Rimbunan Hijau Group

Menara Rimbunan Hijau, 101 Pusat Suria Pertama,

Jalan Upper Lanang,

96000 Sibu, Sarawak.

Lau Siong Kwong

AD160230

Period industrial training

(1/7/2019-6/9/2019)

Semester 3/ Sesi 2018/2019

 CONTENTS

Contents Pages
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Business activities of RH Group 2-14
1.2 Structure of RH Group 15
2.0 Scope
2.1 Familiarization of building services and 16
maintenances
2.2 Tender documents 17
2.3 others 17
3.0 Contents of training
3.1 Building management system 18
3.2 Air conditioning system 19-30
3.3 Cooling water treatment 31-35
3.4 Refrigeration system 36-37
3.5 The steps to calculate cooling capacity 38-41
(BTUs) required in a space
3.6 Electrical 42-47
4.0 Suggestions 48-49
5.0 Conclusion 50
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Rimbunan Hijau is a Malaysian multinational logging corporation controlled by

Malaysian businessman, YBhg. Tan Sri Datuk Sir Tiong Hiew King. The company has
operations in many countries, including Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Equatorial
Guinea, Gabon, Vanuatu, New Zealand and Russia. In Papua New Guinea, Rimbunan Hijau
is the single biggest logging operator and runs the biggest sawmill. It also owns one of the
two major newspapers in the Papua New Guinea; The National. The company was
established in 1975 and has an estimated annual turnover of more than 1 billion US dollars,
according to Malaysia-China Business Council. There are more than 10000 employees in this
company.

Figure 1.0.1: Logo of RH Group

1
1.1 Business activities of RH Group

1. Forestry

One of the core business activities in this company is forestry. Modern logging is
business combined with ecological and social awareness. RH Group has been one of the
pioneers in the use of ecologically based on scientific forestry in South East Asia. By using
the latest in modern aerial mapping technology, RH Group is able to selectively cut a
concession area, resulting in a relatively undisturbed section in which natural reforestation
can take place. RH Group fully accepts the stewardship responsibility in caring for our forests
and practises sustainable forest management in promoting the wise use of this valuable
natural heritage. Apart from generating economic benefits for Malaysia from our country’s
timber resources, their commitment to sustainable forest management and their investment in
tree plantations enable us to keep the country green by helping to conserve the forests for the
economic and environmental needs of future generations. RH Group is also committed to
strict compliance of industry regulations in its areas of operations worldwide. In 1995, they
built the first particleboard factory in Sarawak (Subur Tiasa Holdings Berhad). Since then,
the RH Group is also a key player in the production of laminated boards and other forms of
value-added timber products. By processing wood wastes, their downstream processing
activities help minimise wastage of valuable timber resources and improve environmental
control by reducing the need for open burning or dumping of wood wastes. In recent years,
their success has facilitated their move beyond local borders. They have set up timber
processing facilities in Papua New Guinea, Africa, China, Russia and New Zealand.

2
 2. Oil palm plantations

Oil Palm Plantations also is the core business activities in RH Group. RH Group’ s
venture into oil palm cultivation and processing started in1988 with its first plantation located
at Bakong Estate, near Miri, Sarawak. RH Group’s subsidiary, Rimbunan Sawit Berhad has
become one of the significant players in Sarawak’s oil palm industry. More importantly, they
have done this in sustainable and environmentally friendly way, ensuring that zero open
burning and controlled use of pesticides to reduce pollution of the soil and streams. Modern
agricultural practices have been mainstays of our plantation operations. High quality
seedlings are cultivated to ensure high yield and superior palm oil. RH Group has three palm
oil mills in Sarawak. This has enabled them to process the oil palm fruits from their own
plantations and those of the neighbouring estates and smallholders. Their state of the art mills
incorporate environmentally friendly mill design and employ latest technology (including
PLC and SCADA) monitoring and automated control system to maximise the oil extraction
rate from the Fresh Fruit Bunches and minimise oil loss and also to maximise the extraction
rate of the kernels. More further, they practise sound environment practices. Under their zero
wastage practice, empty fruit bunches are recycled as fibre for generating power supply. They
treat mill effluent discharge in effluent ponds in strict adherence to department of
environment standard to improve effluent water quality and reduce any adverse environment
impact on adjacent streams.

3
 3. Media

Their Group’s foray into the Chinese language publishing business grew as a
commitment to serve the Chinese communities and promoting Chinese cultural heritage
around the world. Driven by his cultural conscience and foresight, YBhg. Tan Sri Datuk Sir
Tiong in 1987 invested heavily to salvage Sin Chew Daily. The Daily has a long history and
strong influence in the Chinese community in local areas but was on the brink of closure. He
was invited to revive Malaysia’s Sin Chew Jit Poh by its employees and senior leaders of the
ethnic-Chinese community. He assumed the post of chairman and under his dynamic
leadership, Sin Chew Daily today has emerged as the country’s largest Chinese-language
daily. He is also the chairman of Sin Chew’s sister publication, Guang Ming Daily. Besides
that, in 1990, he also established “The National”, a neutral, English-language newspaper, at
the invitation of the government of Papua New Guinea.

On 23rd April 2007, the merge of the three Chinese-language publishing groups,
Mingpao Enterprise, Sin Chew Media Corporation Berhad and Nayang Press Holdings
Berhad became official. The consolidation of these three groups is aimed at creating a global
Chinese language media group, which will emerge as one of the largest Chinese language
print media platforms. The merger is a major step taken by YBhg. Tan Sri Datuk Sir Tiong to
realize his vision of bringing his Chinese-langauge media groups from local to world and
from printing to multimedia.

On 30th April 2008, the merge of these three newspaper groups led to the formation of
“Media Chinese International Limited”. It became Malaysia’s first primary dual listing in
Malaysia and Hong Kong’s Stock Exchange.

Sin Chew Media

Their acquisition in 1988 of Sin Chew Jit Poh (Sin Chew Daily), enables them to
build it into the largest Chinese newspaper in Malaysia. With its daily circulation of more
than 360,000 copies nation-wide, Sin Chew Jit Poh has became a household name in
Malaysia and a favourite source of news and entertainment among the local Chinese reading
public. The Chinese language paper contributes to the growth of Chinese education by
publishing magazines such as Bintang SinChew and Sinaran SinChew, targeted at school
students.

4
 Building in their success with Sin Chew Jit Poh, they acquired “Guang Ming Ribao”
in 1992, turning the former regional Chinese daily into nationally distributed paper. It
currently ranks as the fourth biggest selling Chinese daily in the country. A progressive news
publisher, Sin Chew Jit Poh was the first Malaysian Chinese paper to go online in 1995. The
paper soon launched its umbrella portal at www.sinchew-i.com. In 2000, they initiated a joint
venture with major Malaysian newspaper publishing companies to form Malaysian
Newspaper publishing companies to form Malaysian Newsprint Industry Sdn. Bhd to produce
newsprint locally, contributing to the growth of the Malaysian newspaper printing industry.

In 2004, Sin Chew Daily celebrated its 75th anniversary and its service to community.
In 2005, both the Sin Chew Daily and Guang Ming Daily were publicly listed under Sin
Chew Media on Bursa Malaysia.

Ming Pao Enterprise Corporation

Their commitment to grow their media business is further strengthened by their

overseas expansion programme. In 1995, they acquired Ming Pao Group, which publishes
popular Chinese newspaper and magazines in Hong Kong SAR as well as North America.
Their Hong Kong flagship Chinese daily, Ming Pao Daily News, a renowned Chinese
newspaper in its own right, celebrated its 45th anniversary in 2004. It has consistently won
media industry awards for high journalistic standards and editorial excellence.

They continue to provide authoritative news and analyses to their readers and have
expanded their publications to North America. Currently, they are helping to keep them
informed of the updated events and news in mainland China and Hong Kong with their sister
editions in Canada (e.g. Toronto, Vancouver) and the United States (New York, San
Francisco).

Mingpao.com

Leveraging on the popularity of their venerable newspaper and magazines, Ming Pao
Group’s internet portal (mingpao.com) has grown into a quality news and editorial content
provider that also offers value-adding e-services.

5
 Mingpao.com has consistently won awards as one of the top 10 healthy websites by
the Hong Kong Television and Entertainment Licensing Authority. It was the winner of the
Best Chinese Website, awarded by Society of Publishers in Asia at 2002.

Nanyang Siang Pau

Tan Sri Tiong emerged as the major shareholder of the Nanyang Press Holdings
Berhad when his family company, Ezywood Option Sdn Bhd, acquired 21.02 per cent stake
from Huaren Holdings on Oct 17, 2006.

Prior to the acquisition, Huaren Holdings was the major shareholder of the company,
with 42 per cent stake, making it the single largest shareholder of the company which owns
two Chinese dailies; Nanyang Siang Pau and China Press. Henceforth, the Group owns
Nanyang Siang Pau and China Press.

6
 4. ICT

COMSERV

RH Group ventured into the ICT field in 1995. Spearheading the venture is
COMSERV (Sarawak) Sdn Bhd, a pioneer ICT company in Sarawak. As early as 1986, it
was awarded the biggest IT project ever undertaken by the Sarawak State Government then to
provide integrated software for survey, mapping, title registration and revenue collection
systems for the Department of Lands & Surveys, Sarawak.

In 1989, COMSERV was appointed by IBM Malaysia as their System Remarketer for
the sales and support of IBM midrange computers. It marks the beginning of new initiative to
focus its IT expertise on certain strategic products. In 1990s more products representations
such as authorised Microsoft Solution Provider, Oracle Authorised system Integrator, IBM
Business Partner for IBM AS/400 and RS/6000, COMPAQ dealer etc.

5. Hospitality

The Group is also keen to contribute to the hospitality industry especially in Sarawak.
Hence, on 3rd September 2006, RH Group commenced its first venture into the hotel industry
with the opening of RH Hotel.

To further expand RH Group’s investment in overseas tourism industry, The Stanley

Hotel and Suites, a five star hotel and serviced apartment complex in Papua New Guinea, was
officially opened on 20th October 2016.

In addition, RH Group established a few tour and travel services companies such as
RH Tours & Travel Agency Sdn Bhd (Malaysia), Travel Planners (PNG) Limited (Papua
New Guinea) and Charming Holidays (Hong Kong).

RH Hotel, Sibu, Malaysia

Complimenting the tranquil and beautiful setting of the Sibu Town Square and the
adjoining tallest building in Sarawak, Wisma Sanyan, their Group’s latest contribution to
Sibu’s contemporary urban skyline is the 15-storey international class RH Hotel since its
opening for business in June 2006.

7
RH Hotel caters to business and leisure travellers and convention participants. It has 226
tastefully designed and furnished rooms and suites, equipped with modern conveniences. A
pedestrian bridge from the hotel provides easy access to business, recreational and shopping
facilities at nearby Wisma Sanyan.

When it comes to meeting the business, dining or entertainment needs of their

discerning guests, RH Hotel is well equipped with a comprehensive range of entertainment
and dining outlets, conference rooms, a tranquil poolside terrace and even a banquet hall
capable of seating 1000 guests. RH Hotel has contributed to the growth of tourism industry in
the State and play a part in Sibu’s aspiration to be a Garden City.

RH Tours & Travel Agency

In Malaysia, their travel service, RH Tours & Travel Agency Sdn Bhd with decades
of experience, has developed a group of highly trained and motivated travel professionals
who are able to meet their customers’ need for timely information and the flexibility to meet
their travel needs.

RH Tours & Travel Agency offers special tours at affordable prices that everyone can
enjoy. It also provides all kinds of travel related services, including booking hotel
reservations, visa applications and arranging for travel insurance etc.

RH Tours & Travel Agency’s membership and partnership with IATA & MATTA,
reflects their commitment and assurance to their customers of the highest ethical business
practises and activities.

8
 6. Property development

In Malaysia, RH Group’s property development arm, Borneo Infrastructure

Development Sdn Bhd is the project manager for the high profile commercial project to build
the 15-storey international class RH Hotel in Sibu. The hotel will then become one of Sibu’s
latest urban landmarks.

Its other focus is to develop commercial shoplots as well as resindetial properties

comprising medium-cost houses and semi-detached units and has identified potential areas
for expansion in Sibu, Kuching, Miri and Kota Kinabalu.

Dynasty Development Ltd (DDL)

Rimbunan Hijau (PNG) Group, through its subsidiary company, Dynasty

Development Ltd (DDL), is the master developer of the 10-hectare integrated mixed
development of the Vision City, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.

The first phase of this property development project is Mega Mall, a 3-storey
shopping complex which has commenced construction since May 2008. Its upcoming
projects will comprise of a luxurious hotel, top class serviced apartments and an exclusive
intelligent office tower.

9
 7. Trading & retail services

Rimbunan Hijau General Trading (RHGT)

Since 1983, Rimbunan Hijau General Trading Sdn Bhd has developed an experienced
procurement team capable of servicing the high volume and wide range of products and
services mirroring the diverse nature of the Group’s businesses. Its products include an
enviable inventory of spare parts for a varied fleet of different brands and models of tractors,
trucks, 4-wheel drive vehicles, generators, tyres and ancillary equipment as well as camp
building materials.

RHGT successfully leverages its procurement and distribution expertise and networks
and its truck assembly experience to win product representations and dealerships. In 1988, it
was appointed a dealer for the Kenworth parts in Malaysia. Since then, it has been awarded
Toyota Motors dealership and is the authorized dealer for PROTON vehicles.

Its service division, Kejuruteraan Utama Sentiasa Sdn Bhd (KUS) provides a broad
spectrum of rebuilding, repairing and inspection services for transport equipment ranging
from heavy tractors, excavators and trucks to passenger vehicles. They have invested heavily
in well-equipped service and fabrication workshops, calibration and testing centres and
developed a team of experienced mechanics, fitters and technicians to deliver consistent
performance and superior service.

In 1990, they set up a tyre retreading facility under All Round Tyres Sdn Bhd (ART).
It applies advanced European tyre retread technology to extend the life of both highway and
off-road trucks tyres. This initiative results in significant cost saving on tyres and proves
successful in recycling a high volume of used tyres, reducing waste and environmental
pollution of otherwise discarded tyres. It is another example of how we employ science to
help achieve an environmentally friendly and sustainable business operation.

As the RH Group expands overseas, RHGT’s reliable services is again called upon to
help give their overseas businesses a competitive edge in the efficient procurement and
delivery of products. Its successful model has been replicated in some of their overseas
operations.

10
Rejang Green Agriculture Supplies Sdn Bhd

Rejang Green Agriculture Supplies Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary of Rimbunan Hijau Group,
was established on 2nd January, 2004. It serves as backline support for plantation companies
in the Group. It supplies a variety of agricultural products ranging from fertilizer, fungicide,
insecticide, herbicide, stimulant, surfactant to personal protective equipment and tools.

RH Trading-Papua New Guinea (PNG)

Another opportunity to leverage the depth of experience and expertise of their people
in volume procurement and distribution activities was created with the establishment of RH
Hypermarket Pty Ltd in PNG. Passing on discounts from bulk purchases to their customers,
the Hypermarket has been well embraced by the local people in Port Moresby, PNG, as they
help to lower their cost of ordinary household consumables without sacrificing products
quality.

11
 8. Plastic manufacturing

Based in South Island, New Zealand, their subsidiary Click Clack Ltd is known for
delivering design, style, innovation and quality in plastic airtight storage products, servewares
and brushware. The “Click Clack” plastic beverage ware & serveware add a touch of class to
any dining occasion. Made from polycarbonate, one of the strongest plastics available, they
mimic the sleekness of crystal and glass. The “Click Clack” range of storage ware coms in
different models ranging from classic canisters to airtight microwave containers. Their
toughness and versatility makes them perfect for keeping almost all types of food fresh.

Their brushware & general plastic products are used in homes, offices and industrial
environments. Manufactured in various shapes & sizes, their wide range of brushware
includes household brushes, industrial brooms, janitorial brushes and other brushware for
specific applications. Their general plastics product category encompasses mouthguards,
disposable cutlery and other general plastic equipment.

With a comprehensive network of distributors all over the globe, we service

customers in more than 40 countries world-wide, including major markets in the United
States, Great Britain, Australia, Switzerland, Middle East, Brazil, the Caribbean and Korea.

12
 9. Aquaculture

Salmon Farming

Salmon farming is a rapidly growing sector in their portfolio of aquaculture and

manufacturing operations. Based in New Zealand’s South Island, their salmon farming
activities (New Zealand King Salmon Co Ltd) take place in the remote clean waters of
Marlborough Sounds. They are a leader in commercial salmon farming, supplying 70% of
New Zealand’s salmon production and rank among the top fifty commercial salmon
producers in the world

Continuous investment in cutting-edge aquaculture technology ensures their harvest is

sustainable and environmentally friendly. Their commitment to quality guarantees that every
salmon is tasty, nutritious and safe for consumption. Their salmon harvest is marketed under
3 leading New Zealand Brands, ‘Regal’, ‘Seasmoke’ & ‘Southern Ocean’. They also produce
complementary smoked seafood products markets under the ‘Seasmoke’ brand.

Tiger Prawn Farming

In Malaysia, their Tiger Prawn project at Semariang, Kuching undertaken by TTS &
Sons Sdn Bhd which incorporates improved husbandry practises and design treatment
facilities which help to ensure an environmentally friendly and sustainable aquaculture
development. They fully understand that managing pond ecology is the most critical aspect of
farming prawns. This means ensuring consistently clean water for their prawns.

They also work closely with local Prawn Farmers Association and government
agencies to improve their understanding of pond ecology, biology and water quality
dynamics and promote sustainable practises in their prawn farm. The result is that their prawn
projects not only meets the high standards for assessment and management of prawn farm
facilities and its environmental performance, it also yields prawns of consistently high quality
both for domestic and export markets.

13
 10. Human capital development

Rimbunan Hijau Academy (RHA)

Sibu, located in the central district of the Sarawak state, is a major centre for the
timber, ship building, tourism and plantation industry. A skilled labour shortage in the State
began to be felt in the late 1990s. The Sarawak State Government responded by promoting
technical training amongst government polytechnics and private enterprises. Ambitious
chairman of the RH Group, YBhg. Tan Sri Datuk Sir Tiong Hiew King has looked into the
establishment of a skills training centre within the Group to cater for training needs. By
September 2005, the Rimbunan Hijau Academy was officially registered with MLVK,
Ministry of Human Resources, City & Guilds of UK and the Incorporated Society of Planters
(ISP). On January 2006, RHA obtained approved training institution status by the Ministry.

RHA is an interesting example of enterprise collaboration in the area of training.

Centrally located in Sibu, it aims to become one of the foremost skills training institutions in
Malaysia. It currently provides training in automotive or heavy equipments and oil palm
plantation management courses. It also provides training programmes for SPM or UEC
school-leavers, as well as to promote vocational and technical centre.

14
1.2 Group structure

Figure 1.2.1: Group structure of RH Group

15
2.0 SCOPE OF TRAINING

2.1 Familiarization of building services and maintenances

Building management system

Learning about the ways to control and monitor the building mechanical and electrical
equipment such as ventilation, lighting, power systems, fire systems and security system
through building management system (BMS).

Air conditioning system

Get to know the function of the main components that contain in air conditioning system
which are cooling tower, chiller and air handling unit. Then, learn how to control the
temperature in building through these three components. Besides that, the precaution of air
conditioning also involves such as average line current of chiller and water in cooling tower
need been make sure that there are no too much of moss inside it.

Cooling water treatment

There have a lot of problem may be occur in the cooling water such as corrosion, scaling,
fouling and microorganism. Therefore, chemical treatment program is necessary to learn and
apply it. The chemical that can be used are HIGARD 850 CMF, HIGARD 841 CB, HIGARD
847 CB and HIGARD 850 CB.

Electric appliance

Learn the knowledge of repairing lamp, refrigerators and electrical system. Before that, the
basic of electric knowledge is required such as alternating current, direct current, the type of
wires and others. For refrigerator, have to know how the refrigeration system running and its
component functions.

16
2.2 Tender documents

Learning about the ways to read the schematic drawings such as electrical system drawing,
piping system drawing, air conditioning services drawing, layout of building and others.

2.3 Others

To know the basic structure of building and also the terms used in the progress of
constructions of road and bridges.

17
3.0 CONTENTS OF TRAINING

3.1 Building management system

Building management system (BMS) also know as building automation system (BAS)
which is a computer-based control system installed in building that controls and monitors the
building mechanical and electrical equipment such as ventilation, lighting, power systems,
fire systems and security systems. However, I am more focusing on air conditioning systems.
Building management systems are most commonly implemented in large projects with
extensive mechanical, HVAC and electrical systems. Building management systems are a
critical component to managing energy demand. Improperly configured building management
systems are believed to account for 20% of building energy usage.

Figure 3.1.1: BMS software in RH Group.

18
3.2 Air conditioning system

Most office buildings require an air conditioning system to control temperature and
provide a stable and comfortable working environment. In certain environments, air
conditioning systems are required to provide more than basic temperature control. They are
also used to give control over the humidity and cleanliness of the air supply. For example,
this applies to hospital operating theatres, pharmaceutical production areas and specific
industrial clean room applications. There are a few important components in air conditioning
system such as cooling tower, chiller and air handling unit. Figure 3.2.1 shows the air
conditioning systems in RH Group. In order to control temperature in each floor of building,
it can control through computer by adjusting the supply fan, cooling coil and cooling tower.
Later, it will be discuss in more details.

Figure 3.2.1: Air conditioning systems in graphic form.

19
Component of air conditioning systems in RH Group

Figure 3.2.2: Chiller.

Figure 3.2.3: Cooling tower view 1.

20
 Figure 3.2.4: Cooling tower view 2.

Figure 3.2.5: Air handling unit view1.

21
 Figure 3.2.6: Air handling unit view 2.

Figure 3.2.7: Pipe for supply and return.

22
Controlling of temperature in building

The setting point of temperature in building have to adjust based on the weather of the
day and also based on the complaint of worker in building. Usually, it only three elements
required to adjust for control the temperature in building which are cooling tower and another
two elements that is in air handling unit which are fan and CHW valve. However, increasing
in speed of fan will produce noise sound that caused the working environment become
uncomfortable. So, we have to know the acceptable of worker on noise sound. For example,
in some department workers cannot accept noise sound, then only CHW valve can be adjust.
In addition, each floor has own air handling unit. For cooling tower, it used to cool down the
temperature of water in air conditioning. In RH Group, there have six cooling tower, but
normally open only three cooling tower except morning or high ambient temperature that will
open another one to two cooling tower. Figure 3.2.8 shows the temperature in one floor level
in the building. We can use this to observe the temperature and to determine whether to
increase the temperature or decrease the temperature.

Figure 3.2.8: Variable air Volume (VAV)

23
 In Figure 3.2.9, we can see the reading of return air temperature and supply air
temperature. Supply air temperature is the temperature of air that supply to building, while
return air temperature is the temperature of air that return from building. Return air
temperature cannot be too high, if too high is mean the temperature in building also high.

Figure 3.2.9: Air handling units (AHU) in graphic.

24
Steps of control the temperature in building

Controlling temperature can be through two main components that are air handling
unit and cooling tower.

Air handling unit

From Figure 3.2.9, there have static pressure, VSD speed, CHW valve, supply air
temperature and return air temperature values. These are the readings that used in controlling
temperature.

First, we discuss about static pressure and VSD speed. Static pressure is used to control
VSD speed. When the value of static pressure is adjusted to high, value of VSD speed will be
high. VSD speed represented the speed of fan that forced the cool air to building. Due to the
system of air conditioning is automated, so the VSD speed will slow down automatically
when return air temperature is going to low.

CHW valve is used to control the coil with cool water. If we want to let temperature in
building become low, value of CHW valve can adjust to high. It same as VSD speed, will
decrease automatically when return air temperature is going to low.

25
Cooling tower

In Figure 3.2.10, we can see 6 units of cooling tower. Usually, there only open three
units of cooling tower. However, in every morning, the fourth cooling tower had to open to
increase the rate of process to cool water that used in air conditioning system. Besides that, it
also used to reduce the current demand. When fourth cooling tower is open, the speed will
automatic follow the reading in the first cooling tower. It showed in Figure 3.2.10, the
reading of CT 1A is equal to CT 2A.

Cooling Tower

Figure 3.2.10: Cooling tower in Graphic.

26
Precaution of air conditioning system

Average line current (%)

From Figure 3.2.11, we can see the reading of average line current. We need to make
sure average line current will not excess 95%. Usually, we need to open extra cooling tower
to increase the rate of decreasing of average line current. Other than that, we cannot only
observe through graphic, we also have to go to chiller room to check the reading. Figure
3.2.12 showed the checking of reading in chiller room.

Figure 3.2.11: Chiller in graphic

Figure 3.2.12: Checking of chiller.

27
Water in cooling tower

We need to make sure that the water in cooling tower did not contain much of moss.
So some cooling water treatment is required. However, treatment applied is not only the
procedure can solve the problem of moss. We also have to clean the cooling tower every
month. Figure 3.2.13 showed that a technician is putting a chemical that used to control moss
in cooling tower. Next, Figure 3.2.14 and Figure 3.2.15 are showed the technicians are
cleaning the cooling tower. They released all the water in cooling tower, then used the water
gun to clean the wall of cooling tower. There have a lot of moss on the wall.

Figure 3.2.13: Putting of chemical to control moss

28
Figure 3.2.14: Cleaning of cooling tower view 1.

Figure 3.2.15: Cleaning of cooling tower view 2.

29
Oil in chiller

The oil used in chiller need been check at interval time to ensure that the oil in chiller is
operating in normal. The trouble that happened before is the oil in chiller mix with the water
in chiller.

Figure 3.2.16: Oil in chiller.

30
3.3 Cooling water treatment

Major problem

1) Corrosion
Corrosion is the prominent problem for cooling system in Malaysia as the
make-up water is relatively soft. Corrosion is the mechanism by which processed
metals are reverted back to their natural oxidized state. Corrosion can be in the form
of general corrosion (which can be acid corrosion, caustic corrosion or galvanic
corrosion) or localized pitting corrosion (oxygen corrosion). However, by using the
corrosion resistant alloys, applying protective coatings, sacrificial anodes and lastly
by chemical corrosion inhibitor programs are the few alternatives for corrosion
prevention. Corrosion product will deposit on high heat flux area and retard heat
transfer. In cooling system, if corrosion takes place, it will affect the system operation
efficiency by reducing heat transfer on the heat exchange surfaces and causes
unscheduled downtime.

Figure 3.3.1: Corrosion on cooling tower.

31
2) Scaling
Scaling is another problem often encountered in cooling water system
especially for system located where the make-up water hardness is high or system
with high heat flux. Cooling water contains many different minerals. Normally these
minerals are dissolved in the water. Under certain conditions some of these minerals
can come out of the solution and form into hard, dense crystals that we call it scale.
The process in which this occurs is called precipitation. A deposit acts as an insulator
or excessive deposits prevent efficient heat transfer through the condenser water and
chilled water. It also can cause overheating. In general, deposits can cut operating
efficiency resulting in higher energy consumption and increased cleaning expenses.

Figure 3.3.2: Scaling on cooling tower.

32
3) Fouling
Generally, fouling is the contamination caused by dirt, silt, suspended solids,
slimes, microorganism growth, hydrocarbon leakage, algae and corrosion products
that is deposited in the systems. This phenomenon is only can be found in untreated or
failure of chemical and mechanical treatment in the cooling water system. Therefore,
in order to tackle this problem, a right choice of biocide combine with the
biodispersant and scale inhibitor is imperative as well as the mechanical design.

Figure 3.3.3: Fouling on cooling tower.

33
 4) Microorganism
It is undeniable that in the open recirculating cooling water is always facing a
microbiological growth. It is because such a humid and shelter environment provides
nutrient and niche for microorganism to develop. There are wide spectrum of bacteria
can grow in water such as iron depositing bacteria, sulfide reducing bacteria,
nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, slime forming bacteria and others. All these
bacteria can cause severe problem to the cooling system if it is not brought under
control. In Malaysia, as the sunshine is throughout the year, algae and fungi growth is
prominent. A good program must be in place to control this.

Chemical treatment program

Products Functions
HIGARD 850 CMF A combination of synthetic polymer, Organo PO4 & TT based
products to minimize corrosion both by adsorption and hardness
salt control at anode and cathode at the metal surface. It also
blended with Tolytriazole (yellow metal) to protect copper
metallurgy. Organophosphates and organic dispersants distort the
crystal structure of scale so that it does not become tightly.
HIGARD 841 CB Stabilized Sodium Bromine to control algae growth and bacteria in
cooling water system. The All Organic Program can tolerate free
halogen (CI2 or Br2) levels of 0.5 to 2.0 ppm. However, 0.5–2.0
ppm of free halogen will generally give satisfactory
microbiological control. The product is also effective to control
Legionella Bacterial.
HIGARD 847 CB Wide spectrum Isothiazolene based to control algae growth and
bacterial in cooling water system. It works in wide range of pH.
HIGARD 850 CB A tablet oxidizer which contain two halogen, calcium hypochlorite
and bromine for control microorganism in industrial and
commercial cooling tower. Dosage levels depend upon the chlorine
demand of the system. Ideally should be dosed at as level that will
maintain 2-4 ppm of total chlorine and 0.2-0.5 ppm of free halogen
in the system.

34
Figure 3.3.4: Cooling water treatment in RH Group.

Figure 3.3.5: HIGARD 841 CB.

35
3.4 Refrigeration system

Figure 3.4.1: components of a refrigeration system.

Compressor

Compressor is used to compress refrigerant (for example R-717) from low pressure to
high pressure. At the same time, temperatures of refrigerant will also increased. Refrigerant is
come from evaporator and it is in a gaseous state. Through the compressor, heat can be easily
released.

Condenser

Condenser is used to extract heat from refrigerant. Fans placed above the condenser
unit draw air over the condenser coils. The temperature of condensation should range from
around -12°C to -1°C; vapour will be cooled until it becomes a liquid refrigerant again,
whereby it will retain some heat. In the process of condensation, the pressure of refrigerant
remained constant.

36
Receiver

As a temporary storage and a surge tank for liquid refrigerant, the receiver acts as a
vapour seal. With a primary purpose of preserving the vapour moving down the liquid line to
the expansion valve, receivers can be made for both horizontal and vertical installation.

Thermostatic expansion valve

When the refrigerant enters the thermostatic expansion valve, it expands and releases
pressure. Consequently, the temperature drops at this stage. Because of these changes, the
refrigerant leaves the thermostatic expansion valve as a liquid vapour mixture, typically in
proportions of around 75 % and 25 % respectively. Thermostatic expansion valves play two
crucial roles. First, they maintain a pressure differential between low- and high-pressure sides.
Second, they control the amount of liquid refrigerant entering the evaporator.

Evaporator

The sole purpose of the evaporator is to remove the unwanted heat from the product
through liquid refrigerants.

Capacity control system

The capacity control system regulates the power and energy consumption, although it
can also manage dehumidification or decrease compressor cycling. The on/off cycling of the
compressor is the simplest form of capacity control.

37
3.5 The steps to calculate cooling capacity (BTUs) required in a space

1. Measure the square footage of the space that plan to cool.

- Multiply the length by the width, in feet, to find the square footage of a
rectangular room.
- Multiply the length and width of a triangular room, then divide that number by
2 for a triangular room.
- Measure the radius of a circular room (“r” which is the distance from the
centre to the edge), square the number, then multiply that by π (3.14) (the
formula is: πr2).
- Divide rooms with odd shapes or alcoves into regular shapes and measure
each shape separately.

2. Multiply square footage by 20 BTUs to get a general estimate.

3. Considering the sun exposure and people in the space.

- Increase the capacity by 10% if home or room is usually in the sunshine.
- Add 600 BTUs per person for a space more than 2 persons.

4. Add 4000 BTUs when the space is used as kitchen. Kitchens have lots of
appliance that give off heat, including stoves and dishwasher.

38
Example:

Figure 3.5.1: Sketching of first floor layout.

39
Calculations of BTUs for each area

Director room

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎(𝑚2 ) = 18.1090

Ft^2 = 194.9231

BTUs = 3898.462

Assumption

Excess 4 persons, 4600 = 2400 BTUs

Sun exposure, 3898.462  10% = 389.8462 BTUs

Total = 6688.3082 BTUs

Accounts room

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎(𝑚2 ) = 13.3821

Ft^2 = 144.0437

BTUs = 1927.6072

Assumption

Not more than 2 persons in the room.

Sun exposure, 1927.6072  10% = 192.7607 BTUs

Total = 2102.3679 BTUs

40
Waiting area + Discussion area + Walking Area + Pantry

Area (m^2) = 9 (waiting) + 16.724 (discussion) + 8.5598 (walking) + 8.385 (pantry)

Ft^2 = 96.8751 (waiting) + 180.0156 (discussion) + 92.1364 (walking) + 90.2554 (pantry)

BTUs = 1937.5038 (waiting) + 3600.312 (discussion) + 1842.7276 (waiting) + 1805.1078

(discussion) = 9185.6512

Assumption

Excess 16 persons, 600  16 = 9600 BTUs

Sun exposure, 9185.6512  10% = 918.5651 BTUs

Total = 19704.2163 BTUs

Meeting demo room

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎(𝑚2 ) = 13.1553

Ft^2 = 141.6019

BTUs = 2832.038

Assumption

Excess 20 persons, 20600 = 12000 BTUs

Sun exposure, 2832.038  10% = 283.2038 BTUs

Total = 15115.2418 BTUs

41
3.6 Electrical

Alternating Current

Alternating current describes the flow of changes direction periodically. As a result,

the voltage level also reverses along with the current. AC can be produced using a device
called an alternator. This device is a special type of electrical generator designed to produce
alternating current. A loop of wire is spun inside of a magnetic field, which induces a current
along the wire. The rotation of the wire can come from any number of means: a wind turbine,
a steam turbine, flowing water, and so on. Because of the wire spins and enters a different
magnetic polarity periodically, the voltage and current alternates on the wire.

AC can come in a number of forms as long as the voltage and current are alternating.
If we hook up an oscilloscope to a circuit with AC and plot its voltage over time, we might
see a number of different waveforms. The most common type of AC is the sine wave. The
other common forms of AC include the square wave and the triangle wave.

Figure 3.6.1: Sine wave of AC.

42
Application of alternative current

Home and office outlets are almost always AC. This is because generating and
transporting AC across long distances is relatively easy. At high voltages (over 110kV), less
energy is lost in electrical power transmission. Higher voltages mean lower currents, and
lower currents mean less heat generate in the power line due to resistance. AC can be
converted to and from high voltages easily using transformers.

AC is also capable of powering electric motors. Motors and generators are the exact
same device, but motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy (if the shaft on a
motor is spun, a voltage is generated at the terminals). This is useful for many large
appliances like dishwashers, refrigerators, and so on, which run on AC.

43
Direct current

DC is defined as the "unidirectional" flow of current; current only flows in one direction.
Voltage and current can vary over time so long as the direction of flow does not change. To
simplify things, we will assume that voltage is a constant. DC can be generated in a number
of ways:

1. An AC generator equipped with a device called a "commutator" can produce direct

current.
2. Use of a device called a "rectifier" that converts AC to DC.
3. Batteries provide DC, which is generated from a chemical reaction inside of the
battery.

Figure 3.6.2: Voltage and current versus time on DC.

Application of direct current

Almost all electronics projects and parts for sale on SparkFun run on DC. Everything
that runs off of a battery, plugs in to the wall with an AC adapter, or uses a USB cable for
power relies on DC. Examples of DC electronics include cell phones, the LilyPad-
based D&D Dice Gauntlet, flat-screen TVs (AC goes into the TV, which is converted to DC),
flashlight and hybrid and electric vehicles.

44
Electric shock

The dangerous of electric shock is depend on the type of current, the amount of
current, the path of current, time duration and body resistance. The types of current can
divide into AC current and DC current.

1. Amount of current
An electric shock with an alternating current of 15 to 20 milliamperes can be
extremely painful. However, an electric shock with 100 milliamperes may cause death.

2. Path of current
The current passing from the right hand to the right leg can be painful. But when it
passes from right hand to left hand through the heart may cause ventricular fibrillation.
This condition is usually fatal.

3. Time duration
An electric shock with a small amount of current, let say 0.3 milliamperes can also
cause painful effect if it is held for the longer duration.

4. Body resistance
The resistance offered by the wet body to electric shock is less as compared to the dry
body.

5. AC current
In the case of AC current, the person experiencing the electric shock can pull their
hand back as the current goes to zero. They also will undergo a series of muscles
contraction. Series of muscle contraction causes very severe damage to the muscles.

6. DC current
In the case of DC current, the person experiencing the electric shock unable to pull
their hand back because DC current flows continuously. They will undergo muscles
contraction in continuously.

45
Dangerously of electric shock between AC current and DC current

There have some reasons to say that AC current is more dangerous compare to DC
current. First, in order for both currents to have same effect on the human body, the
magnitude of DC flow of constant strength needs to be two to four times great than AC.
This mean that more DC current is needed to induce the same amount of physical damage as
AC current. Next, when death by electric shock occurs, it’s typically due to ventricular
fibrillation, and the likelihood of a human suffering this sort of life-ending injury is much
higher when coming in contact with an AC than a DC due to the fact that the human body’s
threshold of DC-caused ventricular fibrillation is several times higher than for AC. Now, it
can be summarised that AC Current is more dangerous than DC Current. Well, one should
not be afraid of electricity, but one must remember that both AC current and DC current can
be dangerous to the human body and safety measures must be taken into the consideration
when working with any of them.

Type of wires

Live/hot wires

Current flows out through this wire to an appliance.

Neutral wires

The neutral wire is at a voltage close to or equal to ground. Current which flows to an
appliance via the hot wire returns via the neutral core in a cable.

Ground wires

This is a protective conductor, included to prevent shock and/or fire. Ground is also known as
"earth" in some countries.

46
How does grounding functions.

Grounding provides a bypass, shunt or shortcut through which electricity can flow,
instead of passing to earth through the person who touches an appliance. Wires
called equipment grounding conductors (EGC) are run from the electrical panel through the
fixed wiring to all socket outlets, fixed appliances such as ranges or water heaters, light
switches and ceiling roses in your home. In the case of a portable appliance, this grounding
path continues from the pin in the plug through the flex, to the metal body of the appliance.
At the electrical panel, all of these conductors are joined at the main grounding
terminal. A grounding electrode conductor (GEC) runs outside the premises to a grounding
electrode embedded in the soil.

When a fault occurs, current flows via the grounding conductor back to the electrical
panel. If a TNC or TNCS earthing system is in use, all neutrals are joined to ground at the
panel and so the hot to ground fault at the appliance effectively becomes a hot to neutral fault,
practically a short circuit. A large over-current flows, and this trips the MCB (miniature
circuit breaker) and possibly also the GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter) for the circuit,
cutting power and making everything safe.

Figure 3.6.3: The flow of current when fault occurs.

47
4.0 SUGGESTION

Through these ten weeks of training at Rimbunan Hijau Group, I probably know
about the working area for my training department, property development department. I had
some suggestions to give my training company especially for property development
department. Not only for company, I had also some suggestions to give my university which
related to industry training courses.

The first suggestion that I give to my department is the amount of engineer in this
company need to increase. In this department, there only had one engineer, one technician,
one architect and one secretary. Then, this engineer is an electronic engineer, so not perform
about building and machining. He also is a new worker in this company. The day that he
worked in this company is same as the day that I had started my training. However, he is an
experienced engineer. He knew a lot of person whose perform in repairing. But, for the works
that related to building, lift and machining, he need to search and find information from
internet. Therefore, I suggest company require to hire the engineer from different field such
as mechanical, civil and electrical. By this, they can work more performing in their own field.

The second suggestion that I give to my company is about transport. The procedure to
book transports to go site need be simplify. Now, who are requiring transports need to ask
related department and checking for the available transports. Sometime, transport is not
enough for going site and forced to use own car. Company can create a online system, so that
who are need transports can book through online system. This can save a lot of time and no
need call to ask related department for booking transport. Besides that, the amount of
transport is no enough at sometime. To solve this problem, company can prepare some
transports that only can be use by specified department.

For the suggestions to university, I think the time for training in industry or company
is too short. Our training time only have 10 weeks, so mostly they will not teach in detail
because we no chance to operate some machine and in chance some works or projects. For
my suggestion, at least one year for the engineering course. This is because we spend a lot of
time on the theory and some theory even will not apply in working area. We need exposure to
industry training at least one year and go back to university to study one more year. Through
this, we can know how to apply the theory that we are learning. The communication skills
also will improve. Then, we can fight with others university students when graduate. We sure
will be the first choice by many company if compare with other university students.

48
 Second suggestion for university is about logbook. For my opinion, either we write
daily report or weekly report is enough. If both report we write, there just write the same
things. I will more prefer to daily report, daily report can help us to recall back what we had
learn in the days. I also not really like the objectives and title of training for each day because
we will do a lot of difference work in one day. So, there are difficult to write objectives and
title.

As a conclusion, I hope that the suggestions gave by me is usefully. Even though,

some suggestions are difficult to achieve like online booking for transport. Anyways, let the
company become better than now and also the UTHM students have more competitive ability
with other university students.

49
5.0 CONCLUSION

Fell gratefully that I had the chances to conduct my 10 weeks industrial training in
this Rimbunan Hijau Group. Throughout this 10 weeks industrial training, there have a lot of
knowledge that I had learnt. I realized that some theory which learnt in university even will
not apply in daily life or in working area except you are designer. Most of the times, we only
operate the machines and do the checking to ensure that the machines is operating in normal.
This is because many machines in company have their own contractor to repair and service it.
For example, the chiller that used in air conditioning system, building management system
and lift are in charging by contractors.

Training in property development department, the fields that I had touch not only in
mechanical, it also involved electrical and civil. I had learnt how to read the documents of
progress work of construction of road and the terms used in documents. For the electrical part,
I had learnt the basic knowledge of electrical system when assist to install the machines.

Other than the theory part, the criteria become a good engineer or worker is the
behaviors. I had observed it from my supervisor and the engineer that I was following. When
they are solving a problem, they will think about the other possible problem may occurs and
will try to get solutions if these problem happen. They will try their best to understand the
theory apply even not their works. Besides that, it is about communication skills and social
skills. Communication skill and social skill are very important in working environment. For
example, no idea on the solution of problem, the advices from the others is very important.
Therefore, a lot of friends from different working field important to let the problems be
solved. Then, the communication skills are useful to give the commands to other people.

At last, these 10 weeks training let me learnt a lot of condition that may meet in
working environment. Mostly is about interpersonal relationship. A good interpersonal
relationship can enable the works be done in easily and nicely. Other than that, know more
theory also important for us to create more possible solution. Thus, the duration to conduct
training and education in university are very important to make the students having high job
opportunity.

50