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Bilasco Stefan
Academia Română Filiala Cluj Napoca Colectivul de Geografie
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ŞT. BILAŞCO1
ABSTRACT. – GIS Methodology for the Calculation of Probable Peak Discharge Time of
Concentration in Small Hydrographic Basins. Case Study. The model proposes a
methodology for the calculation of the time of concentration using geoinformation software.
Water run-off on slopes depends both on their configuration and on the collected water
volume and in this way the slope flow characteristics differ very much from one drainage
basin to another. At the same time, the period during which the flood flows on the drainage
basin’s area is extremely important in the warning and evacuation process in order to avoid
eventual disasters. While the estimation of the time of concentration on the base of empiric
equations is time-consuming, the proposed model integrates the numerical and spatial
databases specific to the hydrologic models into a spatial analysis formula with the help of
ArcGis software extensions, in this way the computation and spatialization of the time of
concentration becoming time-efficient.
1. INTRODUCTION
The time of concentration appears in numerous equations that compute the peak
discharge, being absolutely necessary in the utilization of the rational method that calculates this
parameter in small drainage basins.
Each drainage basin is characterized by particular values of the time of concentration,
in relation to the conditions that determine water flowing on slopes or river channels. There are
many ways in which water may flow, laminary on some slopes, in pluvial drainage channels on
others or concentrated in river channels etc., the attempts to determine the time of concentration
having to consider all these water flow types.
The presented case study is a continuation and completion of the G.I.S. model
proposed by Bilaşco, 2010, with implementation on the same drainage basins located in the
Cluj Hills – the drainage basin of a first order tributary of the Nădăşel River and the second
one, the drainage basin of the first order tributary of the Sălişte River (Bilaşco, 2010). The
used databases reffer to the maximum water volumes and were completed during the
application of the previously proposed spatial analysis model.
1
Romanian Academy, Cluj Branch, Department of Geography, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania, e-mail:
sbilasco@geografie.ubbcluj.ro
ŞT. BILAŞCO
2. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS
The literature in the field proposes numerous formulas to estimate the time of
concentration, the most popular being: Wave Method, Kirpich formula (1), Kerby formula
and NRCS Velocity Method (2).
The time of concentration is defined as the time needed for water to flow from the
most remote point of the hydrographic basin to the calculation section.
Another definition given to the time of concentration, and maybe the most complete, is
that it represents the time during which water drops from rainfalls with maximum intensity on
the entire drainage basin contribute simultaneously to runoff, from their formation point to
the point under investigation.
The calculation of the time of concentration is based on two main components: the
time of concentration on slope and the time of concentration in the flowing channel (main
channel, tributaries’ channel, pluvial drainage channel etc.).
3. G.I.S. METHODOLOGY
In order to calculate the time of concentration we have used the NRCS method,
equation (2), considering that it encompasses the main factors that may affect the value of
this indicator.
3. 1. Database
The necessary database was created by using the thematic layers representing the
peak discharge, the flowing channel inclination and the flowing channel length (table 1).
Specific database
Table 1
Thematic layer Format Attribute
Peak discharge GRID m3
Inclination GRID %
Flowing channel length Alphanumeric km
The flowing channel length represents the alphanumeric database that identifies, in
km, the longest flow route of water within a drainage basin (fig. 1 and 2) and was worked
out automatically (as input data we had the DEM and the watershed of the basin whose
length we intended to calculate) with the help of the function Longes Flow Path for
Catchments, HydroTools 9 extension, ArcGIS software.
Fig. 1. Drainage channel (Nădăşel tributary). Fig. 2. Drainage channel (Sălişte tributary).
The inclination value influences the time of concentration of water into the main
flowing channel, a higher slope inducing a shorter time of concentration, while a lower slope, a
longer time of concentration. As the inclination of the flow channel increases, the time of
concentration will tend to zero. At the same time, the time of water concentration on slopes
is also influenced by the slope gradient. In case of large areas with steep slopes, the time of
concentration will be short, the runoff tending to be torrential, while on less inclined slopes,
the time of concentration will increase.
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ŞT. BILAŞCO
The peak discharge may be identified as a GRID database representing the drained
water volume (fig. 2) for which the time of concentration is computed. The peak discharge
was calculated through the SCS-CN model.
3. 2. Spatial analysis
After analyzing all the calculation formulas for the time of concentration, we have
decided to use the NRCS Velocity Method. The spatial modelling of the time of concentration
requires some adjustments of the mathematical spatial modelling techniques which reffer
mainly to the processing of the thematic layers by some equations and functions that should
generate new attributes stored in other thematic layers (fig. 5).
Fig. 3. Peak discharges (Nădăşel tributary). Fig. 4. Peak discharges (Sălişte tributary).
In order to develop the spatial modelling, we have used the ArcGIS software,
extension Spatial Analyst, Raster Calculator function, which allows the working out of the
cartographic modelling overlay as a combination between raster and alphanumeric databases
with the help of some spatial analysis equations.
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GIS METHODOLOGY FOR THE CALCULATION OF PROBABLE PEAK DISCHARGE TIME …
The spatial analysis equation that we have used in computing the time of concentration,
after adjustments, has reached the following form:
The NRCS Velocity Method makes possible the calculation of the time of concentration
in hours and thus the obtained value was multiplied by 60 with the purpose that the time of
concentration is given in minutes and in this way it could be integrated into the rational
calculation formula.
The database that was achieved through this modelling is expressed in the form of
two thematic layers in GRID format (fig. 6, 7) representing the time of concentration for the
collected water in the territory of the two analyzed drainage basins (table 2).
Fig. 6. Peak Discharges (Nădăşel tributary). Fig. 7. Peak Discharges (Sălişte tributary).
A comparison between the time of concentration computed data was not possible, as
the minimal, average and maximum values reffer to the water volumes and not to the entire
drainage basin.
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ŞT. BILAŞCO
REFERENCES
1. Bilaşco, Şt., (2008), Implementarea GIS în modelarea viiturilor de versant, Edit. Casa Cărţii de
Ştiinţă, Cluj-Napoca.
2. Bilaşco, Şt., (2010), Calculation of maximum funoff volume induced by torrential rainfalls trought the
G.I.S. SCS-CN method. Case study: the small hydrographic basins in the Shouth and West of the
Somesan Plateau, Studia UBB, 1/2010
3. Haidu, I., (1993), Evaluarea potenţialului hidroenergeticnatural al râurilor mici. Aplicaţie la
Carpaţii Maramureşului şi Bucovinei, Edit. Gloria în colaborare cu RENEL, Cluj
4. Wanielista, M., Kersten, R., Eaglin, R., (1997), Hydrology water quantity and quality control,
Joh, Wiley and Sons. 2nd ed.
Note: This work was supported by CNCSIS –UEFISCSU, project number PNII – IDEI 2549/2008.
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