Homework 1

Review some concepts and do some practice questions.

A. Concentration
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶 = , Different physical units, mg/L or g/m3, µg/L or ng/L
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚/𝐿𝐿
• The relationship between mg/L and parts per million (ppm): 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = ;
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝜌𝜌𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

Specific gravity = = , For dilute water systems, the specific gravity of fluid
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝜌𝜌𝐻𝐻2𝑂𝑂
is 1, mg/L or g/m3 same as ppm, ppb and ppt same as µg/L or ng/L, respectively

• Electroneutrality, sum of positive ions (cations) equals sum of negative ions (anions) in solution

∑ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = ∑ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴; Cations and anions expressed in terms of equivalent weight per liter
(eq/L) or milliequivalent per liter (meq/L)

• Equivalent weight of a element/compound is defined as: equivalent weight, g/eq =

𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑡𝑡, 𝑔𝑔/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
, for an element, Z equals to its valence charge; for a compound, Z equals
𝑍𝑍, 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
moles of available hydrogen or its chemical equivalent, value depending on its chemical context,
for H2SO4, Z = 2 because 1 mol of H2SO4 equals to 2 moles of H+; for Ca(OH)2, Z=2; Z=3 for AlCl3;
Z = 6 for Al2(SO4)3
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐, 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚/𝐿𝐿
• Concentration in terms of milliequivalents per liter (meq/L) =
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑡𝑡, 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

• Dissolved gases in solution

𝑃𝑃1 𝑉𝑉1 𝑃𝑃2 𝑉𝑉2
General gas law: =
𝑇𝑇1 𝑇𝑇2

Henry’s law: 𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 = (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)�𝑝𝑝𝑔𝑔 �,

𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 -concentration of a gas dissolved in the liquid at equilibrium;

𝑝𝑝𝑔𝑔 -partial pressure of the gas above the liquid

1. What are the atomic weight and the equivalent weight of Na+1, and Ca+2? If a water sample has 102
mg/L of Na+1 and 68 mg/L Ca2+, how many milliequivalents of each are present?

2. What are the molecular weight and the equivalent weight of CaCl2? If a water sample contains 168
mg/L CaCl2, how many milliequivalents are present?

3. If a water sample contains 134 parts per million of Na+1, how many milligrams per liter are present?

4. The concentration of carbon dioxide in water at 20oC is 1.00×10-5 M. The Henry’s constant for carbon
dioxide dissolution in water is 3.91×10-2M·atm-1 20oC. What is the partial pressure of CO2 in the air.
B. mass balance

Law of conservation of matter states that (without nuclear reaction) matter can neither be created nor
destroyed.

The mass balance equations can be written as:

[𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄] = [𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊] − [𝒐𝒐𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖] + [𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓𝒓]

𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
Rate of changes with the control volume: 𝑽𝑽 = 𝑸𝑸𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝑪𝑪𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 − 𝑸𝑸𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝑪𝑪𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 + 𝑽𝑽 ∙ 𝒓𝒓
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

Steady state conditions: in any mass balance situations, once a sufficient amount of time has passed,
conditions will approach steady states, meaning that conditions no longer change with time. In steady
state conditions, the concentration and hence the mass within the control volume remains constant.
dm/dt = VdC/dt = 0.

Completely-mixed system: effluent from a completely mixed system has the same concentration as the
system itself (consider pouring the coffee out of the very large cup).

Reaction kinetics: reaction rate is often some complex function of temperature, pressure, the reacting
components, and products of reaction.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑟𝑟 = = −𝑘𝑘𝐶𝐶 𝑛𝑛
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Where k – reaction rate constant; C – concentration of substance; n – exponent or reaction order
𝐶𝐶
First order reaction: n =1, 𝑟𝑟 = −𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, integration form is 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = −𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝐶𝐶0

5. A lake with a volume of 3×105 m3, is fed by a river with a flow rate of 1,250 L/min. The flow rate in the
river exiting the lake is 1,325 L/min. A wastewater treatment plant discharges into the lake at rate of 75
L/min. The concentration of a pollutant, A, in the plant effluent is 15.0 mg/L. The concentration of A in
the influent river is 1.1 mg/L. The pollutant A is reactive and it is degraded with time, assuming first
order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.005 hr-1. What is the concentration of A in the lake?

Answers: 1. 23 g; 20 g; 4.43 meq/L; 3.40 meq/L; 2. 55 g; 3.05 meq/L; 3. 134 mg/L; 4. 2.56×10-4 atm; 5.
0.095 mg/L