourcing increases employment opportunities in some developing countires. (thanks to)
(P3, L1-2)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Thanks to outsourcing, employment opportunities increase in some developing countires.
2. It (outsourcing) also allows global companies to increase profits and growth. (thanks to) (P3, L4-5)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Thanks to outsourcing, global companies increase their profits and growth.
3. There are more opportunities for skilled employment in developed countries. (provide) (P3, L5-6)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Developed countries provide more opportunities for skilled employment.
4. There are also some disadvantages of outsourcing. (bring) (P4, L1)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Outsourcing also brings some disadvantages.
5. Some workers in developed countries criticize this practice. (P4, L1-2) Passive
This practice _____________________________________________________________________ .
This practice is criticized by some workers in developed countries.
6. Workers blame outsourcing for the loss of jobs in manufacturing. (due to) (P4, L3-4)
Workers think that ________________________________________________________________ .
Workers think that the loss of jobs in manufacturing occurs due to outsourcing.
7. Today’s workers are willing to move away from home in order to get a good job. (so that) (P5,L2-3)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Today’s workers are willing to move away from home so that they can get a good job.
8. Language and political differences prevented people from traveling to other countries to work.
(because of) (P5, L4-5)
_______________________________________________________________________________ .
I don’t need to do my homework. I outsourced it to a kid in China.
26
Unit 3 Reading 3 “Communication Technology in Business”
1. Information and communication technology is the key to the future prosperity of all nations.
(based on) (P1, L1-3)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
The future prosperity of all nations is based on information and communication technology.
2. These companies can contribute to the success of nations and their citizens. (allow) (P1, L6-7)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
These companies can allow nations and their citizens to become succesful.
3. Global communication can help businesses in several ways. (P3, L1) Noun clause
There are _______________________________________________________________________ .
There are several ways for how global communication can help businesses.
4. Global companies work around the clock. (7/24) (P3, L7-8)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Global companies work seven days a week.
5. To be successful, the businesses must be in constant communication. (so that) (P4, L6-7)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
The businesses must be in constant communication so that they can be successful.
6. Communication in global business must be fast and efficient. (require) (P5, L1)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Communication in global business requires speed and efficiency.
7. New communication tools make it possible for team members to get to know one another.
(allow) (P5, L5-6)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
New communication tools allow team members to get to know one another.
8. These programs allow people to see each other when they talk. (make it possible) (P5, L8-9)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
These programs make it possible for people to see each other when they talk.
27
Unit 3 Reading 4 “Business and Sustainability”
1. The biggest concern about the environment today is climate change. (P1, L5) Noun clause
What __________________________________________________________________________ .
What people most concern today is climate change.
2. This global warming may lead to problems. (due to) (P1, L7)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Some problems may occur due to this global warming.
3. Our use of fossil fuels will cause the level of C02 to rise even more in the future. (lead to)
(P2, the last two lines)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Our use of fossil fuels will lead to increase in the level of C02 much more in the future.
4. Solar and wind energy are renewable. (run out) (P3, L3)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Solar and wind energy will not run out.
5. Electricity is a cleaner source of power than gasoline. (as . . . as) (P4, L8-9)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Gasoline is not as clean source of power as electricity.
6. They (businesses) are making other changes in order to decrease their impact on the environment.
(so that) (P6, L2-3)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Businesses are making other changes so that their impact on the environment can decrease.
7. They are paying more attention to their responsibility in protecting the environment for two main
reasons. (P8, L1-3)
There are ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ .
There are two main reasons for why they are paying more attention to their responsibility in
8. The second reason to be environmentally responsible is that it can improve a company’s image.
(contribute) (P8, L8-9)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
The second reason is that being environmentally responsible can contribute to a company’s image.
28
PART II
Unit 3 Reading 1 “Supply and Demand in the Global Economy”

1. dependent clause main clause
If + a sentence , a sentence
in present simple in present simple or
with a modal verb
Examples:
This shows that a natural disaster in one country can change the prices of a global product.
Paraphrased:
This means that if ________________________________________________________________ .
This means that if there is a natural disaster in one country, the prices of a global product can
The law of demand states that as prices rise, demand falls.
Paraphrased:
According to _________________ , if _________________________________________________ .
According to the law of demand, if prices rise, demand falls / there is a decline in demand.

Businesses want demand to increase so they can sell more products.
Paraphrased:
________________________________________________________________________________ .
If there is an increase in demand, businesses can sell more products. / More products will be sold.
d. Original sentence (P5, L1)

A change in supply can have a global effect.
Paraphrased:
________________________________________________________________________________ .
If there is a change in supply, a global effect may occur.
29
2.
Change of Word Formation
Oil prices around the world rose. (P1, L7-8)
There was a rise in oil prices around the world.
Examples:
a. Original sentence (P4, L3)
Supply and demand are closely connected.
Paraphrased:
________________________________________________________________________________ .
There is a close connection between supply and demand.
The global demand for coffee grew rapidly.
Paraphrased:
________________________________________________________________________________ .
There was a dramatic growth in the demand for coffee worldwide.
In other words, they were producing too much coffee.
Paraphrased:
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Production of coffee was in surplus. / Coffee was in surplus.
This is just a matter of supply and demand, Harold!
30
PART I
Unit 4 Reading 1 “Population Trends”
1. Changes in a population can have an enormous impact on a country’s future. (result from)
(P1, L5-6)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
An enormous impact on a country’s future can result from changes in a population.
2. The world population has been growing rapidly since the 19th century. (started) (P1, L7-8)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
The world population started growing in the 19th century and is still growing rapidly.
3. However, this change is not the same in all parts of the world. (differ) (P1, L8-9)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
This change differs from place to place everywhere in the world, though.
4. The population of the developing world is growing much faster than the population of the
developed world. (P1, the last two lines)
In comparison to _________________________________________________________________ .
In comparison to the developing world, population in the developed world is increasing a lot less.
5. As the nations of the world develop and become more industrialized, life expectancy figures have
risen everywhere. (due to) (P2, L4-5)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Due to the development and industrialization of the nations, life expectancy figures have shown an
6. Development brings better hygiene and healthcare. (allow) (P2, L5-6)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Development allows people to get better hygiene and healthcare.
7. The size of this decrease is not the same everywhere. (difference) (P3, L4)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
The size of this decrease shows difference everywhere.
8. Fertility rates are now too low to replace the current population. (high) (P6, L5-7)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Fertility rates are not high enough to replace the current population.
Come on, you can

always fit one
more.
31
Unit 4 Reading 2 “Global Migration”
1. It (migration) has a huge impact on the homeland that the immigrant is leaving as well as on the
immigrant’s new host country. (not only . . . but also) (P2, L7-8)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Migration has a huge impact not only on the homeland that the immigrant is leaving but also on
2. The typical migrant moves from a poor country to a richer country to find work. (P3, L1-2)
The reason ______________________________________________________________________ .
The reason why the typical migrant moves from a poor country to a richer country is to find work.
3. They may not become citizens. (allow) (P3, L5)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
They may be not allowed to be citizens.
4. The Dominican Republic is also a host country for many people from Haiti. (migate) (P4, L5-6)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Many people also migrate from Haiti to the Dominican Republic.
5. Many immigrants provide childcare so that both parents can work. (make it possible)
(P5, the last two lines)
______________________________________________________________ by providing childcare.
Many immigrants make it possible for both parents to work by providing childcare.
6. It would be difficult for migrants’ home countries to survive without it (GDP). (have difficulty)
(P6, the last lines)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Migrants’ home countries would have difficulty surviving without it.
7. If the cultures of the host country and the immigrants are very different, this can lead to
misunderstanding between the two groups. (as a result of) (P7, L7-11)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
As a result of differences between the cultures of the host country and the immigrants, there can
8. These countries lose their most productive workers as a result of migration. (lead to) (P7, L12-13)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
32
Unit 4 Reading 3 “The Growth of Cities”
1. The United Nations predicts that the urban population of developing nations will grow from 3.3
billion in 2007 to 6.4 billion in 2050. (expect) (P1, L5-7)
The urban population of ____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ .
The urban population of developing nations is expected to grow grow from 3.3 billion in 2007 to
2. The United Nations predicts that almost all population growth will be in cities. (expect) (P1, L7-8)
______________________________________________________________ by the United Nations.
Almost all population growth is expected to be in cities by the United Nations.
3. They (cities) were built on top of hills. (P2, L7-8)
People _________________________________________________________________________ .
People built cities on top of hills.
4. Cities attracted growing numbers of people with ideas about art and science. (who) (P2, L9-10)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Cities attracted growing numbers of people who had ideas about art and science.
5. Wealthy people lived in an area that circled the central business district. (where) (P3, L3-4)
The area that circled _______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________.
The area that circled the central business district was the place where wealthy people lived.
6. The richest residents live close to the center, whereas the poorest residents live far from the
center. (In contrast to) (P3, L6-8)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________.
In contrast to the richest residents (who live close to the center), the poorest residents live far from
7. Many of the cities cannot provide housing for them. As a result, these new residents move into
areas known as squatter settlement. (due to) (P5, L5-7)
________________________________________________________________________________.
Due to the lack of housing for these new residents, they move into areas known as squatter
8. Neither the residents nor the city can afford them. (both) (P5, L8-9)
________________________________________________________________________________.
Both
33
Unit 4 Reading 4 “Challenges Facing the World’s Cities”
1. Most of these people migrate to find better jobs. (P1, L2-3)
The reason ______________________________________________________________________ .
The reason why most of these people migrate is to find better jobs.
2. This migration has resulted in the development of megacities. (result from) (P1, L3-4)
________________________________________________________________________________.
The development of megacities has resulted from this migration.
3. This urbanization brings many economic benefits. (thanks to) (P1, L7)
________________________________________________________________________________.
Thanks to this urbanization, many economic benefits are provided.
4. Not everyone who comes to a city from a rural area can get a good job. (unlikely) (P2, L1-2)
________________________________________________________________________________.
It is unlikely for everyone who comes to a city from a rural area to get a good job.
5. Poverty leads to serious consequences. (due to) (P2, L5)
________________________________________________________________________________.
Due to poverty, serious consequences appear.
6. They are more likely to get sick. (probably) (P2, L8)
________________________________________________________________________________.
They will probably get sick.
7. It is not unusual for the people who breathe this air to have serious health problems. (P6, L8-9)
Having serious ___________________________________________________________________.
Having serious health problems for the people who breathe this air is not unusal.
8. This migration is likely to continue. (probably) (P11, L2-3)
________________________________________________________________________________.
This migration will probably continue.
34
PART II
Unit 4 Reading 1 “Population Trends”

1. Changing the order of some words
Some governments also offer financial rewards to families who have more than two children.
(P7, L5-6)
Families with more than two children even get financial support from government in some countries.
Examples:
Life expectancy has improved significantly in the less developed countries, too.
Paraphrased:
The less developed ________________________________________________________________ .
The less developed countries have also witnessed dramatic improvement in life expectancy.
The fertility rate is also frequently related to a woman’s education level.
Paraphrased:
A woman’s ______________________________________________________________________ .
A woman’s education level often contributes to the fertility rate.
India’s effort to control its population has emphasized education for girls and women.
Paraphrased:
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Education for girls and women has been significant thanks to the effort that India made for its
These programs show that it is possible for government policies to control fertility rates and slow
population growth.
Paraphrased:
________________________________________________________________________________ .
It is clear by these programs that fertility rates and slow population growth become possible to
35
Although population growth may be slowing down in some countries, such as China and India,
there are still many concerns about an explosion in the world’s population.
Paraphrased:
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ .
A dramatic increase in the world’s population is still a major concern despite the decreasing size of
f. Original sentence (P6, L10-11)
A smaller number of younger workers have to support a larger older population.
Paraphrased:
________________________________________________________________________________ .
A larger older population (many of the older people) requires support from a smaller number of
younger (few of the younger) workers.
36
PART I
Unit 5 Reading 1 “The Design of Everyday Objects”
1. The design of everyday objects has changed in the past 300 years. (P2, L1)
There __________________________________________________________________________ .
There has been a change in the past 300 years in the design of everyday objects.
2. Industrilization in the 19th century changed the role of design in society. (thanks to) (P2, L8-9)
________________________________________________________________________________.
Thanks to industrilization in the 19th century, the role of design in society changed.
3. The design of the chair in the photo to the left prevents people from sitting in it.
(make it impossible) (P3, L10-11)
________________________________________________________________________________.
The design of the chair in the photo to the left makes it impossible for people to sit in it.
4. It can be confusing to control the temperature in a shower. (P4, L12-13)
Controlling _______________________________________________________________________.
Controlling the temperature in a shower can be confusing.
5. A well-designed product should prevent users from doing something wrong.
________________________________________________________________________________.
A well-designed product should make it impossible for users to do something wrong.
6. They (customers) want their objects to express their personal identity. (P8, L3-4)
Expression _________________________________ is what _____________________________for
their objects.
Expression of their personal identity is what customers desire for their objects.
7. Some people may prefer a luxury car with leather seats. (preference) (P8, L4-5)
________________________________________________________________________________.
A luxury car with leather seats may be a preference of some people.
8. In order to satisfy this desire to express personal identity, designers offer the same product in
many different colors and patterns. (so that) (P8, the last three lines)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________.
Designers offer the same product in many different colors and patterns so that they can satisfy this
desire to express personal identity.
37
Unit 5 Reading 2 “Ergonomics”
1. There are two main causes of injury to people who use computers a lot. (using) (P4, L5-7)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
There are two main causes of injury to people using computers a lot. Reduction of a clause
2. Poor posture is also usually the result of a badly designed workstation. (lead to) (P4, last 2 lines)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
A badly designed workstation usually leads to poor posture.
3. Many injuries at work are caused by poorly designed chairs. (P5, L2)
Poorly designed __________________________________________________________________ .
Poorly designed chairs cause many injuries at work.
4. An ergonomic chair lets you use good posture when you sit. (promote) (P5, L2-3)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
An ergonomic chair promotes good posture when you sit.
5. It is adjustable. (P5, L3)
You ____________________________________________________________________________ .
You can adjust it.
6. Your feet should be flat on the ground. (if) (P5, L6-7)
It is ____________________________________________________________________________ .
It is better if you keep your feet flat on the ground.
7. The chair back should not be straight. (if) (P5, L9-10)
It is ____________________________________________________________________________ .
It is better if your chair back is not straight.
8. Laptops do not have an ergonomic design. (lack) (P6, L7-8)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Laptops lack an ergonomic design.
38
Unit 5 Reading 3 “The Design of Living Spaces”
1. There is a good combination of colors and furniture so that a room feels comfortable.
(in order to) (P2, L1-3)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
There is a good combination of colors and furniture in order to make a room feel comfortable.
2. Yin is the quiet energy, whereas yang is the strong energy. (in contrat to) (P2, L6-7)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
In contrast to Yin (which is the quiet energy), yang is the strong energy.
3. It should point north for an older married couple. (if) (P3, L3)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
It is better if it points north for an older married couple.
4. A bedroom should not have any mirrors in it. (if) (P3, L7-8)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
It is better if a bedroom does not have any mirrors in it.
5. Many people say they have nightmares if they sleep in a red room. (result in) (P4, L4-5)
Sleeping ________________________________________________________________________ .
Sleeping in a red room results in nightmares to many people.
6. White is the combination of all colors, so it is a color of balance. (since) (P4, L12-13)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
White is a color of balance since it is the combination of all colors.
7. Windows appear anywhere across a wall or in the ceiling, to allow as much light as possible into
narrow spaces. (so that) (P5, L7-9)
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Windows appear anywhere across a wall or in the ceiling so that light can go into narrow spaces as
8. By using a combination of balance, color, and arrangement, our homes can be functional. (if)
(P6, the last 2 lines)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
If we use a a combination of balance, color, and arrangement, our homes can be functional.
Oh, come on back, Yin. I was only

kidding.
39
Unit 5 Reading 4 “Fashion”
1. To choose clothing either in a store or at home is to define and describe ourselves. (P2, L6-7)
We ____________________________________________________________________________ .
We define and describe ourselves by choosing clothing either in a store or at home.
2. Women’s fashions were often designed to prevent them from doing physical work.
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Women’s fashions often made it impossible for women to do physical work.
3. It was the fashion for wealthy to bind their feet so that the feet would stay very small.
(in order to) (P4, L5-7)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
It was the fashion for wealthy to bind their feet in order to keep them very small.
4. Slowly women’s fashion began to change. (slow) (P5, L1)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
A slow change started in women’s fashion. / Women’s fashion went through a slow change.
5. In order to work safely, they needed a style of clothes that was different from the long, full
dresses. (so that) (P5, L4-5)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
They needed a style of clothes that was different from the long, full dresses so that they would
6. This “top-down” trend in fashion can still be seen today. (P6, L4-5)
We ____________________________________________________________________________ .
We can still see this “top-down” trend in fashion.
7. This message appealed to many other celebrities. (P9, L8-9)
Many other celebrities _____________________________________________________________ .
Many other celebrities got interested in this message.
8. If fashions constantly change, people will always want and buy new clothes. (lead to) (P12, L9-10)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Constant change in fashions will lead to desire to buy new clothes.
But darling, I HAD to get them,

it was buy one, get one free!
40
PART II
Unit 5 Reading 1 “The Design of Everyday Objects”

1. require= be necessary
Examples:
The design and creation of these decorated objects required a lot of time and and skill.
Paraphrased:
________________________________________________________________________________ .
A lot of time and skill was necessary in order to design and create these decorated objects.
ln the twenty-first century, although most products are mass-produced, they still require design.
Paraphrased:
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Nowadays, despite the mass-production of many products, designing them is still necessary.
2.
provide something = make it possible (for somebody) to do something
Examples:
The main function of a chair is to provide a place to sit.
Paraphrased:
A chair _____________________________________________________________________________ .
A chair makes it possible for people to sit.
According to Norman, products should provide visual signals.
Paraphrased:
To Norman, product design ____________________________________________________________ .
Product design should make it possible for people to use a product easily by the help of visual signals.
Product design should make it possible for people to make use of visual signals.
41
Unit 5 Reading 2 “Ergonomics”

1.
not only . . . but also
Examples:
Ergonomic products are more than just functional; they are also designed for safe and comfortable use.
Paraphrased:
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Ergonomic products are not only functional but also safe and comfortable to use.
Ergonomic design is not just about comfort; there are also economic benefits.
Paraphrased:
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Ergonomic design is not only comfortable but also economically beneficial.
Ergonomics can significantly improve the comfort of our environment and the efficiency of our
workplaces.
Paraphrased:
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Ergonomics can significantly improve not only the comfort of our environment but also the efficiency of
2.
A leads to B = B results from A
Examples:
Better efficiency can lead to an increase in productivity. These expensive office chairs are
ergonomically correct . . .
Paraphrased: which is more than I can say for you!
________________________________________________________________________________ .

Products that are not designed with attention to these principles can cause pain or even serious injury.
Paraphrased:
________________________________________________________________________________ .
42
PART I
Unit 6 Reading 1 “Brain Development and Function”
1. These different parts of the brain have separate functions. (divided) (P2, L4-5)
These __________________________________________________________________________ .
These different parts of the brain are divided into separate functions.
2. New technologies have allowed us to learn a great deal about the structure of brain. (provide)
(P3, L1-2)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
New technologies have provides us opprtunities to learn a great deal about the structure of brain.
3. Technology can also show how the brain processes information. (thanks to) (P4, L1)
It is possible _____________________________________________________________________ .
It is possible to understand how the brain processes information thanks to technology.
4. Scientists are interested in cognitive development. (appeal) (P5, L1)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Cognitive development appeals to scientists.
5. Before a child is two years old, there is a surge in brain growth and development. (increases)
(P5, L3-4)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Before a child is two years old, his or her brain growth and development increases suddenly.
6. Neural connections that are used a lot remanin strong. (P5, L12-13) The more. . . the more
The more _______________________________________________________________________ .
The more neural connections are used, the stronger they become.
7. Connections that are not used a lot become weak. (P5, L12-13)
The less _______________________________________________________________________ .
The less connections are used, the weaker they become.
8. As life expectancy continues to lengthen, doctors are becoming more interested in understanding
how the brain ages. (6, the last 3 lines)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
The prefrontal cortex is

involved in higher functioning
like remembering to feed you...
43
Unit 6 Reading 2 “The Teenage Brain”
1. Dramatic changes in hormones caused this teenage behavior. (result from) (P1, L6-7)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
This teenage behavior resulted from dramatic changes in hormones.
2. A teenage brain is different from an adult brain. (same) (P1, L9-10)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
A teenage brain isn’t the same as an adult brain.
3. Teenagers are not very good at understanding the emotions of others. (difficulty) (P3, L1-2)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Teenagers have difficulty understanding the emotions of others.
4. The high level of these hormones can sometimes lead teenagers into risky or dangerous situations.
(as a result of) (P4, L10-12)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Teenagers get into risky or dangerous situations as a result of the high level of these hormones.
5. They stay up late at night, and as a result, they cannot wake up the next morning. (P5, L10-11)
The reason why __________________________________________________________________ .
The reason why they cannot wake up the next morning is that they stay up late at night.
6. Because many teenagers do not get enough sleep, they are always tired. (due to) (P5, L18-19)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Due to the lack of enough sleep, many teenagers are always tired.
7. Hand-eye coordination improves by playing video games. (when) (P6, L7-8)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
When teenagers play video games, their hand-eye coordination improves.
8. New brain research is likely to result in more changes in education and the legal system.
(thanks to) (P7, the last two lines)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Brain Heart
44
Unit 6 Reading 3 “The Male and Female Brain”
1. Although men and women are physically different, their brains are the same. (despite)
(P1, L3-4)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Despite the physical differences, men and women’s brains are the same.
2. Male and female brains do work differently, and this results in clearly distinct or separate abilities.
(since) (P1, L7-8)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Since male and female brains work differently, they have distinct or separate abilities.
3. Girls seem to develop verbal activities more quickly than boys do. (as much as) (P2, L2)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
It seems that boys do not develop verbal activities as much as girls do.
4. Boys tend to play and fight physically. (likely) (P3, L7-8)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Boys are likely to play and fight physically.
5. Women have more difficulty with these tasks. (good at) (P4, L5-6)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Women are not good at these tasks.
6. Women sense things that men do not. (intuition) (P6, L3)
In contrast to_____________________________________________________________________ .
In contrast to men, women have intuition about things.
7. In order to find their way home, they had to remember routes. (if) (P7, L7-8) Type 3
________________________________________________________________________________ .
If they hadn’t remembered routes, they couldn’t have found their way home.
8. Women were also responsible for raising the children. (P7, L11-12)
It was also _______________________________________________________________________ .
It was also women’s resposibility to raise the children.
45
Unit 6 Reading 4 “Addiction and the Brain”
1. Addicts cannot control their behavior. (who) (P1, L7)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
People who have addiction cannot control their behavior.
2. Drugs like nicotine in cigarettes cause a release of dopamine in the brain. (when) (P3, L2-4)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
When people take drugs like nicotine in cigarettes, dopamine in their brain is released.
3. Some people are so addicted that they have lost their homes. (result in) (P5, L9-10)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Some people’s extreme addiction have resulted in loss of their homes.
4. It is physically very difficult for addicts to make good decisions. (difficulty) (P7, L11-12)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Addicts have difficulty making good decisions physically.
5. People with other mental health problems are more likely to become addicts. (tendency) (P8, L6-7)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
People with other mental health problems have tendency to become addicts.
6. Stress increases the chance that people will become addicts. (lead to) (P9, L2-3)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Stress leads to addiction.
7. The stresses rats repeatedly chose the water with the drug in it. (which) (P9, the last line)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
The stresses rats repeatedly chose the water which contained the drug in it.
8. Addicts usually need professional help to end an addiction. (require) (P10, L1)
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Ending an addiction requires professional help for addicts.
46
PART II
Unit 6 Reading 1 “Brain Development and Function”
1.
. . . allow somebody to do something = thanks to . . . , a sentence
Examples:
It allows us to think, dream, speak, and make decisions.
Paraphrased:
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Thanks to brain, we can think, dream, speak, and make decisions.
New technologies have allowed us to learn a great deal about the structure of the brain.
Paraphrased:
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Thanks to new technologies, we have learnt a lot about the structure of the brain.
The development of this technology has allowed scientists to understand more about which parts of
the brain are responsible for different functions.
Paraphrased:
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Thanks to the development of this technology, scientists have understood more about which parts of
These extra connections, allow a baby to learn new skills, such as language.
Paraphrased:
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Thanks to these extra connections, a baby can learn new skills, such as language.
Twenty-first century technology is allowing scientists to research the brain in new and exciting ways.
Paraphrased:
________________________________________________________________________________ .
Thanks to twenty-first century technology, scientists are researching the brain in new and exciting ways.
47

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Paraphrasing means to tell the meaning of a message in your own words.

When you want to do

Original Passage Poor Paraphrasing

2. Using different grammar.

3. Changing parts of speech.

Scroll down, no sorry,

We are not intrusive. We keep a

 Some structures to benefit in paraphrasing:

b. Original sentence (P2, L1)

a. Original sentence (P1, L9-10)

How people learn about the news has changed dramatically.

b. Original sentence (P3, the last two lines)

In addition , most people at that time were still illiterate.

Besides, there _______________________________________________________________________.

Besides, there was a lot of illiteracy those days.

c. Original sentence (P4, L1)

were changing, too.

Despite ________________________ those day, there ________________________________ not only

in ________________________________ but also __________________________ .

America but also in newspapers.

a. Original sentence (P1, L4-5)

the news aloud.

Due to _________________________________ in both China and Rome, people _________________

c. Original sentence (P3, L1-4)

d. Original sentence (P4, L2-3)

Subject + Verb + Object Object + be + Verb 3 + by + Subject

b. Original sentence (P2, L2-3)

People ______________________________________ through a telegraph which _________________ .

h. Original sentence (P5, L15-18)

The news story ______________________________________________________________________ .

allow someone or something to do something

make it possible for someone or something to do something

Newspapers ____________________________________________________ both English and the US.

Newspapers made ___________________________________________________________________ .

c. Original sentence (P5, L3-4)

2. by word of mouth = by telling each other (P1)

3. it became possible for people to . . . = people could . . . (P3)

4. interest readers = attract or draw readers’ attention (P3)

5. they didn’t know = they had no idea (P3)

8. it became popular = people enjoyed it (P4)

9. when a volcano erupted in . . . = when a volcanic eruption occured / happened in (P5)

 Some structures to benefit in paraphrasing:

b. Original sentence (P2, L4)

although subject + verb

subject + verb despite

b. Original sentence (P5, L1-3)

listen to live events.

It is not only CNN which broadcasts live news any longer.

d. Original sentence (P4, L7-8)

 Some words, phrases and sentences paraphrased in the text:

2. at the same time as they were happening = simultaneously (P1)

3. far away = in a distance (P1)

4. convenient = easy to use (P2)

The ascent of ordinary working man.

 Some structures to benefit in paraphrasing:

when industrialization began at the onset of industrialization

the elite who could afford people with money

b. Original sentence (P1, L7-8)

c. Original sentence (P3, L2)

b. Original sentence (P6, L1)

c. Original sentence (P6, L1-2)

d. Original sentence (P6, L11-12)

I don’t need to do my homework. I outsourced it to a kid in China.

Despite those day, there ________ not only

in ______ but also .

Due to _________________ in both China and Rome, people _

People ______________________ through a telegraph which _ .