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MAS-NMR analysis and complemented with FT-IR. was investigated via 29 Si MAS-NMR using a 300 MHz Varian Unity
www.interscience.wiley.com/journal/aoc Copyright
c 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Appl. Organometal. Chem. 2010, 24, 481–488
TEOS–colloidal silica–PDMS-OH hybrid formulation
(H1-ME, H2-ME) and those of T-ME[27] are shown in Table 2. The (isotherm type IV) with an H2 hysteresis loop. According to results
expected to prevent cracking.[21 – 23] However, using the synthesis stone properties indicated fragility.
www.interscience.wiley.com/journal/aoc Copyright
c 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Appl. Organometal. Chem. 2010, 24, 481–488
TEOS–colloidal silica–PDMS-OH hybrid formulation
Figure 5. Tuff-stone petrographic analysis (a) plagioclase and quartz (b) biotite (c) frature quartz (d) lithic tuff.
The tuffs have broken quartz crystals (Fig. 5c), diminishing the
Table 4. Properties of stone after consolidationa
microcrystalline groundmass. The medium-grained matrix was
observed from 0.25 to 2.0 mm. In addition, apparent oxidation of Amount of Water-
iron is evidenced by the yellow-red colors along grain boundaries product Hardness accessible
absorbed Hardness increase porosity
and space infillings (Fig. 5b). (kg m−2 ) (HB) (%) (%)
Microscope analysis confirmed the lithic tuff (L) grained be-
tween 2.0 and 16 mm (Fig. 5d). The lithics are generated by Without treatment 149 (3) 20 (2.1)
moderate intensity of hydrothermal alteration; commonly, the pla- T-ME 1.47 (0.2) 176 (2) 15 11.9 (0.54)
gioclase is transformed to albite (NaAlSi3 O8 ), which is replaced by H-ME 1.61 (0.3) 192 (2) 29 3.7 (0.21)
sericite [KAl5 (OH)2 AlSi3 O10 ] or illite [K0.8 ,Mg0.30 ,Al1.7 (Al0.6 Si13.4 O10 ) a Standard deviations are in parentheses. The number of samples was
(OH)2 ].[36] three.
According to the XRD and petrographic results, apparent natural
weathering of the stone can be suggested. Two decay factors were
observed: clay minerals such as smectite were identified by XRD,
which could suggest an argillation process on silicate minerals; where a SiO2 film (dark film in Fig. 6a) is deposited on the original
in addition, petrographic analysis on tuff showed hydrothermal cement matrix diminish the vesicles amount (v). Modifications
activity on biotite crystals. of biotite crystals (B) were not observed. However, significant
changes could be observed on the quartz crystals (Q) (Fig. 6b).
Consolidantion effectiveness The quartz crystals (Q) were modified with a spherical structure,
possibly corresponding to the hybrid gel used as consolidant.
Consolidate Tuff-stone petrography analysis – Fig. 6 shows the Consolidant absorption – the various properties of the stone
petrography analysis for the tuff-stone consolidate with H1-ME. An sample before and after treatment with H1-ME and T-ME are shown
485
increase in the cement matrix is suggested according to Fig. 6(a), in Table 4. The amount of product consumed per surface unit under
Figure 6. Tuff-stone petrographic analysis (a) after treatment with H1-ME (b) changes on quartz crystal using H1-ME as consolidant.
www.interscience.wiley.com/journal/aoc Copyright
c 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Appl. Organometal. Chem. 2010, 24, 481–488
TEOS–colloidal silica–PDMS-OH hybrid formulation
Figure 8. Salt crystallization (a) samples (b) after 5 cycles (c) after 6 cycles.
[25] F.W. Van der Weij, Macromol. Chem. 1980, 181, 2541. [31] M. Brook, Silicon in Organic, Organometallic and Polymer Chemistry.
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terization of TEOS sols in three different solvents when DBTL is used [34] P. Maravelali-Kalaitzaki, N. Kallithrakas-Kotos, D. Korakaki, Z.
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[29] R. Zarraga, D. E. Alvarez-Gasca, J. Cervantes, Silicon Chem. 2002, 1, [36] A. T. Anderson, S. Newman, S. N. Williams, T. H. Druitt, C. Skirius,
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c 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Appl. Organometal. Chem. 2010, 24, 481–488
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