CHAPTER: 1

INTRODUCTION
 0INTRODUCTION0

1.11INTRODUCTION:

The internship program is designed to provide students involved in a field experience with
an opportunity to share my knowledge, explore the links between my academic preparation
and fieldwork, and assist participants in the development and implementation of the program.

Main research project that will serve to culminate my internship experience.

The 6-week internship has been placed between the 3rd and 4th semester of the MBA
program, as the dual purpose of providing a critical business insight to students as well as
providing the industry with graduates of a high caliber who are ready to get ahead in the world
from day one.

Internships are individualized and customized to the requirements and interests of every
understudy in the program. As a component of the entry level position understanding,
understudies are relied upon to play a functioning job in finding a suitable temporary job for
themselves

INDUSTRY PROFILE
INDUSTRY PROFILE:
The Coffee industry of India is the 6th biggest maker of coffee on the planet, representing more
than four percent of world coffee creation, with the main part of all generation occurring in its
southern states. India is most noted for its Indian Kathlekhan Superior assortment. It is trusted
that coffee has been developed in India longer than anyplace outside of the Arabian Peninsula.

GLOBAL SCENARIO

Coffee is a generally devoured drink arranged from simmered seeds, usually called beans of
the coffee plant. Coffee was first devoured in the ninth century, when it was found in the good
countries of Ethiopia, from that point; it spread to Egypt and Yemen, and by the fifteenth
century had achieved Persia, Turkey, and northern Africa. From the Muslim world, coffee
spread to Italy, at that point to the remainder of Europe and the Muslim world, Coffee is a
standout amongst the most famous drinks Worldwide.

Coffee berries which contain the coffee bean are created by a few types of little evergreen
bramble of the family coffee. The two most regularly developed species are Coffee Canephor
and Coffee Arabica. These are developed in Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Africa. Some
debate is related with Coffee development and its effect on the earth. When ready, coffee
berries are picked, handled, and dried. The seeds are than simmered experiencing a few
physical and substance changes. They are then ground and blended to make Coffee. Coffee can
be set up by an assortment of strategies.

Coffee was at first utilized for otherworldly reasons. No less than 1,000 years back, dealers
brought Coffee over the Red Sea into Arabia (cutting edge Yemen) where Muslim priests
started developing the mash of the matured coffee berries. This drink was known as (legitimate
in current use) and was utilized amid religious functions.

Coffee turned into the substitute drink instead of wine in otherworldly practices where wine
was taboo. Coffee drinking was quickly precluded to Muslims as haram in the early long
periods of the sixteenth century, however this was immediately upset. Use in religious rituals
among the Sufi part of Islam prompted Coffee 's being put on preliminary in Mecca, blamed
for being an apostate substance, and its creation and utilization was quickly curbed. It was later
precluded in Ottoman Turkey under a decree by the Sultan Murad IV Coffee, viewed as a
Muslim beverage, was restricted to Ethiopian Orthodox Christians until as late as 1889; it is
currently viewed as a national beverage of Ethiopia for individuals all things considered. Its
initial relationship in Europe with defiant political exercises prompted its prohibiting in
England, among different spots.

A contemporary case of Coffee preclusion can be found in the Church of Jesus Christ of
Modern Saints, a religion with more than 13 million devotees around the world, which calls
for coffee forbearance.

The association guarantees that it is both physically and profoundly undesirable to devour
coffee. This originates from the Mormon principle of wellbeing, gives in 1833 by Mormon
organizer Joseph Smith, in a disclosure called the Word of Wisdom. It doesn't distinguish
coffee by name, yet incorporates the explanation that ''hot beverages are not for the gut'', which
has been deciphered to deny both coffee and tea.

Coffee is one of the world's most essential items. With more than 500 billion glasses devoured
each year, coffee is one of the world's most prominent refreshments, including about 33% of
faucet water utilization. Around the world, 25 million little makers depend on coffee
professionally. For example, in utilized in the development and reaping of more than 3 billion
coffee plants; it is a significantly more laborintensive culture than elective societies of
indistinguishable districts from sugar stick or dairy cattle, as it isn't liable to mechanization and
requires consistent consideration.

Coffee is additionally purchased and sold as a ware on the New York Board of Trade. This is
the place coffee fates contracts are exchanged, which are a budgetary resource including an
institutionalized contract for the future deal or buy of a unit of coffee at a concurred cost. The
world's biggest exchange point for coffee is the port of Hamburg, Germany.

ORIGIN OF COFFEE.

One of the strange things about coffee is that, it is classified not as a drink but as a food. The
pulverized berries having been mixed with fat and fashioned in to small pellets. Againit was
medicine purchased by the pharmacists.
In 900 AD ‘’Haze’’, an Arab physician mentioned coffee in literature. As about, evolution of
coffee took the stage of food, medicine and finally beverage .Its use as a beverage dates about
600 years in Abyssinia, where a goats man saw that his goats become sportive and merry after
eating the leaves of coffee. The matter was reported to the chief of the people who tried the
berries on himself and found that it made him happy. The news of this discovery soon spread
among the people and the final method of the drink as it is today was evolved. Then it spread
to tropical countries like Arabia, India, Ceylon and Brazil.

INDIAN COFFEE SCENARIO

No one know how coffee really came to India. Legend has it that, back in the 17th century,
Baba Budan, a pilgrim traveling to the holy places of Islam, brought back seven coffee seeds
from Yemen. These seeds were planted in the hills of Chandragiri, situated in today`s
Chikmagalur district of Karnataka.

Baba Budan, whose name adorns the hills where the hills where the first seeds were
planted, is credited with transplanting the migrant bean from its distant native land to a foreign
country, where it spawned a flourishing enterprise that has provided the means of livelihood to
several farmers` centuries later. For more than a century after its introduction, coffee was rated
low in India, restricted in cultivation and consumption to the Malnad farmers who grew the
crop for subsistence and personal consumption. History credits the burst of coffee beyond the
hills of Chandragiri to a British.

Coffee growing has a long history that is credited first to Ethiopia and after that to Arabia
(Yemen). The most punctual history is followed to 875 AD as indicated by the Bibliotheque
Nationale in Paris, and the first source to Ethiopia (Abyssinia) from where it was conveyed to
Arabia in the fifteenth century.

In the Indian setting, coffee developing began with an Indian Muslim holy person, Baba Budan,
who, while coming back from a journey to Mecca, carried even coffee beans (by concealing
them in his facial hair) from Yemen to Mysorz in India. He planted them on the Chandragiri
Hills(1,829 meters (6,001 ft)), presently named after the sainz as Baba BudanGiri ('Giri'
signifies "slope") in Chikkamangaluru area. It was viewed as an unlawful demonstration to
remove from coffee seed out of Arabia. As number seven is a consecrated number in Islamic
religion, the holy person's demonstration of conveying seven coffee beans was viewed as a
religious act.] This was the start of coffee industry in India, and specifically, in the then
province of Mysore, presently part of the Karnataka State. This was an accomplishment of
extensive valiance of Baba Budan considering the way that Arabs had practiced exacting
authority over its fare to different nations by not allowing coffee beans to be sent out in any
structure other than as in a simmered or bubbled structure to forestall germination

Orderly development before long pursued Baba Budan's first planting of the seeds, in 1670, for
the most part by private local Indian proprietors and the primary manor was built up in 1840
around Baba BudanGiri and its encompassing slopes in Karnataka. It spread to different zones
of Wynad (presently part of Kerala), the Shevaroys and Nilgiris in Tamil Nadu. With British
frontier nearness taking solid roots in India in the mid nineteenth century, coffee ranches
prospered for fare. The way of life of coffee along these lines spread to South India quickly.

At first, Arabica was mainstream. In any case, as consequence of genuine invasion caused to
this species by coffee rust, an option vigorous types of coffee, fittingly named as robusta and
another half and half among liberica and Arabica, a rust-tolerant crossover assortment of
Arabica tree wound up well known. This is the most well-known assortment of coffee that is
developed in the nation with Karnataka alone representing 70% of generation of this
assortment.

In 1942, the administration chose to direct the fare of coffee and secure the little and peripheral
ranchers by passing the Coffee VII Act of 1942, under which the Coffee Board of India got
built up, worked by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry The legislature drastically
expanded their control of coffee sends out in India and pooled the coffees its producers. In
doing as such, they decreased the motivating forces for ranchers to create top notch coffee, so
quality wound up stale.

In the course of the most recent 50 years, coffee generation in India has developed by more
than 15 percent. From 1991, monetary progression occurred in India, and the business exploited
this and less expensive work expenses of creation. In 1993, a momentous Internal Sales Quota
(ISQ) made the initial phase in changing the coffee business by qualifying coffee ranchers for
sell 30% of their creation inside India.This was additionally altered in 1994 when the Free Sale
Quota (FSQ) allowed huge and little scale cultivators to sell somewhere in the range of 70%
and 100% of their coffee either locally or globally. A last revision in September 1996 saw the
advancement of coffee for all cultivators in the nation and an opportunity to sell their produce
wherever they wished.

Like in Ceylon, coffee creation in India declined quickly from the 1870s and was enormously
outgrown by the developing tea industry. The staggering coffee ruzt influenced the yield of
coffee to the point that the expenses of generation saw coffee estates in numerous parts
supplanted with tea manors. Be that as it may, the coffee business was not as influenced by this
sickness as in Ceylon, and in spite of the fact that dominated in scale by the tea business, India
was as yet one of the fortifications of coffee creation in the British Empire alongside British
Guiana. In the period 1910– 12, the region under coffee manor was accounted for to be 203,134
sections of land (82,205 ha) in the southern states, and was generally sent out to England.

During the 1940s, Indian channel coffee, a sweet smooth coffee produced using dull simmered
coffee beans (70%– 80%) and chicory (20%– 30%) turned into a business achievement. It was
particularly prominent in the southern conditions of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and
Tamil Nadu. The most ordinarily utilized coffee beans are Arabica and Robusta developed in
the slopes of Karnataa (Kodagu, Chikkamagaluru and Hassan), Kerala (Malabr district) and
Tamil Nadu, Yercau and Kodaika.

Coffee creation in India developed quickly during the 1970s, expanding from 68,948 tons in
1971– 72 to 120,000 tons in 1979– 80 and developed by 4.6 percent in the 1980 It developed
by in excess of 30 percent during the 1990s, matched just by Uganda in the development of
generation. By 2007, natural coffee was developed in around 2,600 hectares (6,400 sections of
land) with an expected creation of around 1700 tons. As indicated by the 2008 measurements
distributed by the (FAO), the territory of coffee green gathered in India was 342,000 hectares
(850,000 acres),] with yield appraisals of 7,660 hectogram/ha, framing a complete creation
gauge of 262,000 tons.

There are roughly 250,000 coffee cultivators in India; 98% of them are little growers.] Over 90
percent of them are little homesteads comprising of 10 sections of land (4.0 ha) or less. As
indicated by distributed insights for 2001– 2002, the all out region under coffee in India was
346,995 hectares (857,440 sections of land) with little property of 175,475 representing 71.2%.
The zone under expansive holding of in excess of 100 hectares (250 sections of land) was
31,571 hectares (78,010 sections of land) (just 9.1% everything being equal) just under 167
possessions. The region under 2 hectares (4.9 sections of land) possessions was 114,546
hectares (283,050 sections of land) (33% of the absolute territory) among 138,209 holders.

COMPANY PROFILE

COMPANY NAME : TRAVANCORE COFFEE COMPANY LTD

HEAD QURTRES : COORG
ESTABLISHMENT : 2005
MANAGING DIRECTORE : PILATTIYATH PUTHIAYA PURAYIL .
COMPANY CATEGORY ; COFFEE
CORPORATE IDENTIFICATION: U15492KA1993PTC014818
EMAIL ADDRESS : travncorecoffe.in
REGISTERED ADDRESS :Kushalnagara Industrial Area, Kudumangalore,

NATURE OF BUSINESS:

In the TCC limited the nature is carried through plantations, Curing works, Timber value
addition and exports.

COFFEE PRODUCTION PROCESS

Coffee beans picked from the estate are of two types Arabica and Robusta. This raw coffee is
processed in either of the two types wet and dry processing.

The output from estates is the input to curing works. At the curing works input or raw coffee
is exhaust to remove the husk bar yellow skin.

Here grading is done on size, shape, colour. End product so obtained is called as “Green
coffee”, which is raw material for filter and instant coffee.

In case of filter coffee, green beans are roasted and ground and directly sold and consumable.
End consumer will extract the decoction.
In case of instant coffee regular roasting and grinding is done after which the decoction is also
extracted. This decoction is evaporated to obtain instant coffee either powder or in granulated
form.

VISSION
To emerge as one of the leading players in the Coffee Industry upholding Ethical , Social and
Environment values with total commitment to our Customers and Stakeholders.

MISSION

 To provide our customers a range of products of high and value in every segment
through our fully integrated coffee operations spanning plantations, production and
marketing.
 To move up the value chain by adding value to all our products and operation there by
meeting expectations of all our stakeholders.
 To be an exemplary corporate citizen uploading coffee values with total commitment
 to the communities in which we operate.

QUALITY POLICY
Our policy is to achieve customer delight through excellence in Quality in all our products,
Processes and services to emerge as a leading player.

PRODUCT/SERVICE PROFILE

TCC Coffee is the largest coffee producing company which started its marketing division in
the year 2005. Today it is present in all the coffee product matrix I. e. pure filter coffee, mixed
filter coffee, pure instant coffee and mixed instant coffee, catering to the needs of all coffee
consumers.

The products have been carefully designed to meet the increasing demands of all coffee
consumers. Right from the bush to the end cup, Tata coffee ensure highest quality standards
through production practices; ISO certified curing works and state of the art manufacturing
facilities. This Vision of Tata coffee limited is to ensure that every second cup of coffee being
drunk I the Indian households comes from their stable of brands.

1. TCC COORG 100% PURE FILTER COFFEE

Coorg pure is the connoisseur`s choice.it is becoming as much a part of the purist`s morning
as the sound of temple bells. A rich shot of the traditional hand grinder, lit by shafts of morning
lights is a key image that triggers of memories of a time when coffee was ground at home. It is
the only branch of pure coffee available in triple laminate poly pack in the market.

2. TCC COORG DOUBLE ROAST

TCC coorg double roast has become India`s 2nd largest filter coffee – chicory brand. The brand
has captured the hopes and aspiration of the customers. A host of packs have opened up new
markets for the brand. It is a blend of 53% coffee and 47%chicory.

3. TCC COFFEE
TCC cofe, a 100% pure instant coffee, was launched in 1996, offers a “Bush to cup” experience
of pure instant coffee for a very competitive price. Popular film artists like Sridevi, Renuka
sahane and cricketer Saurav Ganguly have endorsed the product. A lot of innovative activities
have given this brand a larger than life image.

4. TCC KAPI

TCC Kapi, an instant coffee – chicory mixture is the third player in the coffee chicory segment.
This brand attempts to strike a balance between tradition and modernity. A blend of tradition
and lifestyle image has been used to project this brand. Innovative marketing has been the
hallmark of this brand, with everything being larger than life and it is heartening for the
company to note the acceptance gained in most of the southern states.

5. MR. BEAN.
This is Tata`s star product with the slogan “It`s the Bean that makes the difference”. It is
available in 50gms, 100gms, and 200gms and 500gms packets. Mr. Bean is a blend of
53%coffee and 47%chicory

6. CLASSIC BARIST HOUSE BLEND

This is a French press ground, Arabica 100% Coffee. It is priced at Rs 99 for 100gms. Barista
coffee`s exclusive house blend classic is made using 100% Arabica beans shade grown at
attitudes 4500 feet. This prime grades selected include Nuggets extra blend that lend this coffee
a sweet stubble flavor.

7. TCC COFFEE JIFFY VENDING

TCC Cofe jiffy vending machines started operation in the year 1996 and has grown at a good
place. In the last couple of years they have grown extraordinarily well, spreading across 12
states in 40 cities and towns and this number is going to accelerate. These machines cater to
out of home consumption of coffee in a fast, convenient and hygienic mode.

COFFEE PRODUCTION PROCESS

Coffee beans picked from the Estate are of two types Arabica and Robusta. This raw coffee is
processed in either of two types wet processing and dry processing.

The output from estates is the input to curing works. At the curing works input or raw coffee
is exhaust to remove the husk bar yellow skin.

Here grading is done on size, shape, colour. End product so obtained is called as “Green
coffee”, which is raw material for filter and instant coffee.

In case of filter coffee, Green beans are roasted and ground and directly sold and consumable.
End consumer will extract the decoction. In case of instant coffee regular roasting and grinding
is done after which the decoction is also extracted. This decoction is evaporated to obtain
instant coffee either power or I granulated from
ORGANIZATION CHART

AREA OF OPERATION:

They work universally in several countries. The head office is located in the
MADIKERI. To manufacture and distribute coffee products in India, The work of the
association through the Distributors, which are selected based on their ability to/drive the
arrangements in an orderly manner, the ability related to the cash to store and make them a part
on time and the idea of supplying the retailers that they are in charge. We offer increments tour
shippers, including the cash discount. In addition to the expansion, in the same way we offer
powers of persuasion to the Distributors to achieve the objectives. The association has
established the MRP for each of our things and things are sold in the same MRP, paying little
respect to the territory. Partner with the diffusion channels.

•Shop market line

• Multi-brand points of sale (MBO)

• Half stores

• Multipurpose stores

• Exclusive points of sale

COMPETITOR’S INFORMATION

1. TATA Coffee
2. Rubista Coffee
3. Kodagu coffee

INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES:

In today’s market where flexibility is often the key to success, their infrastructure has been:

 Planned to handle a combination of production volume to a wide array of component

or product mix.
 Designed automated processes specifically to allow for quick changeovers and
flexibility as well as mid-high volume runs.
 Is flexible to set-up facilities to sui customers specific requirements
 Execute capacity planning, which includes production spikes
 Enhanced productivity with high technology- ongoing task
Some of the characteristics that could be highlight
 Temperature &humidity controlled environment.
 Customer specific testing enclosures.
 Temperature cycling
FUTURE GROWTH AND PROSPECTS:

The outlook for 2016-17 is quite positive following good rains. With the thrust laid especially
on maintaining bush health, shade management and other critical cultural operations, we are
hopeful of a good harvest in coffee and all other verticals.

On the soluble coffee front, consumer preference is expected to shift from standard products to
premium products over a period, which may result in a slowdown in total volume growth. The
standard and economy soluble coffee categories will not shrink within a short time, but
suppliers will shift their focus.

Quality up gradation will be a major contributor in the growth and development of the company
in the global soluble coffee market. The future for 3-in-land other soluble coffee depends on
new product launches and packaging. The nature of the product predicts a short product life
cycle and thus consumer interest can be stimulated only through new and interesting products.
Products associated with the addition of artificial ingredients will eventually be substituted by
fresh product varieties.

SWOT ANALYSIS

SRENGTH:

 The centralized curing works at Kushalnagar caters to the curing requirement of the
company and subsequent preparation for exports/direct sale to the ultimate user.
 The company`s focus on using the quality platforms to segregate itself from the regular
coffee growers in India has paid rich dividends.
 The company`s second platforms is on producing a consistent product, so that it fits
into the
 blends of the roasters abroad and repeat orders received from these buyers bear
testimony to the company`s efforts in this direction.
  The company has its own R&D department with a well-equipped laboratory for
carrying out
 the various analyses.
 It has also endeavored into development of a new planting material, as well as
innovations with a view to improve overall productivity.

WEAKNESS:

 Plantation being a labor intensive industry, wage negotiation and government control
in this
 regard have its bearing on the final cost of production.
 Availability of laborcontinues to be a major issue, with younger generation migrating
to towns and cities for greener pastures.
 White stem borer and berry have been a major setback to coffee production and your
company has taken all care to control these pests and the incidence has been under
control.
 Several innovation implements have been introduced in the company`s coffee pulp
houses as well as field operations to reduce manpower requirement.

OPPORTUNITIES:

 The Company is the largest exporter of Instant coffee in India. The instant coffee
division, a 100% export oriented unit, having a manufacturing facility located close to
Hyderabad was originally based on Brazilian technology and has been upgraded over
the year to produce better quality coffee from coffee Beans.

 The company is presently into spray dried, aroma enriched granulated segments and is
yet to enter the freeze dried coffee segment.
  In order to cater to this growing demand, the company has recently entered into an
arrangement to acquire High hill coffee India (p) limited, a company having an instant
coffee
 facility at Thane, Tamilnadu with a capacity of 3600mt.

 he company is exploring opportunities in markets such as Australia, South – East Asia

and Europe. Russia and Australia represents the two fast growing coffee consuming
countries in the world and the company have decided to get into these markets as part
of its long term strategy to emerge as a global player.

 The company is also exploring ways and means to export instant coffee to china. Tata
coffee limited is relatively a small player in the domestic branded coffee market.
 Hence more opportunities to explore the market, as far as plywood industry is growing
at a rapid pace.
 Plywood being light in weight and available in all sizes makes it more acceptable in the
market

THREATS:

 Coffee being a plantation crop, often suffers from the vagaries of weather conditions.
 However, the unprecedented droughts have severely impacted the company coffee crop
in the recent years.
 Although substantial irrigation capacity has been built up over the years, the severe
shortage of water experienced has forced a re – looks at the drought management
schemes.
 The government has enacted stringent, labor laws relating to plantation workers in
India, which has substantial cost implications.
 The other major threat to the coffee Industry is its exposure to foreign markets where
 ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT

Statement of profit and loss for the year ended 31 March 2017AND 2016

Particular Sch 31stMa rch0 31stMa rch

0

Ref 20 17
0 2 016
0

Income
Revenue from operation 14 412,914,451 691,669,227

Other income 15 40,161,853 44,506,925

Total income 453,076,304 736,176,202

Expenses
Cost of raw material consumed 16 226.338.122 413.477.533

Finished goods 17 335.095 7.853.533

employee benefit exp 18 107,862,291 120,121,760

Financial cost 19 19,670,433 19,715,644

Depreciation 8 1,835,700 1,161,115

Other expense 20 36,709,155 36,100,425

Finance c0sts 30 180.19 177.95

Total expenses 392,750,797 598,884,893

Profit before tax 60,325,507 137,291,309
Tax expenses
Previous year 6,354,329

Current year 24,112,278 50,183,881

Deferred tax 21,016,837

Profit (loss) for the year 50,875,737 87,107,428

Earning per equity share 21
1. Basic 5.09 8.72
2. Diluted NA NA
Balance sheet as at 31 March 2017 and 2016 and 2015.

Particular Notes 31st march 31stMarch 1stApril 2015

2017 2016

(A)EQITY AND LIABLITIES

1.SHARE HOLDER FUND
1. SHARE CAPITAL 1 99,860,000 99,860,000 99,860,00
2. RESERVE AND SERPLUSE 2 396,868,419 345,992,682 260,542,856

2.NON CURENT LIABILITIES

Other financial assets 3 350,000 350,000 350,000
long term provision 4 56,955297 57,737,976 53,454,176

CURENT LIABILITES
1.trade payable 5 46,960,953 79.657.387 55.971.240
2.other Current liabilities 6 680,192,864 650,130,001 609,867,827
3.short term provision 7 33,589,796 56,248,412 31,412,721
TOTAL 1,314,777,329 1,289,976,458 1,111,458,820
(B) ASSETS
NON CURENT ASSET
1. (a) F/A
TANGIBLE ASSETS 8 364,338,445 365,397,881 364,122,039
2.CURRENT ASSET
(a) Inventories 9 101,381,068 116,834,240 94,968,295
(b) Trade receivable 10 168,608,030 284,395,461 184,576,546
(c) Cash 11 633,730,285 464,940,271 418,195,734
(d) Loan and advance 12 13,339,379 43,542,583 33,225,967
(E) other c/a 13 12,363,285 14866,022 16,370,239
Equity share capital - 111.54 111.54
Other equity - 5,187.16 3,971.66
Total 1.314.777.329 1,289,976,458 1,111,458,820
 CASH FLOW STATEMENT

Particular 2017 2016

(1) Cash flow from operating activities
Net profit before tax 60,325,507 137,291,309
Add:
Depreciation and amortization expenses 1.835.700 1.161.115
Provision for diminution value of investment - -
Interest Paid - -
Less:
Loss on sale of fixed asset - -
Interest received - -
Dividend received - -
Operating profit before working capital changes 62.161.207 138.452.424
Working capital changes - -
Trade receivable - -
Trade payable current liabilities and provision - -
Adjustment for other asset
Special tools & equipment - -
Differed revenue expenditure (21.016.837) -
Direct tax paid (24.112.278) (50.183.881)
Net cash provided by operating activities (19.677.023) 52.168.118
(2) Cash flow from investing activities
Sale of fixed asset 40.161.853 44.506.925
Intangible asset - -
Interest barrowed 180.19 177.95
Divided received - -
Net cash provided by investment activities 220.351.853 222.456.925
(3) Cash flow from financing activities
Short term loans - -
Duration of shares 5.09 8.72
Repayment of differed liabilities - -
Interest paid - -
Dividend paid - -
Cash flow from Financing activities 5.09 8.72
Net cash provided by operating activity 19.677.023 52.168.118
Net cash provided by Investment activity 220.351.853 222.456.925
Net cash provided by financing activity 5.09 8.72
Increase/Decrease in cash equalent during the year 205.764.83 283.345.043
 CHAPTER- 2

CONCEPTUAL BACKG ROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW

INTRODUCTION:

CASH:

Cash is money in the in the physical type of currency, for example, banknotes and coins. In
accounting and money, money is present resources containing currency or currency reciprocals
that can be gotten to promptly or close right away.

WHAT IS CASH MANAGEMENT?

Cash management refers to an expansive territory of fund including the gathering, taking care
of, and utilization of money. It includes evaluating market liquidity, income, and ventures.

Cash management is the successful arranging, the executives and checking money and money
comparable assets with the end goal of limiting costs, expanding returns and controlling money
streams and hazard.

DEFINITION
Cash management is the corporate procedure of gathering and overseeing money, just as
utilizing it for momentary contributing. It is a key part of an organization's monetary solidness
and dissolvability. Corporate treasurers or business supervisors are much of the time in charge
of by and large money the executives and related duties to stay dissolvable.

ADVANTAGES OF CASH MANAGEMENT;

Reduce/eliminate internal cash shrinkage

Decrease labor costs:

Optimize cash flow

Improve security for both employees and customers

Reduce armored-car fees

Increase operational efficiencies and accuracy

Detect counterfeits

Manage better with better information

CASH MANAGEMENT:
Meaning and definition
Cash management is the corporate procedure of gathering and overseeing money, just as
utilizing it for momentary contributing. It is a key part of an organization's money related
solidness and dissolvability. Corporate treasurers or business administrators are every now and
again in charge of in general cash management and related obligations to stay dissolvable.

Cash Management Services:

The Cash Management service gives complete answers for improve money streams. Standard
Chartered is exceedingly perceived as a main cash management supplier over the developing
markets. Cash Management Services spread neighbourhood and cross fringe instalments,
accumulations, data the executives, account administrations and liquidity the board for
corporate, institutional and singular clients. With Standard Cash Management Services, clients
dependably know where their cash is. They can exploit SCB's remarkable scope of instalment,
gathering, liquidity and venture benefits and get reports specifying when and where money has
been moving.

Cash Management Facilities:

 Manage the availability of funds efficiently
 Monitor and control the movement of funds
 Settle payments to providers in an auspicious and financially savvy way.
 Capture every investment opportunity to increase income

Motives of holding cash:

 The transactional motive
 The precautionary motive and
 The speculative motive
1. The transactional motive:
Cash is required to payment that arise during the normal course of business These payment
include purchases, raw material and suppliers, work reimbursement, office expencess,sales
expenses, taxes and dividends.

2. The precautionary motive:

It necessary to retain cash for future emergencies the objective behind this impulse is to
maintain a cushion of cash or buffer to face unexpected emergencies. If is possible to easily
predict the cash flow of the company. The credit strength of the company is good to meet
emergency cash needs, then less is needed to maintain the cash balance.

3. The speculative motive:

This motive tells to the holding cash on order to take benefit of anticipated various in the price
of marketable securities. This motive suggests to hold cash when the interests rates of securities
are expected to rise. It is foolish if cash is invested in long term and liquid asset.

Nature

The term credit policy is used to allude to the mix of three choice factors:
1. Credit standards: It is the criteria to decide the type of customers to whom goods
could besold on credit. In the event that a firm has all the more moderate – paying
clients, its interest in records receivable will increment. The firm will likewise be
presented to higher danger of default.
2. Credit terms: It specifies duration of credit and terms of payment by Customer
Investment in accounts receivable will be high if customers are allowed extended
time period for making payments.

3. Collection efforts: It decide the real accumulation time frame. The lower the
accumulation period, bring down the interest in records receivable and the other
way around.

MANAGEMENT OF CASH
Cash management refers to the executives of money balance and the bank balance and
furthermore incorporates the short terms stores. Cash is the essential current resource for the
tasks of the business. Cash is the essential info expected to keep the business running on a
persistent premise. It is additionally a definitive yield expected to be acknowledged by selling
the administration or item produced by the firm. The term money incorporates coins, cash, and
check held by the firm and equalization in the financial balances.

FACTORS OF CASH MANAGEMENT:

Cash management is worried about the overseeing of Cash streams into and out of the firm
Cash streams inside the firm and Cash balance held by the firm at a point of time by financing
shortage or contributing surplus money. Deals produce money which must be dispensed out.
The surplus money must be contributed while deficiency needs to obtain. Cash management
tries to achieve this cycle at the very least expense and it additionally looks to accomplish
liquidity and control.

MOTIVES OF HOLDING CASH

A distinctive component of cash as an advantage is that it doesn't procure any significant return
for the business. Despite the fact that firm hold cash for following intentions:

 Transaction motive
 Precautionary motive
 Speculative motives
 Compensatory motive

1. Transaction motive:

This refers to the holding of cash to meet routine money necessity to finance. The exchanges,
which a firm carries on in the standard course of business.

2. Precautionary motive:
This infers the requirements to hold money to meet unpredictable contingencies, for example,
strike, sharp increment in crude materials costs. On the off chance that a firm can obtain at
short notice to pay them unexpected possibility, it should keep up moderately little adjusts and
the other way around.

3. Speculative motives:
It refers to the craving of the firm to exploit opportunities which present themselves at
unforeseen developments and which are commonly outside the ordinary course of business.

4. Compensatory motive:
Bank gives certain administrations to their customer free of expense. They therefore, more
often than not expect customer to keep least money offset with them to win premium and in
this way repay them for the free administration so gave.

MANAGEMENT OF PAYABLES/CREDITORS
Creditors are an essential piece of powerful cash management and ought to be overseen
cautiously to improve the cash position. Obtaining starts cash outpourings and an over-
enthusiastic buying capacity can make liquidity issues. Think about the Following:

i. Who approves buying in our organization is it firmly overseen or spread among various
individuals?
ii. Are buy amounts outfitted to request conjectures?
iii. Do we use request amounts which assess stock-holding and obtaining costs?
iv. Do we know the expense to the organization of conveying stock?
v. Do we have elective wellspring of supply?
vi. How a significant number of our providers have a profits strategy?
vii. Are we in a situation to pass on cost increments rapidly through cost increment?
OBJECTIVE OF CASH MANAGEMENT:

1. cash control and cost reduction

2. Ascertainment of cost

3. Guide to business policy

4. Determination of prices

5. Maximum of profit

6. To prepare the financial statement

IMPORTANCE OF CASH MANAGEMENT

Profit and loss account is impartment on prepare to help on book of accounts.

To cost account is report on the government

To protect on the investor interest

To help on the compare the performance of the other standards

To set up on the revise standards

Cash flow statement;

In financial accounting, a cash flow statement, otherwise called statement of cash flows, is a
financial statement that represents how changes in balance sheet accounts and income affect
cash and cash equivalents, and breaks down the analysis to operating, investing, and financing
activities.

CASH FLOW STATEMENT:-

Cash flow statements are the statements of differences in the financial status prepared
depending on the basis of funds defined in cash or cash equivalents. In short cash flow
statement summaries the cash inflows and outflows of the firm during a particular period of
time.

Features of cash Flow statement

The significant features are:

(i) Cash Flow Statement is very dynamic in character since it records the investment of cash
from the beginning of the period to the end of the period.

(ii) It is a periodical statement as it covers a particular period.

(iii) This statement does not recognize matching principles.

(iv) This statement makes it easy to calculate Cash from Operations/Cash Flows from
Operating Activities.

(v) It represents the changes of financial positions involved to operational activities, investing
activities and financial activities, respectively, by which an analyst can draw his conclusion.

Important of cash flow statement

Cash Flow Statement is mainly important in short-term planning. In order to meet the various
obligations, a firm needs sufficient amount of cash (e.g. payment for expenses, purchase of
fixed assets, payments for dividend and taxes, etc.).

It helps the financial manager to make an income projection for prompt future taking the
information identifying with money from the past records. All things considered, it turns out
to be simple for him to realize the money position which may either result in a surplus or a
shortage one. Be that as it may, Cash Flow Statement is an imperative monetary device for the
administration to make a gauge identifying with money for the not so distant future.
THE IMPORTANCE OF CASH FLOW STATEMENT:
(a) Helps to make Cash Forecast:

Cash Flow Statement, most likely, causes the administration to make a money estimate for the
not so distant future. An anticipated Cash Flow Statement enables the administration about the
money to position which is the reason for all activities and, along these lines, the administration
sees light identifying with money position, viz. how a lot of cash is required for a particular
reason, wellsprings of inner and outer issues, and so forth.

(b) Helps the Internal Management:

It encourages the inward administration to decide the budgetary arrangement to be embraced

in future since it supplies data identifying with assets, for example taking choice about the
substitution of fixed resources or reimbursement of long haul liabilities, and so forth.

(c) Reveals the Cash Position:

It is a significant pointer about the development of money, for example regardless of whether
there is any expansion in real money or reduction in real money and the reasons thereof which
helps the administration. In addition, it clarifies the explanations behind little money balance
despite the fact that there is adequate benefit, or the other way around. Additionally, the
administration can contrast the first estimate and the genuine one so as to comprehend the
pattern of development of money and the variety in this manner.

(d) Reveals the result of Cash Planning:

How far and to what degree the money arranging ends up fruitful is uncovered by the
investigation of Cash Flow Statement. The equivalent is conceivable by making a correlation
between the anticipated Cash Flow Statement/Cash Budget and the real one—and the measures
to be taken in like manner.
ADVANTAGES OF CASH FLOW STATEMENT

The advantages of Cash Flow Statement are:

(a) Ascertaining Liquidity and Profitability Positions:

Cash Flow Statement helps the administration to find out the liquidity and benefit position of
a firm. Liquidity implies one's capacity to pay the commitment when it ends up due. Since Cash
Flow Statement introduces the money position of a firm at the season of making instalment it
straightforwardly discovers the liquidity position, the equivalent is likewise pertinent if there
should be an occurrence of profitability.

One can understand from Cash Flow Statement how productively the firm is paying its
commitment in different types of cost and obligation. In the meantime, as the money winning
limit of a firm can be found out from this announcement, gainfulness position depends
additionally on money procuring limit.

(b) Ascertaining Optimum Cash Balance:

Cash Flow Statement also helps to ascertain the ideal cash parity of a firm. On the off chance
that ideal money equalization can be resolved, it is workable for a firm to learn the inactive and
additionally abundance as well as deficiency of cash position. Subsequent to learning the cash
position, the administration can contribute the surplus cash, assuming any, or get assets from
outside sources in like manner to meet the cash deficit.

(c) Cash Management:

Proper management of cash is conceivable if Cash Flow Statement is legitimately arranged.

The administration can set up a gauge the different inflows of money and outpourings of money
with the goal that it turns out to be useful for them to make arrangements for what's to come.

(d) Capital Budgeting Decisions:

Since capital planning identifies with the choice of capital use in different structures on a long
haul premise, income timing is essential for this reason.

(e) Superiority over Accrual Basis of Accounting:

Most likely Cash Flow Statement or cash premise of bookkeeping is more solid or trustworthy
than accumulation premise of bookkeeping as various specialized modifications are made in
the last case. Income bookkeeping is free from such obstacles.

(f) Planning and Coordination:

Cash Flow Statement is set up on an expected premise implied for the progressive/one year
from now which encourages the administration to realize how much assets are required for
what purposes, how a lot of money is produced from inner sources, how a lot of money can be
acquired from outside the business. It additionally gets ready money spending plans. Along
these lines, the administration can get ready plans, arrange different exercises with the
assistance of this announcement.

(g) Movement of Cash:

A Cash Flow Statement introduces the administration the streams in and streams out of money
for different purposes based on which future assessments can be readied.

(h) Performance Appraisal:

By contrasting the real Cash Flow Statement and the anticipated Cash Flow Statements, the
administration can assess or evaluate the exhibitions with respect to money. On the off chance
that any troublesome change is discovered, the purpose behind such variety is found and
corrected likewise.

FUND FLOW STATEMENT:

Funds Flow Statement is an announcement arranged to investigate the purposes behind changes
in the Financial Position of a Company between 2 Balance Sheets. It demonstrates the inflow
and surge of assets for example Sources and Applications of assets for a specific period.

ADVANTAGES OF FUND FLOW STATEMENT

Funds flow statement presents the following advantages:

1. Fund generating capacity:

With the assistance of money streams from working exercises, a Funds Flow Statement
comprehends the reserve producing limit of the firm which, eventually, provides valuable
information to the management for taking future courses of action.

2. Changes in working capital managent:

A Funds Flow Statement introduces either the expansion in Working Capital or Decrease in
Working Capital with the assistance of 'A Statement of Exchanges in Working Capital'—
which causes us to know from which sources the extra Capital has been acquired, or the use of
such assets.

3. Projected fond flow statement:

A firm can set up its normal inflows and outpourings of money for future with the assistance
of a Projected Funds Flow Statement.

4. Highlight the causes of changes

A Funds Flow proclamation features the noteworthy reasons for changes in Working Capital
position between two bookkeeping periods uncovering the impact for the equivalent on the
liquidity and dissolvability position of a firm.

5. Evaluation of credit:

Credit Granting Agencies, after cautious investigation of a Funds Flow Statement, can assess
the financial soundness of a firm which encourages them to comprehend the liquidity position.
 6. Highlight the causes of conditions:

(i) Adequate Cash Reserve but insufficient profit

(ii) Sufficient profit, inadequate cash reserves.

Limitations of Funds Flow Statement:

The Funds Flow Statement is also not free from limitations.

The significant snags are:

(a) A funds flow statement can't present a consistent difference in money related exercises
including the progressions of working capital.

(b) Since it is depends upon financial statement (i.e. Income Statement and Balance Sheet), it
is not an original statement.

(c) A projected Funds Flow Statement does not constantly exhibit extremely precise gauges the
money related position since it is a noteworthy one.

(d) It is not a substitute of financial statements, for example Income Statement and Balance
Sheet. It simply supplies information about the change of Working Capital position which,
again, depends on the data presented by the financial statements.

(e) Cash Flow Statement, i.e. changes in cash position, is more important or more informative
than the changes in working capital which is presented by a Funds Flow Statement

WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT:

Managing working capital is critical in budget management because the way it assumes an
imperative role in maintaining the direction of a commercial enterprise that manages working
capital is preoccupied with transitory monetary decisions, not at all like the choice of long-term
distance, the activity in the field of the administration of working capital can not be granted at
any cost, in light of the fact that, if it influences the day-to-day tasks of the company.
The critical area of a budget supervisor is to exchange between the liquidity and profit
objectives that are similar. The more prominent the liquid assets of a company, the lower its
profit and vice versa. It needs to maintain working capital at a level that guarantees liquidity
and the acquisition of good taste by the company without jeopardizing its position.

WORKING CAPITAL: IT’S NATURE

In common speech, it is considered that working capital is the accessible store to meet the daily
needs of an effort. It can not be avoided that a section that claims fixed or immutable capital
places resources in resources, which remain in the business for a long or long time, in order to
obtain benefits. These are typically known as settled resources, namely, land and buildings,
plants and appliances, among others, another piece of durable capital, which remains in
business to support the ordinary daily task, is known as working capital.

Subsequently, the underlying speculation of each one as working capital for this particular
reason must be continued until the minute the incomes of the offers begin to flow in a generous
and routine manner. From this stage, the business acquires its own energy. The income stream
is required to proceed with the impersonation of commercial parties at their daily increase for
the age of the expenses mentioned above.

WORKING CAPITAL CYCLE:

The cycle of taxi work cycle is characterized by The time frame, which slips between the time,
money starts to be used in the creation of an article and the accumulation of money from a
client. The graph below describes the working capital for an assembly company.

WORKING CAPITAL- VARIOUS CONCEPTS

There are two possible interpretations of working capital

 Balance sheet concept

 Operating cycle concept

Balance sheet concept

 There are two interpretations of working capital under the conventional balance sheet
concept

 Gross concept
 Net concept

As indicated by the general idea, working capital is used as an equivalent word for current
gross or aggregate resources. Current resources are considered working capital, since each part
of it helps to obtain benefits. In addition, management is more concerned with the current
aggregate resources, since they constitute aggregate assets accessible for operational reasons.
To decide the degree of profitability of current resources, as established resources, the idea of
gross working capital is more valuable. It's about the way different things stay consistent; an
expansion in the store will expand working capital and vice versa. In any case, when here and
now the obligations are due to the untouchable, it is prudent to deduct them from the estimates
of the current gross resources to discover the net estimate of successful working capital. In this
way, as indicated by the net idea, we speak of working capital due to the abundance of current
resources over current obligations, and it is the sum normally available to finance current
activities. It is claimed that

a) In the long term, what makes the difference is the overflow of current resources over
current liabilities

b) It is this idea that encourages the heads of loans and speculators to judge the solidity
related to the money of the effort.

c) What can simply be depended on to fulfill the possibilities, is the abundance of

current resources over current responsibilities, since this sum should not be returned
and

d) This definition discovers the correct position related to the money of organizations
that have a similar measure of current resources
The establishment of holders of sanctioned books from India, while proposing a type of vertical
monetary register, also embraced the previous perspective of working capital when it described
"net current resources" with the distinction between current resources and current liabilities. .

IMPORTANCE OR ADVANTAGES OF PROPER WORKING CAPITAL:

Working capital is the backbone and the operational center of a company. In the same way, the
dissemination of blood is fundamental in the human body to take care of life. Working capital
is exceptionally basic to maintain the good functioning of a business. No business can be
successful without a satisfactory amount of working capital. The basic points of interest for
maintaining sufficient working capital are fallow land.

1. Solvency of the business: sufficient working capital maintains the capacity for
dissolution of the business giving a continuous flow of creation.

2. Goodwill: adequate working capital will empower the organization to influence the
provocation and subsequently maintain a positive attitude.

3. Simple advances: a concern with sufficient working capital, high dissolubility and
great credit can orchestrate advances of banks and others of simple and positive terms,

4. Cash reimbursements: satisfactory working capital enhances the concern to obtain a

benefit for the discount of money in purchases and, henceforth, the cost decreases.

5. Regular supply of raw material: adequate working capital guarantees regular

customers the supply of raw material to proceed with the creation.

6. Regular payment of compensations, compensations and other daily responsibilities:

an organization with sufficient working capital can make customary payments of
remunerations, compensations and different costs, which causes the determination of
 its representatives, increases its productivity, reduces waste and the expenses and
improvement generation and benefits.

7. Exploiting Ideal Economic Situations: Concerns with satisfactory working capital

can misuse large economic situations, such as buying your needs en masse when the
procedure is lower and maintaining your inventories at a higher cost.

8. Ability to face the emergency: satisfactory working capital strengthens the concern
to face the emergency crises of companies, for example, poverty.

9. Quick and general benefit for companies: an organization with satisfactory working
capital can collect the certainty of its speculators by paying fast and customary profits
and, subsequently, make a positive market to emerge additional finances in the future

COMPONENTS OF WORKING CAPITAL

1. Stock: inventories that comprise raw material, work in advance and finished goods
normally constitute 30% of the current resources added. Inventories are required on the
basis that investment is required to complete the processes / tasks and to move the
articles beginning with one phase and then with the next. In the same way, it broadens
the scope by organizing reserves of progressive activities.

2. Completed goods stocks allow a company to decouple its creation program and promote
exercises with the aim of achieving attractive results on both fronts.

3. Accounts receivable: commercial companies, for the most part, offer products that use
a credit card and credit is allowed to encourage offers. It is profitable for customers as
they expand their assets. In particular, it is aimed at those customers who can not get
rid of the car from that source.

4. Money: money, the most fluid resource, has an imperative meaning for the daily
activities of the company while the scope of the current resource as money is scarce, its
 effective management is extremely useful and critical to the dissolubility of the
business.

5. Loan managers: as a rule, the commercial company, when it grants credit, it also expects
a similar form to its suppliers. This generally constitutes an important part of the current
obligation and the time and type of credit you receive from your suppliers decide the
competence of the association.
6. work capital classes

7. Working capital can be isolated in two classifications based on time

8. Permanent working capital

9. Temporary work capital

10. Durable working capital: refers to that base of interest in each current resource, which
is consistently required to transmit our basic level of commercial exercises. At the end
of the day, talk about the current resources required in a premise procedure throughout
the year. The ligaments panel has alluded to this type of working capital as "current
resources of the center"

11. The companions are the attributes of this type of working capital

12. The amount of immutable working capital remains in the business in some way. This
is especially important from the perspective of financing. Suppliers of such working
capital should not wait for their arrival in the life of the company.

13. It also develops the size of the company. In other words, the more prominent the span
of the company is, the more noticeable is the measurement of that working capital and
tight clamp backwards. The immutable working capital is for all the time required for
the business and, consequently, must be financed with long distance subsidies. This is
the motivation behind why the current ratio needs significantly more than '1'
 14. Transitional working capital: the measure of said working capital continues to fluctuate
from time to the basis of the premise of the business exercises. As such, it refers to the
additional current resources required in various circumstances in the work year. For
example, additional inventories must be maintained to assist businesses in the
maximum bid period. As a result, accounts receivable were also expanded and must be
financed at a time of high transactions, and again interests in inventories; the credits
and others will decrease at the time of the penalty.

15. Non-permanent working capital providers can expect their arrival out of season when
the company does not require it. In the future, non-permanent working capital is mostly
financed from here and now sources of funds, for example, bank credit.

16. wellsprings of traking capital - work capital finances

17. A judicious supervisor related to money constantly intervenes to acquire the correct
measure of working capital at the ideal moment, at a reasonable cost and that the
conceivable terms, to receive the correct source, is exceptionally fundamental for him
to have a careful understanding of the Organizations here and now subsidize the needs,
since there are 3 scripts, the administrator can choose the most accessible source, they
are:
18. Long term finance
a. Issue of shares
b. Issue of debentures
c. Ploughing back of profits
d. Sale of idle fixed assets
e. Long term loans
f. Retained earnings
g. Reserves & surplus
1 short term finance
a. Trade credit
b. Bank credit
c. Bill of exchange and other promissory notes
d. Public deposits
e. Customer credit
 f. Government assistance
g. Loan from directors at a low rate of interest
h. Demanding security deposits from employees

A firm should decide whether or not it should use short-term financing. If short term financing
has to be used, the firm must determine its position in total financing. The risk- return trade off
will guide the decision of the firm. Short-term financing msy be preferred over long-term
financing for two reason

I. The cost advantage and

II. Flexibility. But short-term financing is more risky than long-term financing.
Cost of short term financing should generally be less costly than long-term financing.
It has been found in developed countries like the USA, that the rate of interest is related
to the maturity of debt. The relationship between the maturity of debt and its cost is
called the term structure of interest’s rates.

DETERMINANTS OF WORKING CAPITAL REQUIREMENT:

It has just been expressed that an effective administrator needs to guarantee the ideal usage of
working capital. In doing as such, he needs to design his working capital prerequisite ahead of
time with the goal that he can guarantee an appropriate financing blend. A firm needs to design
its activities so as to not wind up crippled for absence of vital working capital nor would it be
able to enable excessively working cash-flow to course. The aggregate working capital
prerequisite of a firm is controlled by various components, some interior and some outer. These
variables are to be considered while deciding the working capital prerequisite of a firm.

1. Nature of business

Working capital prerequisite relies on the general nature or sort of business. They are generally
low out in the open utility worry, in which inventories and receivables are moderately low as
the inventories and receivables are quickly changed over into money. Assembling association
however confront issue of moderate turnover of inventories and receivables and put vast sums
in working capital.
 2. Scale of activity

Between two firms occupied with a similar sort of business, the working capital prerequisite
will fluctuate contingent on the level of movement or size of task. Firms working at a higher
exercises level will require more working capital than others working, say, at a lower level of
movement. Along these lines, the size of activity will likewise represent the working capital
necessity of a firm.

4. Production cycle

This implies the time associated with assembling or handling an item. It might be expressed
that the more drawn out the generation cycle, the vast will be the assets tide up in inventories
and therefore the substantial will be the requirement for working capital and the other way
around. The length of the creation cycle, be that as it may, relies on the idea of its business.
Here and there, firms producing overwhelming apparatus and gear may limit their interest in
inventories or working capital by taking development installment (to some degree or in full)
from their clients against work orders.

4. Business cycle

The idea of the business cycle will have a heading on the working capital necessity of a firm.
The changes in activities might be in two ways: rise and downswing. Amid a rise, the
requirement for working capital will increment to meet the necessities of expanded creation
and deals. Then again, amid the downswing, the volume of working capital will naturally
descend. At the end of the day, the decrease in the economy will be related with a fall in the
volume of offers, which thus, is related with a fall in the interest in current resources like
inventories indebted individuals, and so forth.

5. Seasonality and generation approach:

At the point when the interest for an item or the administration of a firm is of a regular sort, the
working capital prerequisite will be resolved with respect to the generation arrangement of the
firm to meet the occasional change. At the end of the day, if there should be an occurrence of
occasional request, two option approaches:

• Steady generation arrangement free of vacillations sought after for the item

• Production approach tuned in to the evolving requests.

In this manner, in the event of the previous, there will be vast amassing of completed products
amid the off-season. This will require an expanding measure of working capital, which will
stay tied up amid this period. Working capital arranging should deal with this example of
prerequisite of working capital when an unfaltering creation approach is taken after. In the last
case, inventories are kept at least levels amid the off-season, while amid the pinnacle season:
they must be acclimated to meet extra requests. Subsequently the necessity for working capital
will vary alongside fluctuating creation strategy as respect the regular idea of interest.

6. Credit strategy

The credit strategy of a firm that represents deals and buys will likewise impact the volume of
working capital. It might be watched that working capital prerequisite diminished as the credit
time frame for the acknowledgment of indebted individuals is lessened, from one viewpoint,
and the time of reimbursement of lenders is upgraded, on the other. Again one of the
motivations behind conceding credit to clients is to realize a positive effect on deals. This
implies increment in credit deals will mean more book obligations and an expansion in the
working capital necessity. A lessening in the credit time frame may opposity affect credit deals.
Obsession of the credit time frame isn't administered by the thought of working capital alone-
it depends on a large group of different components, viz., culmination, winning exchange
rehearse, cost contemplations, liquidity position of the firm and that of the credit strategy to be
embraced by a firm ought to be considered and its effect on working capital prerequisite ought
to be evaluated.

7. Growth and development

With the development of firms, capital uses are brought about to grow their abilities. This by
and large requires extra working capital in spite of the fact that an exact connection between
the two, i.e., increment in volume of movement because of development and that in working
capital prerequisite, might be hard to set up. In any case, it must be accentuated that if a firm
does not make an arrangement for the essential working capital while setting out upon
extension or new ventures, its interest in settled resources may stay sit without moving for
absence of working capital. Development enterprises by and large require more working capital
than those that are static, different things being equivalent. It is likewise expressed that "the
requirement for expanded working capital assets does not take after the development in
business exercises but rather goes before it" consequently, it is basic that while getting ready
for working capital necessities, one should deal with this viewpoints so as to guarantee the
smooth and beneficial working of a firm.

8. Operating effectiveness

It is one of the critical elements to be considered while arranging working capital necessity of
a firm. It has been expressed before that the prerequisite of working capital by a firm should
increment at a rate lower than that of an expansion in yield. Notwithstanding offering a leniency
at an ascent in the cost level, there ought to be such an increasing speed of the stream of working
capital that there is steady economy in its utilization..as it were, working proficiency quickens
the pace of the working economy in its utilization. At the end of the day, working proficiency
quickening the pace of the working cycle and enhances the turnover of working capital. This
by and large prompts a change in both benefit and the inside age of assets.
 9. Dividend strategy

This is one of the imperative contemplations in working capital arranging. The measure of
profit to be paid will, in any case, depends on the thought of various components. Installment
of profit is made money. A solid money or working capital position may legitimize profit
installment despite the fact that income are lacking to cover the installment. Then again, lack
of working capital may go about as a solid purpose behind decreasing or skirting a money
profit. Be that as it may, significant legitimate arrangements contained in the organizations
demonstration and other in this regard ought to be borne as a main priority.

The proposed profit additionally fills in as a backhanded wellspring of reserve in light of the
fact that there is dependably a period slack between the profit proclaimed and that paid. In this
way, unless the sum is really paid, it will stay in the firm as working capital. Break profit does
not obviously, arrive a firm similarly situated.

TECHNIQUES OF WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT

The management of working capital includes choosing the sum of a current resource and how
to back the advantage. This choice includes the compensation between the danger and the
obligation.

The working capital adjustments are estimated from the dates related to the money in the
organization's accounting report. An investigation of the bases for the change of working
capital that occurs in a critical position every so often is important. These progressions can be
estimated in sum of rupees and, in addition, in the rate by looking at current resources, current
liabilities and working capital in the given time frame.
The significance devices of working capital are,

1 ratio analysis;

a) ratio analysis of working capital

b) turnover of working capital ratio
c) current ratio
d) current debt tangible net worth
e) inventory turnover ratio
f) debtor turnover ratio

2. Investigation of cash flow of working capital

It is a powerful management tool to evaluate the stores that have been delivered for a business
and how they have been used. This method dissects in working capital segments between two
information. The examination of current resources and the current obligation for the beginning
and the period in particular indicate a change in that type of current and active resources from
which working capital has been obtained. The explanation of the hedges of the reserves
contributes tangibly to the monetary angles.

3. Work capital expenditure plan:

The working capital plan is an essential period of general financial planning. This planning
must be recognized from a monetary expenditure that intends to quantify all the budgetary
reimbursement of credits, advance of term and comparative thing. Again, the reimbursement
of working capital and the guarantee that they are adequately accommodated to the objective
of the monetary allocation is to ensure a powerful utility of the company.

4. Trend test:

A pattern check demonstrates the change, which has been occurring from time to time from an
individual thing of current resources. Resources and net profit and working capital based on a
few models of the year and their impact on the working capital part. It empowers the innovative
ascending and descending pattern of current resources and current responsibilities. It is an
estimated use based on the audit of the exhaustive monetary register of a concern towards the
end of the record year and the result is based on the drift that appeared for them.

LITERATURE REVIEW:

According to (Davidson et al, 1999), cash is any mechanism of trade, which is promptly
debatable. It must be free of confinement for any business reason. Cash needs to meet the prime
prerequisites of general adequacy and accessibility for moment use in buying and instalment
of obligation. Agreeableness to a bank for store is a typical test connected to cash items. This
is a procedure of Planning, controlling, and representing money exchanges and money adjusts.
It is diverting accessible money into uses that improve profitability, legitimately or by
implication.

(Davidson et al, 1999) In addition, Cash is prepared cash in the bank or in the business. It isn't
stock, it isn't money due (what you are owed), and it isn't property. These may be changed over
to trade sooner or later out time, yet it takes money close by or in the bank to pay providers, to
pay the lease, and to meet the finance. Benefit development does not really mean more cash.

(Pandey, 2007) Cash is the imperative current resource for the activities of the business.
Money is the essential information expected to keep the business running consistently: it is
likewise a definitive yield expected to be acknowledged by selling the administration or item
made by the firm. The firm should keep adequate cash, neither more nor less. Cash deficiency
will disturb the association's assembling activities while unnecessary cash will just stay
inactive. Without contributing anything towards the tint's gainfulness. In this manner, a
noteworthy capacity of the budgetary director is to keep up a Sound cash position.

(Hampton, 2001) Cash is the money which a firm can dispense quickly with no confinement.
The term money incorporates coins, cash and checks held by the firm, and parities in its
financial balances. In some cases close cash items, for example, attractive securities or bank
time’s stores, are likewise incorporated into cash. The fundamental normal for close money
resources is that they can promptly be changed over into cash. By and large, when a firm has
abundance money, it puts it in attractive securities. This sort of venture contributes some
benefit to the firm.

Waltson and Head (2007) explained Cash management as the idea which is worried about
improving the measure of money accessible, boosting the premium earned by extra assets not
required promptly and diminishing misfortunes brought about by postponements in the
transmission of assets.

According to Zimmerer et al (2008) cash management is the way toward anticipating,

gathering, dispensing, contributing, and making arrangements for money an organization needs
to work easily. They further included that cash management is an imperative undertaking since
it is the most essential yet least beneficial resource that a private company claims. A business
must have enough money to meet its commitments or it will be pronounced bankrupt. Loan
bosses, representatives and moneylenders hope to be paid on schedule and money is the
required vehicle of trade.

(Zimmerer et al, 2008) However, some firm hold an unnecessary measure of money to meet
any surprising conditions that may emerge. These lethargic money have a pay procuring
potential that proprietors are disregarding and this confines a company's development and
brings down its gainfulness. Contributing money, notwithstanding for a brief timeframe, can
add to organization's procuring. Legitimate money the executives allows the proprietor to
sufficiently fulfil cash needs of the business, abstain from holding pointlessly extensive money
adjusts and extend the benefit producing influence of every dollar the business possesses

(Jeffrey P. Davidson et al, 1992) Cash management is especially vital for new and developing
organizations. Shown in their book that income can be an issue notwithstanding when a private
venture has various customers, offers a better item than its clients, and appreciates a sterling
notoriety in its industry.

Organizations experiencing income issues have no edge of wellbeing in the event of unforeseen
costs. They likewise may encounter inconvenience in finding the assets for advancement or
extension. At long last, poor income makes it hard to contract and hold great workers.

Westerfield et al, 1999 noticed that it is vital to recognize genuine cash management and an
increasingly broad subject of liquidity the executives. The refinement is a wellspring of
disarray on the grounds that the word money is utilized by and by in two diverse ways.

(Kasilo, 1997) Cash streams from activities are the measure of cash a firm produces in a
deliberate time from its task. Different strategies are utilized to decide the measure of working
income. The pervasive techniques utilize the pay explanation and the monetary record to set
up the income proclamation (likewise called articulation of sources and utilization of assets).

(Kasilo operation cit: 30, Vause and Woodward operation sit: 99) Positive cash streams
show how a lot of money the association has created from activities amid the monetary year.
Negative cash streams demonstrate how much extra cash has been utilized to help the activities
amid a similar period. As a rule, a firm with negative income from activities is unfit to fund its
tasks. True, it is expending cash streams instead of creating them. It winds up inclined to
specialized indebtedness issues and it might go insolvency.

(Vause and Woodward, 2001) Cash stream bookkeeping includes the announcing of
characterized rundown of a year ago money streams, and a lot of estimate money streams, with
supporting examination of the differences between a year ago real and figure cash streams. It
subsequently accentuates the most essential occasions in business exercises, money streams
into and out of the firm, and the isolation of past (money) actualities from future evaluations,
bookkeeping timeframe designation, in view of assessments of utilization are kept away from.

(Arnold and wearing 1988:313) However, commentators of the income framework contend
that income reports can be twisted, for instance, by postponing instalments to lenders, and as
they overlook non-money changes in resources and liabilities, including holding additions and
misfortunes, with the goal that no gauge is given of the degree to which these streams were
gotten by utilization of benefits. Working cash streams have additionally be observed to be
poor indicators of disappointment.

(Kasilo, operation cit: 31, Vause and Woodward, operation cit: 95) An organization's
income explanation demonstrates whether the firm has increment or lessening its money amid
the period for which the announcement alludes. Carefully a decline can be characteristic of
how unsuitable the organizations tasks have been amid the year and the other way around.
Since benefits are not money, a firm may understand benefits yet be actually wiped out

(Davidson et al, 1992) he least money balance is set up by thinking about the essential security
pad required, least bank balance prerequisites, and the rate of day by day money accumulations
and distributions. Cash adjusts ought to be kept up at the least down to earth least since
abundance money gains nothing and loses obtaining influence in time of rising costs

As indicated by Davidson (1992:13-12), The base money balance is built up by mulling over
the essential security pad required, least bank balance prerequisites, and the rate of day by day
money accumulations and distributions. Money adjusts ought to be kept up at the most minimal
reasonable least since abundance money procures nothing and loses acquiring influence in time
of rising costs.

The base cash equalization ought to be the fundamental liquidity pad required thinking about
the rate of day by day money accumulations and payment. The normal cash balance (size of
interest store) probably decided can be tried against industry standard by utilization of
apportion of the normal money equalization to add up to working uses for the year. In the event
that the organization's business is regular, the attractive cash offset will change with pinnacles
and valleys of big business exercises. Such organizations will discover the proportion of normal
money balance for every month to add up to uses for the moth at a superior standard.

As indicated by Gallagher and Andrew, (2003) budgetary scholars have created scientific
models to help firms locate an ideal "target" cash balance, between the base and most extreme
constrains, that adjusts liquidity and benefit concerns. In the accompanying areas the exchange
will be on one of these models, the Miller-Orr show.

(Davidson et al, 1992). The base money parity ought to be the fundamental liquidity pad
required thinking about the rate of day by day money accumulations and payment. The normal
money balance (size of interest store) likely decided can be tried against industry standard by
utilization of apportion of the normal money parity to add up to working consumptions for the
year.

Cash management has four noteworthy capacities; assurance of least money adjusts, viable
acquiring, worthwhile venture of abundance money, and speeding up of income.

(Soliman, 2008). Gift and Onoja (2015) concur that benefit, resources, liabilities and values
are huge methods for assessing execution reports of organizations and for settling on
speculation choices. They note a general conviction that distributed fiscal reports have bombed
in their obligation to give dependable data to speculators and different clients of budget reports.

(Deogun et al., 1997, Dubes and Jains, 1988, Eom, 1999). Wang (2008) features to separate
proportions for carriers into four classes as indicated by their related examples. Wang audit
monetary proportions of local carriers in Taiwan in subcategories, for example, budgetary
structure, dissolvability, turnover and gainfulness. Feng and Wang (2000) builds up an act
assessment display for carriers in Taiwan that incorporates the thought of money related
proportions. They bunch the all-out execution of an aircraft in three classes as generation,
advertising, and execution.
 CHAPTER - 3

RESEARCH DESIGN

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

Finance is the life blood of every business concern it is an important function of any
business, as finance is required to meet the various activites of it, cash is the important current
asset needed for the functioning of the business. It is the essential input needed to keep the
business running on continues basic. It is also the ultimate output expected to be realized by
selling service or product manufactured by the firm. The firm should kept sufficient cast neither
more or less cash shortage will disrupt firms manufacturing operations while exertive cash will
simply remain idle without contributing anything towards the firms profitability. Thus a
manger function of a financial manager is to maintain a cash position.

OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

 To study on cash management techniques effect on profit and loss account.

 To suggest the procedure of cash management.

  The study of the cash is to be provide current analysis by process or operation and by
different elements.
 To gain knowledge about TCC. Their history and development.
 To study the sources and uses of the cash management

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study is mostly concentrating to study of cash management of Coffee industries

The cash management is mainly observation on the Coffe industries various procedure follow
on the industry is to be increase on the profitability and to know the availability of cash. The
industry is to be follow on the deferent cash techniques is to be maintain the cash and to control
the cash reduce in the overall industry.

RESERCH METHODOLGY

1. SECONDARY DATA

The secondary data is collected on the financial statements, reference books, articles, web, and
newspapers collect on of the company.
2. In these study research by Analytical methodology.

LIMITATION

The study on the cash management is mainly sum of the limitation of the study in below

1. The company is to restricting on the cash management facilities.

2. The study is help on the industry sum restrict on the given by the data.

3. The frequent changes may be called for in cash/cost due to first changing industrial client.

4. Tool which increase effectiveness of managerial control.

CHAPTER SCHEME: -

Chapter 1 Introduction: -
Presentation, Industry profile and company profile: Promoters, vision, Mission and Quality
Policy. Products/administrations profile territories of operation, foundation, intensity, data,
SWOT Analysis, Future growth and prospects and monetary Statement.

Chapter 2: Conceptual background and literature review: -

Theoretical background of the study, review of the literature with research gap (with a
minimum of 20 bibliography reviews)

Chapter 3: Research design: -

Declaration of the problem, Need of the study, objectives, Subject of the study, methodology
of the investigation, hypothesis, limitations, outline of the chapter.

Chapter 4: Analysis and Interpretation: -

Analysis and interpretation, selected with appropriate table and graph. The outcome obtain with
the use of arithmetic tools must be integrated

Chapter 5: Result, conclusions and suggestions: -

Summary of findings, conclusions and suggestions / recommendations.

CHAPTER -4

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRITATIO:

OBJECTIVE;1 TO STUDY THE CASH MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

FOLLOWED BY TCC COFFEE MADIKERI.

CASH MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES:

BUDGET;

The budget is the cornerstone of any solid financial plan. Budgeting is simply a tracking of
monthly expenses to determine how your money actually is spent. How to create the cost of
monthly couples you can discover areas when you can reduce or even eliminate expenses
during budget preparation.

MONITOR CASH FLOW REGULARLLY:

Keep up with the cash flow in the first and most important aspect of cash management. To help
create a cash flow budget that plans financial resources for shorter and longer periods. This
will help you understand where and when your money is and what is necessary.
BILL PROMPTY AND ACCURATELY:

The sooner an invoice is sent by mail, the faster it will be paid. If your company’s deliveries
service do not automatically create an invoice, you must set up a billing schedule on a weekly
basis to take thing. In addition, the lot has always include an expiration date to encourage
customers to pay quickly.

PAYMENT DEALY TO SUPPLIER:

To retain cash in your account for as long as possible, wait until payment is made to service
providers for as long as possible (no risk of delay). The only time you have a previous payment
option is if there is a worthwhile incentive, otherwise, keep waiting.

USE THE AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY:

There are several professional, professional software solutions that allow you to finance,as well
as cash flow tables on sites like drop box or OneDrive. The benefit of these powerful keys
access your finance in any way and at any time.

OBJECTIVE: 02

TO ANALYZE THE EFFICIENCY OF THE LIQUIDITY

MANAGEMENT

1. calculation of current ratio:

Current ratio = current assets/current liability

Particular 2017 2016 2015

Current assets 929,422,047 924,578,577 807,336,781
Current liabilities 760,743,613 786,035,800 697,251,788
Ratio 1.2217 1.1762 1.1578
Analysis:

The current assets to current liability is929,422,047/760,743,613 =1.2217

924,578,577/786,035,800 = 1.1762 in 2016 and 807,336,781/697,251,788 = 1.1578 in 2015.
 Fig,4.1: current ratio
1.24

1.22

1.2

1.18

1.16

1.14

1.12
2015 2016 2017

Interpretation:

When we compare the current assets to current liability we can understand the company has
good position in their current assets compare to its current liability and ratio is in 1.2217 in
2017 1.1762 in 2016 and 1.1578 in 2015. In the above statement it is increase to year to year.

2. Calculation of Quick ratio:

Quick Assets = Current Assets – Inventory

Current liability

Particular 2017 2016 2015

Current asset 828,040,979 807,744,337 712,368,486
Quick liabilities 760,743,613 786,035,800 697,251,788
Ratio 1.0884 1.0276 1.0216

Analysis:

2017= 929,422,047- 101,381,068/760,743,613

=828,040,979/760,743,613
 =1.0884

2016 = 924,578,577– 116,834,240/786,035,800

= 807,744,337/786,035,800

= 1.0276

2015 = 807,336,781– 697,251,788/697,251,788

= 712,368,486/697,251,788

= 1.0216

Fig,4.2: Quick ratio

1.1

1.08

1.06

1.04

1.02

0.98
2015 2016 2017

Interpretation:
 When we compare the quick asset of the company we can find out it have a good assets
proportion in 1.0884 in 2017 1.0276 in 2016 compare to 1.0216 in 2015.

3. Calculation of Inventory to working capital:

Inventory to working capital = Inventory

Working capital

Working capital = Current Assets - Current Liability

Particular 2017 2016 2015

Inventory 101,381,068 116,834,240 94,968,295
Working capital 168,678,434 138542777 110084993
Ratio 0.6010 1.759 2.23
Analysis:

2017= 101,381,068/168,678,434

= 0.6010

2016 = 116,834,240/138542777

= 1.759

2015 = 94,968,295/110084993

= 2.23
 Fig,4.3: Inventory to working catital
2.5

1.5

0.5

0
2015 2016 2017

Interpretation:

Above the calculation of inventory to working capital turnover ratio it shows the day to day
expenses going on the production. When the production expenses are less the profit will be
increased and also the sales are increased in less waste in the population place. In 2015-2016
the ratio is high compared to the all years. The ratio can fluctuate the less value of ratio 2017-
2016 after it take proper step to increase the value of the ratio yearly.

4. NET PROFIT MARGIN RATIO:

NET PROFIT = Profit after tax/sales*100

ANALYSIS:

YEAR PROFIT ATER TAX SALES NET PROFIT RATIO

2016 87.107.428 691.669.227 12.59%
2017 50.875.737 412.914.451 12.32%
 Fig,4.4: Net Profit Ratio
12.65%

12.60%

12.55%

12.50%

12.45%

12.40%

12.35%

12.30%

12.25%

12.20%

12.15%
2016 2017

INTERPRITATION:

The above the table shows that the profit after tax ratio in the year 2016 is 12.59 and in 2017
is 12.32.

5. CASH RATIO:

CASH RATIO = CASH/CURRENT LIABILITY*100

ANALYSIS:

YEAR CASH CURRENT LIABILITY RATIO IN %

2015 418.195.734 1.111.458.820 37.62%
2016 464.940.271 1.289.976.458 36.04%
2017 633.730.285 1.314.777.329 48.20%
 Fig,4.5: CASH RATIO
60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%

20.00%

10.00%

0.00%
2015 2016 2017

Interpretation;

From the above data shows the cash ratio of the company is fluctuated over the year. It can
see very less cash ratio 48.20% in the year 2017.

CHAPTER-5

FINDING AND SUGGESTION

FINDINGS:
Above the calculation of current ratio show that ratio can will fluctuate year by year. the high
current ratio in 2015 after it can be decreasing the value of current ratio year 2016 after that it
can be increase in 2017 compare to 2016

The above calculation shows the debt ratio its all the year is same values of ratio in year 2015
to 2017 current yearly. When the company income and expenditure both are some ratios is
equally to 1.

The above calculation shows the values the ratio decrease in 2017 compare to other years 2016
and 2015.

The above calculation the net profit ratio is a usefull tool to mesurerhe overall profitability of
the business a high ratio indicates the efficient management affaires of the business . when we
analyse the net profit ratio of this company we can understand , the company has high net
profit after tax compare to this net sales

SUGGESTION:

1. The company has to take measure to decrease its operating expenses.

2. The TCC coffe needs to maintain the current asset to improve its current asset.
3. The TCC coffe needs to decrease the collection period because its is more than the
required.
4. The TCC needs to collect payment from the debtors in time.
5. The firm should have an optimum amount of cash so that the cash requirement can be
fulfilled adequately.
6. The company needs to reduce idle time of machinery so its help in increasing
productivity and they can energy.

CONCLUSION:
In this study, analysis of the effectiveness of cash management was conducted at TCC coffee
ltd. The effectiveness of cash has been analyzed based on the data collected from TCC coffee
annual report. The effectiveness of TCC coffee industries cash management was analyzsed by
analyzing the relationship between cash and balance of operating, investing, and financing
activities.

Cash management is the lack of control over cash flow and the management of inefficient
liquidity can be detrimental to the business. In the most case, poor cash management is due to
corporate failures. Effective cash management is, therefore, a necessity for company.

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