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LINEAR NETWORK HOMOGENITY

A mathematical equation is said to be linear if it • If the input (excitation) of a system (equation) is multiplied by a
holds homogeneity and additivity constant, then the output should be obtained by multiplying by
the same constant to obtain the correct solution.

• y = 4x Homogeneous
• y = 4x+2 Non-homogeneous

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ADDITIVITY PROPERTY ADDITIVITY PROPERTY

• Illustration: Given, y = 4x.

• The additivity property is equivalent to the statement that
• Let x = x1, then y1 = 4x1
• Let x = x2, then y2 = 4x2
• the response of a system to a sum of inputs is the
• Then y = y1 + y2 = 4x1 + 4x2 Eq 1
same as the responses of the system when each
• Also, we note,
input is applied separately and the individual • y = f(x1 + x2) = 4(x1 + x2) = 4x1 + 4x2 Eq 2
responses summed (added together).
• Since Equations 1 and 2 are identical,
• the additivity property holds.

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ADDITIVITY PROPERTY EXAMPLE OF LINEARITY

• Illustration: Given, y = 4x + 2.

• Let x = x1, then y1 = 4x1 + 2 11  I0

• Let x = x2, then y2 = 4x2 + 2
VS = 90 V +
_ 6 12 
• Then y = y1 + y2 = 4x1+2 + 4x2+2 = 4(x1+x2) + 4 Eq 3

• Also, we note,
y = f(x1 + x2) = 4(x1 + x2) + 2 Eq 4

• Since Equations 3 and 4 are not identical, the additivity • Assume I0 = 1 A. Work back to find that this gives VS = 45 V.
property does not hold.
• But since VS = 90 V this means the true I0 = 2 A.

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SUPERPOSITION THEOREM IMPORTANT

• Statement To solve Superposition numerical,

In any linear network containing more than one
source, the current in or potential difference across, any Please use
branch can be found by considering each source
separately and adding their effects: Current Division Rule
Omitted sources of emf are replaced resistances equal to
Or
their internal resistances. Voltage Division Rule
• Internal resistance Where ever possible
• Voltage Source -> Short circuit
• Current source -> Open circuit
It is simple !

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SUPERPOSITION THEOREM SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

12 
12 
IVs
I
6 +
_ VS = 54 V
Is 12 
IS = 3 A 6 +
_ VS = 54 V
IS = 3 A 6

IVs = 3 A ( Downward)

3x12
• Deactivate the source IS (Open circuit) and find I in the 6  resistor. IS  2 A
(3  12)
• Deactivate the source VS (Short circuit) and find I in the 6  resistor. Is = 2 A ( Downward)

• Sum the two currents for the total current.

Total current: I = IS + Ivs = 5 A
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Find Io Using Superposition.

Io’ = -0.3 mA Io’’ = 0.8 mA

Io = Io’+Io’’ = 0.5 mA

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FIND VX USING SUPERPOSITION CONSIDERING 2 V SOURCE

4
𝑉𝑥1 = 2 ( )
4+5

Vx1 due to the 2V = 0.89V

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CONSIDERING 1A SOURCE CONSIDERING 3V SOURCE

5
𝐼4 𝑂ℎ𝑚𝑠 = 1
4+5

= 0.56 A

Vx2 due to the 1A = - 2.22 V Vx3 due to the 3V = 0 V

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VALUE OF VX

• To find the total Vx,

• add the answers from each sub problem:

• Vx = 0.89V -2.22V + 0V
= -1.33 V
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