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INTRODUCTION
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This therapeutic approach in treating diseases using
Less likely for the body to evoke immune responses as the body
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Group II : protein therapeutics with special targeting activity
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Classification based on molecular types:
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rDNA
Protein
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(i) Microbial bioreactors
The first microbial bioreactors, in particular
Escherichia coli (bacterial) and Saccharomyces
cerevisiae & Pichia pastoris (yeasts) were found to
production of simple polypeptides such as insulin and
human growth hormone
However, microbial bioreactors were found to be
unsuitable for proteins with complex post-
translational modifications or intricate folding
requirements, such as the coagulation factors, or
monoclonal antibodies.
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This led to the development of large-scale
mammalian cell culture, for example, the use of
Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell cuture
bioreactors.
DNA ligase agglutinates the insulin gene and the plasmidic DNA
plasmid E. Coli
cross bridges
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(ii) Cell culture bioreactors
These technologies permitted the development of
numerous monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, and
other complex bioactive biomolecules.
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E.g Commercial recombinant production of complex
molecules, such as antithrombin and alpha1-
antitrypsin, has not yet been achieved in microbial or
mammalian cell derived bioreactors
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How are transgenic animals
produced?
The foreign DNA can be inserted in three ways:
(i) DNA microinjection
Fusing an expression vector, comprising a gene that is
encoded for the human or humanized target protein with
mammary gland-specific regulatory sequences, and then
inserting into the germline of the selected production
species.
When integrated, the milk-specific expression construct
becomes a dominant genetic characteristic that is
inherited by the progeny of the founder animal.
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(iii) Embryonic Stem Cell-Mediated Gene Transfer
This method involves isolation of totipotent stem cells
from embryos
The desired gene is inserted into these cells
Cells containing the desired DNA are incorporated
into the host’s embryo, resulting in a chimeric animal
Advantage of transgenic systems
•Transgenic livestock can be maintained and
scaled-up in relatively inexpensive facilities
• Use animal feed as raw material
•Can achieve impressive yields of recombinant
proteins.
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APPLICATIONS
Several proteins are created from recombinant
DNA (recombinant proteins) and are used in
medical applications.
Hematopoietic growth factor.
Interferon’s
Hormones
Recombinant protein vaccines
Tissue/bone growth factors and clotting factors
Biological response modifiers
Monoclonal/Diagnostic/Therapeutic antibodies
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Recombinant proteins is extensively used in
biotechnology, medicine and research.
Hematopoietic growth factor
Product of blood cells in bone marrow of central axial
skeleton is referred to as medullary hematopoiesis.
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•List of factors of recombinant origin
Product Company Indication
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List of products of recombinant origin
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List of hormones of recombinant origin
Hormones Company Indication
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