UNIT- III

BASEBAND TRANSMISSION AN RECEPTION

NOV/DEC 2016

1. What is correlative level coding?

ISI is an undesirable phenomenon which degrades the system performance. But, it is

possible to achieve a bit rate of 2B in a channel of bandwidth ‘B’ Hz by adding ISI to the
transmitted signal in a controlled manner. This type of coding scheme is called as
correlative coding. The correlative coding can be implemented by duo-binary signaling
and modified duo-binary signaling.

2. For the binary data 01101001 draw the Unipolar - RZ signal.

APRIL/MAY 2017

3. What is eye pattern?

The quality of digital transmission systems are evaluated using the bit error rate.
Degradation of quality occurs in each process of digital transmission. The eye pattern is
an experimental method that contains all the information concerning the degradation of
quality. Eye patterns can be observed using an oscilloscope. The interior region of eye
pattern is called eye opening.

4. State any two requirements of line code.

Requirements of line code are
i) The line code should be immune to channel noise and interference
ii) The line code should allow error detection and error correction
iii) The line code should be transparent to digital data being transmitted
iv) The line code should have adequate timing for clock information

MAY/JUNE 2016

5. What are line codes? Name some popular line codes. (or) What is line coding?

A line code is the code used for data transmission of a digital signal over a transmission
line. The line coding process is used to avoid overlap and distortion of signal such as
inter-symbol interference.
 Popular line codes are

i) Polar RZ and NRZ

ii) Unipolar RZ and NRZ
iii) Bipolar NRZ

6. What is ISI? (OR) What are the causes of ISI? (OR) What is an inter symbol
interference?
Inter symbol interference (ISI)

In baseband transmission, symbols are transmitted one after another. These symbols
are separated by sufficient time durations. The transmitter, channel and receiver act as
filter to this baseband data. Because of the filtering characteristics, transmitted pulses
are spread in time and interfere to each other. This effect is called as inter symbol
interference (ISI).

Causes of ISI

Due to inter symbol interference, the detection of the signal becomes difficult and the
information loss will occur. When the channel bandwidth is close to the signal
bandwidth, the spreading will exceed symbol duration and causes signal pulses to
overlap, which is called ISI.

NOV/DEC 2014

7. What is Manchester coding? What are its advantages and disadvantages?

In Manchester code, a symbol ‘1’ is encoded by positive half pulse followed by a
negative half pulse and a symbol ‘0’ is encoded by negative half pulse followed by a
positive half pulse.

Advantages:

i) It has built-in synchronization capability, because there is a predictable transition

during each bit interval.

Disadvantages:

i) It requires more bandwidth

8. What is the function of an equalizing filter?

When the signal is passed through the channel, distortion is introduced in terms of
amplitude and delay. This distortion creates problem of ISI. The detection of the signal
also becomes difficult. This distortion can be compensated with the help of equalizer.
Equalizers are basically filters which correct the channel distortion.
APRIL/MAY 2014

9. Give four applications of eye pattern (or) what is the use of eye pattern?
Applications of eye pattern

i) It is used to determine an interval over which the received wave can be sampled
without error due to ISI
ii) It is used to determine the sensitivity of the system to timing error.
iii) The margin over the noise is determined from eye pattern.
iv) Eye patterns are used to estimate the bit error rate and the signal-to-noise ratio.

MAY/JUNE 2013

10. What is mean by transparency with respect to line codes?

Transparency is defined as a line code in which the bit pattern does not affect the
accuracy of the timing. The line code is said to be a transparent, if the synchronization
between the transmitter and receiver is maintained for any type of input data sequence.

APRIL/MAY 2012

11. What is Manchester code? Draw the Manchester format for the data stream 1110
1100?

In Manchester code, a symbol ‘1’ is encoded by positive half pulse followed by a

negative half pulse and a symbol ‘0’ is encoded by negative half pulse followed by a
positive half pulse. The Manchester format for the data stream 1110 1100 is shown
below.

Figure: Manchester format for the data stream 1110 1100

 12. ‘ISI can-not be avoided’. Justify the statement.
In digital communication system, the receiving filter output y (t) sampled at time
t  iT is given by,
i b

The second term represents the residual effect of all other transmitted bits on the
decoding of the ith bit. This residual effect forms ISI and it cannot be totally avoided.

13. What is the information that can be obtained from eye pattern regarding the signal
quality?

Information obtained from eye pattern

i) An interval over which the received wave can be sampled without error due to ISI.
ii) The sensitivity of the system to timing error.
iii) The margin over the noise is determined from eye pattern.

NOV/DEC 2012

14. State any four desirable properties of a line code (or) what are the requirements of
line code?

Requirements of line code are

i) The line code should have extractable clock information from the signal.
ii) The line code should be immune to channel noise and interference.
iii) The line code should allow error detection and error correction.
iv) The line code should be transparent to digital data being transmitted.

15. Why do we require equalization for a communication system? What is the need for
equalization?

When the signal is passed through the channel, the distortion is introduced in term of
amplitude and delay. This distortion causes the problem of ISI and the detection of the
signal also becomes difficult. This distortion can be compensated with the help of
equalizers. Equalizers are basically filters which correct the channel distortion.
NOV/DEC 2011

16. Draw the RZ and NRZ bipolar line code format for the information {1110 1100}

Important questions

17. How does pulse shaping reduce inter symbol interference?[AUC NOV/DEC 2010]

i) The shape of the pulse is important to produce Zero ISI. The pulse shaping filter
with frequency response of sinc function has two important characteristics such
as generating band limited channels, and reducing inter symbol interference
(ISI).
ii) Fourier transform of sinc pulse is a rectangular function. Thus, the pulse shaping
can effectively limit a communication channel to a specific frequency range and
thereby reduces the ISI effect.

18. What are the classifications of line codes?

Line codes are classified as
i) Polar
ii) Unipolar
iii) Bipolar
Further, the above categories are classified as,

i) Return-to-zero (RZ) ii) Non return-to-zero (NRZ)

 Additionally, the line codes can be classified as
i) Alternate mark inversion
ii) Split phase Manchester
iii) Polar quaternary
iv) Gray coding
v) M-ary coding

19. Draw the eye pattern and represent the ways in which it could be used to evaluate the
performance a baseband pulse transmission system. (or) What are eye patterns?

i) Eye pattern is used to study the effect of ISI in baseband transmission. Fig shows
the interpretation of eye pattern.
ii) Width of eye opening defines the interval over which the received wave can be
sampled without error from ISI.
iii) The sensitivity of the system to timing error is determined by the rate of closure
of the eye as the sampling time is varied.
iv) Height of the eye opening at sampling time is called margin over noise.

Figure: Interpretation of Eye pattern

20. Draw the base band decoder block diagram.

Figure: Base band decoder block diagram

21. What is correlative coding?

ISI is an undesirable phenomenon which degrades the system performance. But, it is

possible to achieve a bit rate of 2B in a channel of bandwidth ‘B’ Hz by adding ISI to the
transmitted signal in a controlled manner. This type of coding scheme is called as
correlative coding. The correlative coding can be implemented by duo-binary signaling
and modified duo-binary signaling.
22. How is eye pattern obtained on the CRO?

Eye pattern is obtained by applying received signal to vertical deflection plates and saw
1
tooth wave for horizontal deflection plates at the symbol rate of Hz. The resulting CRO
Tb
display is known as eye pattern.

23. What is the basic principle of adaptive equalization?

Equalization is a technique which is used to eliminate inter symbol interference (ISI) and
additive noise in base band transmission. In adaptive equalization, the coefficients of the
equalizing filters are updated continuously according to the received data in order to
reduce the distortion in the base band transmission. Least mean square algorithm (LMS)
is used for the adaptation process.

24. State Nyquist second and third criteria to realize zero ISI. (NOV/DEC 2017)(A PRIL/MAY 2018)

Nyquist second criteria for zero ISI

i) Nyquist second criteria states that the values at the pulse edge are distortion less
and give the zero ISI.

Nyquist third criteria for zero ISI

i) Nyquist third criteria states that the area within symbol period is zero.

25. State Nyquist criterion for zero ISI.

Zero ISI can be obtained if the transmitted pulse p(t) satisfies the following condition:


1 t0
p(t)  
0 t  Tb ,  2Tb ,  3Tb ,