HVAC

2.0
 2.0 HVAC
2.1 General 2.1.3 Air-Conditioning
Standards
2.1 General 2.1.1 Definition of Air-
Conditioning 1.Cooling and De-humidifying
2.2 for summer cooling, temperatures of 68
Refrigeration deg to 74 deg F and 50% relative
Cycle the simultaneous control of the humidity are a frequent design average.
temperature, humidity, motion and
2.3 Types of purity of the air in a confined space. 2. Heating and Humidifying
Air- for winter cooling, temperatures of 70 deg
Conditioning
Systems
2.1.2 Functions or to 75 deg F and relative humidity of 30%
to 35% are found most satisfactory.
Elements of Air-
2.4 Air- Conditioning 3. Air Motion
Conditioning air velocity should average 4.57 to 7.6
Equipment meters per min measured 36” above the
1. Cooling and de-humidifying of air
2. Heating or humidifying of air floor.
2.5 Heating
Systems 3. Cleaning of air or filtration
4. Air Supply
4. Circulation of air a. 5 cuft to 7-1/2 cuft of air per minute per
2.6 Provisions
person (5-71/2 cuft/min/pers). In rooms
in the NBC
where smoking is not allowed
Concerning
HVAC
b.25 cuft to 40 cuft of air per minute per
person allowed in rooms where smoking
is permitted.
 2.0 HVAC
2.1.4 Methods of Cooling 3. Passing the air through coils
containing the refrigerant itself; in
and De-humidifying
this case the coils are called “direct
2.1 General
expansion” coils
1. Passing the air through a spray of
2.2
cold water 4. Passing the air through a
Refrigeration
Cycle combination of sprays and coils
2. Passing the air through coils
2.3 Types of containing cold water
Air-
Conditioning
Systems

2.4 Air-
Conditioning
Equipment

2.5 Heating
Systems

2.6 Provisions
in the NBC
Concerning
HVAC
 2.0 HVAC
2.2 Refrigeration Cycle *Freon - refrigerant used for cooling.
Mechanical refrigeration is based upon the
alternate liquefying and evaporating of a volatile
1. Freon* is a gas at normal temperature liquid with a low boiling point usually Freon 12
2.1 General (Dichlorodiflouromethane) or Freon 11
and pressure. It is first subjected to high
(Trichloromonoflouromethane) during which
pressure in a compressor which raises its
2.2 processes it respectively gives off and takes in
boiling point and temperature. heat. The desirable properties of Freon are: a)
Refrigeration
Cycle high heat of vaporization; b) moderate pressure
2. At the same high pressure, the vapor is change for low to high temperature range; c)
piped into condenser coils where it is non-toxic; d) incombustible; e) non-explosive;
2.3 Types of and f) non-corrosive.
cooled by water to a degree below its
Air-
liquefaction point. It condenses into a
Conditioning
liquid state and still under high pressure,
Systems
passes to the evaporator.
2.4 Air-
3. In the evaporator, the pressure is
Conditioning
relieved by the suction stroke of the
Equipment
compressor. The boiling point of the
liquid refrigerant drops and evaporation
2.5 Heating into a vapor takes place. The water
Systems which surrounds the evaporator coils
gives up its heat in causing the
2.6 Provisions vaporization at low pressure, thus
in the NBC reducing its temperature to the
Concerning temperature of the refrigerant. The cold
HVAC water can then be piped at this low
temperature to any desired point and
sprayed to cool the passing air. The
refrigerant is sucked back into the
compressor and the cycle recommences
 2.0 HVAC
2.3 Types of Air-
Conditioning Systems
2.1 General
1. Central Systems
2.2
Refrigeration All-Season Centralized Air
Cycle
Conditioning System consists of
2.3 Types of the following:
Air-
Conditioning a. A method of cooling,
a refrigeration plant
Systems
b. A source of heating
2.4 Air- such as a boiler or
Conditioning furnace
Equipment
c. An Air Handling Unit
(AHU) equipped with
2.5 Heating filters, pre-heater,
Systems spray, cooling coils
and re-heater
2.6 Provisions
in the NBC d. The air distributing
Concerning equipment composed
of ducts, fans and air
HVAC outlets

e. The necessary
manual or automatic
controls
 2.0 HVAC
2. Split Type Air Conditioning
System
2.1 General

2.2
Refrigeration
Cycle

2.3 Types of
Air-
Conditioning
Systems
AHU
2.4 Air-
Conditioning
Equipment FCU
(FAN COIL
UNIT)
2.5 Heating COMP.
Systems CONDENSER
EVAPORATOR
2.6 Provisions ACCU
in the NBC (AIR CONDITIONING
CONDENSING UNIT)
Concerning
HVAC ACCU
 2.0 HVAC
3. Window Type Air Conditioning
System
2.1 General

2.2
Refrigeration
Cycle

2.3 Types of
Air-
Conditioning
Systems

2.4 Air-
Conditioning
Equipment

2.5 Heating
Systems

2.6 Provisions
in the NBC
Concerning
HVAC
 2.0 HVAC
2.4 Air-Conditioning 2. Condensers
Equipment
a) Air-cooled Condensers
2.1 General
used in unit and packaged-type air-
2.4.1 The Refrigeration conditioners up to 3 tons
2.2
Refrigeration Plant refrigeration.
Cycle
1. Compressors b) Water-cooled Condensers
2.3 Types of
Air- a) Piston Type or Reciprocating Double-piped Condensers:
Conditioning
Compressors
Systems
for tonnages up to 100 tons
2.4 Air-
Conditioning b) Centrifugal Compressors
Equipment these are quieter, have fewer
vibration problems, require less
2.5 Heating maintenance and with better
Systems
operating control
2.6 Provisions
in the NBC
Concerning
HVAC
 2.0 HVAC
Shell and Tube Condensers: 3. Evaporators

a) Shell and Tube Heat

2.1 General
Exchanger
2.2 similar in operation to the shell and
Refrigeration tube condenser. The refrigerant is
Cycle expanded into a shell enclosing the
tube through which the water flows.
2.3 Types of
Air- b) Direct Expansion Coils (coils
Conditioning
containing the refrigerant itself)
Systems
This may either be installed in the
2.4 Air- spray chamber so that the water
Conditioning Evaporative Condenser: sprayed into the air comes into
Equipment contact with the cooling coils or the
air itself comes into direct contact
2.5 Heating with the cooling coils, as in the
Systems
window type unit
2.6 Provisions
in the NBC
Concerning
HVAC
 2.0 HVAC
2.4.2 Cooling and De- 2.4.4 Air Cleaning
humidifying Equipment
2.1 General Equipment
1. Filters
2.2
1. Water Sprays a) Dry Filters
Refrigeration
Cycle consist of wire frames
2. Cooling Coils enclosing felt, cotton or
2.3 Types of sponge through which
Air- the air is screened.
2.4.3 Heating and
Conditioning
Systems Humidifying b) Viscous Filters
Equipment consist of metal
2.4 Air- deflecting plates or
Conditioning screens coated with
1. Tempering Coils viscous oil.
Equipment
contains steam and are used
2.5 Heating to heating the air ie., c) Water Sprays
Systems preheaters and reheaters.
d) Eliminator Plates
2.6 Provisions 2. Water Heaters consist of corrugated
in the NBC used for heating the water galvanized iron sheets
Concerning placed 1-1/8” apart
which will be used in the
HVAC which deflect the air flow
spray chamber to add heat
about 30 deg catching
and humidity to the air the wet dust on the
surfaces
 2.0 HVAC
2.4.5 Air
Distribution
2.1 General Equipment
2.2
Refrigeration 1. Ducts
Cycle are usually of
galvanized sheet
2.3 Types of metal, or aluminum
Air- sheets, usually
Conditioning
rectangular in
Systems
section, depending
2.4 Air- on the aspect
Conditioning ratio*, although
Equipment circular ducts are
also used for high
2.5 Heating velocity systems.
Systems
*Aspect Ratio – the ratio
2.6 Provisions of the long side to short
in the NBC side; not to exceed 5:1
Concerning although 4 or 3:1 is
HVAC preferred.
 2.0 HVAC
2. Fans 3. Air Outlets
these are made for two locations:
a) Centrifugal fans (radial fans) wall and ceiling.
2.1 General
these are intended for moving air at
2.2 comparatively high pressures and a) Wall outlets include the
Refrigeration are commonly used in duct systems. following:
Cycle Vaned outlets
b) Propeller or axial fans Perforated grills
2.3 Types of commonly used for wall exhausts
Air- b) Ceiling outlets include the
Conditioning
following types:
Systems
Plaques
2.4 Air- Perforated panels
Conditioning Perforated ceilings
Equipment

2.5 Heating
Systems

2.6 Provisions
in the NBC
Concerning
HVAC
 2.0 HVAC
2.4.6 Control Equipment 2. Actuating or Operating Devices

1. Sensing Devices a) Dampers

2.1 General
These control the flow of air and are
2.2 a) Humidistat in the form of louvers.
Refrigeration or Hygrostat is a controller, sensitive
Cycle to the amount of humidity in the air. b) Control Valves
These are valves with variable
2.3 Types of orifices which are moved by motors
b) Thermostat
Air- to present smaller or larger openings
Conditioning a controller which responds to
changes in temperature. as directed by a thermostat.
Systems

2.4 Air- c) Pressure Regulators c) Relays

Conditioning are instruments sensitive to changes These are devices that use electrical
Equipment in pressure. They may control a energy to amplify or convert the
single pressure or a differential power of a thermostat or other
2.5 Heating controllers so that the resultant force
Systems between two pressures.
will be sufficient and adaptable to
2.6 Provisions operate a valve or damper.
in the NBC
Concerning
HVAC
 2.0 HVAC
2.5 Heating Systems

2.1 General 2.5.1 Types of Heating

Systems
2.2
Refrigeration TYPE OF HEATING HEATING METHOD METHOD OF
Cycle SYSTEM MEDIUM DEVICE OF AIR DISTRIBUTION
HANDLING
2.3 Types of
Air- 1. Mechanical Air Furnace Ducts Registers
Conditioning Warm Air
Systems Heating System
2. Steam Heating Steam Boiler Pipes Radiators
2.4 Air- System
Conditioning
Equipment 3. Hot Water Water Water Pipes Radiators
Heating System Heater
2.5 Heating 4. Radiant Panel 1. Water Water Heater Pipes Ceiling or Floor
Systems Heating System 2. Air Furnace Ducts Ceiling
3. Electricity Elec Heater Wires Ceiling
2.6 Provisions
in the NBC
Concerning
HVAC
 2.0 HVAC
2.5.2 Mechanical Warm Air
Heating System
2.1 General

2.2
Refrigeration
Cycle

2.3 Types of
Air-
Conditioning
Systems

2.4 Air-
Conditioning
Equipment

2.5 Heating
Systems

2.6 Provisions
in the NBC
Concerning
HVAC
 2.0 HVAC
2.5.2 Steam Heating
System
2.1 General

2.2
Refrigeration
Cycle 1. Air-Vent System (One-Pipe
Gravity System)
2.3 Types of
Air-
Conditioning
Systems

2.4 Air-
Conditioning
Equipment

2.5 Heating
Systems
2. Vacuum System (Two-pipe
2.6 Provisions Steam Heating System)
in the NBC
Concerning
HVAC
 2.0 HVAC
2.5.4 Hot Water Heating
System
2.1 General

2.2
Refrigeration
Cycle
1. One-Pipe Hot Water Heating
2.3 Types of System
Air-
Conditioning
Systems

2.4 Air-
Conditioning
Equipment

2.5 Heating
Systems

2.6 Provisions
in the NBC
Concerning 2. Two-Pipe Hot Water Heating
HVAC
System
 2.0 HVAC
2.5.5 Radiant Panel
Heating System
2.1 General

2.2
Refrigeration
Cycle

2.3 Types of
Air-
Conditioning
Systems

2.4 Air-
Conditioning
Equipment

2.5 Heating
Systems

2.6 Provisions
in the NBC
Concerning
HVAC
 2.0 HVAC
2.6 Provisions in the Capacity of Works, Project or
Plant
NBC Concerning HVAC The total horsepower of all engines,
2.1 General motors, turbines or other prime movers
2.6.1 Definitions installed, whether in operation or not.
2.2
Refrigeration Compressor
Cycle Accidental Contact
Any inadvertent physical contact with A mechanical device for the purpose of
power transmission equipment, prime increasing the pressure upon the
2.3 Types of refrigerant.
Air- movers, machines or machine parts
Conditioning which could result from slipping, falling,
sliding, tripping or any other unplanned Condenser
Systems
action or movement. A vessel or arrangement of pipes or
tubing in which vaporized refrigerant is
2.4 Air-
Air Conditioning liquefied by the removal of heat.
Conditioning
Equipment The process of treating air so as to
control simultaneously its temperature, Condemned Boiler or Unfired
2.5 Heating humidity, cleanliness and distribution to Pressure Vessel
Systems meet the requirements of the conditioned A boiler or unfired pressure vessel that
space. has been inspected by the Building
2.6 Provisions Official and declared unsafe or
in the NBC Boiler disqualified and power stamped or
Concerning A closed vessel for heating water or for marked designating its rejection.
HVAC application of heat to generate steam or
other vapor to be used externally or to
itself.
 2.0 HVAC
Crane External Inspection
Means a machine for lifting or lowering a An inspection made on boiler during
load and moving it horizontally, the operation.
2.1 General hoisting mechanism being an integral part
of the machine. Guarded
2.2 Shielded, fenced or otherwise protected
Refrigeration Duct by means of suitable enclosure guards,
Cycle A passageway made of sheet metal or covers or standard railings, so as to
other suitable material not necessarily preclude the possibility of accidental
2.3 Types of leak tight, for conveying air or other contact or dangerous approach to
Air- gases at low pressure. persons or objects.
Conditioning
Systems Enclosed Internal Inspection
Means that the moving parts of a An inspection made when a boiler is shut
2.4 Air- machine are so guarded that physical down, with hand holes, manholes, or
Conditioning contact by any part of the human body is other openings opened or removed to
Equipment precluded or prevented. This does not permit inspection of the interior.
however prohibit the use of hinged,
2.5 Heating sliding or otherwise removable doors or Liquid Receiver
Systems sections to permit inspection, lubrication A vessel permanently connected to a
or proper maintenance. system by inlet and outlet pipes for
2.6 Provisions
storage of a liquid refrigerant.
in the NBC
Evaporation
Concerning
That part of the AC/refrigeration system Locomotive Boiler
HVAC
in which liquid refrigerant is vaporized to A boiler mounted on a self-propelled track
produce refrigeration. locomotive used to furnish motivating
power for traveling on rails.
 2.0 HVAC
Low Pressure Heating Boiler Point of Operation
A boiler operated at pressures not That part of a machine which performs an
exceeding 1.05 kgs/sqm with steam or operation on the stock or material and/or
2.1 General water temperature not exceeding 250ºF. that place or location where stock or
material is fed to the machine. A
2.2 Machine machine may have more than one point
Refrigeration The driven unit of an equipment. of operation.
Cycle
Machine House Portable Boiler
2.3 Types of An enclosure for housing the hoisting An internally fired boiler which is self-
Air- mechanism and power plant. contained, primarily intended for
Conditioning temporary location.
Systems
Machine Parts
Any or all moving parts of a machine. Prime Mover
2.4 Air- An engine or motor operated by steam,
Conditioning gas, air, electricity, liquid or gaseous
Equipment Mechanical Works Plant
Includes steam plants, internal fuels, liquids in motion or other forms of
combustion engine plants, hydraulic energy whose main function is to drive or
2.5 Heating operate, either directly of indirectly, other
Systems power plants, pumping plants,
refrigerating plants, air conditioning mechanical equipment.
2.6 Provisions plants, mill shops, factories, foundries,
shipyards, etc. containing any mechanical Process Machine
in the NBC
equipment, machinery or process, driven An equipment designed and operated for
Concerning
by steam, internal or external combustion a specific purpose.
HVAC
fuel, electricity, gas, air, water, heat,
chemicals or other prime movers.
 2.0 HVAC
Refrigerant 2.6.2 Boilers and Pressure
A substance which produces a
refrigerating effect by its absorption of Vessels
2.1 General heat while expanding or evaporating.
1. Location of Boilers:
2.2 Ton of Refrigeration
Refrigeration The useful refrigerating effect equal to a) Boilers may be located inside buildings
Cycle 12,000 BTU/hour; 200 BTU/min. provided that the boiler room is of
reinforced concrete or masonry and that
2.3 Types of Unfired Pressure Vessel the boiler room shall not be used for any
Air- A vessel in which pressure is obtained other purpose.
Conditioning from an external source or from an
Systems indirect application of heat. b) In case the main building is not made
up of fire resistive materials, boilers shall
2.4 Air-
Ventilation be located outside the building at a
Conditioning
Process of supplying or removing air by distance of not less than 3.00 m from the
Equipment
natural or mechanical means to or from outside wall of the main building and the
any space. building housing the boiler shall be made
2.5 Heating
up of fire resistive materials.
Systems
c) No part of the boiler shall be closer
2.6 Provisions
than one meter from any wall.
in the NBC
Concerning
d) Fire tube boilers shall be provided with
HVAC
sufficient room for removal/replacement
of tubes either thru the front or rear.

2. Smokestacks whether self
supporting or guyed, shall be of
sufficient capacity to handle fuel
2.1 General
gases, shall be able to withstand a
2.2 wind load of 175 km per hour and
Refrigeration shall rise at least 5 m above the
Cycle eaves of any building within a radius
of 50 m.
2.3 Types of
Air- 3. Manufacturers/assemblers of
Conditioning
boilers/pressure vessels/pressurized
Systems
water heaters shall stamp each
2.4 Air- vessel on the front head or on any
Conditioning other suitable location with the name
Equipment of the manufacturer, serial number,
maximum allowable working
2.5 Heating pressure, heating surface in sqm
Systems
and year of manufacture.
2.6 Provisions
in the NBC 4. Boilers of more than 46 sqm
Concerning heating surface shall each be
HVAC provided with two means of feeding
water, one steam driven and one
electrically driven, one pump and
one injector.
2.0 HVAC
5. Two check valves shall be
provided between any feed pump
and the boiler in addition to the
regular shut-off valve.
6. Where two or more boilers are
connected in parallel, each steam
outlet shall be provided with a non-
return valve and a shut-off valve.
7. Boiler rooms shall have at least
two separate exits.
8. In no case shall the maximum
pressure of an old/existing boiler be
increased to a greater pressure than
would be allowed for a new boiler of
same construction.
9. Each boiler shall have at least one
safety valve. For boilers having more
than 46 sqm pressure of water heating
surface or a generating capacity
exceeding 907 kg per hour, two (2) or
more safety valves shall be required.

10. Each boiler shall have a steam
gauge, with a dial range of not less
than 1-1/2 times and not more than
2.1 General
twice the maximum allowable
2.2 working pressure. It may be
Refrigeration connected to the steam space or to
Cycle the steam connection to the water
column.
2.3 Types of
Air- 11. Whenever repairs/replacements
Conditioning
are made on fittings or appliances,
Systems
the work shall comply with the
2.4 Air- section on New Installation of the
Conditioning Philippine Mechanical Engineering
Equipment Code.
2.5 Heating 12. After a permit has been granted
Systems
to install a boiler/pressure
2.6 Provisions vessel/pressurized water heater
in the NBC upon payment of the installation fees
Concerning thereof, it shall be the duty of the
HVAC Building Official to make periodic
inspection of the installation to
determine compliance with the
approved plans and specifications.
2.0 HVAC
13. Upon the completion of the
installation, the Building Official shall
conduct an inspection and test, after
which a certificate of operation for a
period not exceeding one year shall be
issued upon payment of the required
inspection fees.
14. The Building Official shall notify the
owner in writing of the intended date of
the annual inspection at least 15 days in
advance. However, the owner may
request a postponement in writing of said
inspection and the Building Official shall
fix a date for inspection agreeable to
both, but not to exceed 30 days from the
intended date.
15. The owner or user of a boiler shall
prepare the same for inspection by
cooling it down blanking off all
connections to adjacent boilers, removing
all soot and ashes from tubes, heads,
shell, furnace and combustion chamber.
The owner shall assist the Building
Official by providing all labor and
equipment required during said
inspection.
 2.0 HVAC
2.6.3 Refrigeration and 5. Where ducts pass thru walls, floors
Air-Conditioning or partitions, the space around the
duct shall be sealed with fire resistant
2.1 General 1. The temperature and humidity of material equivalent to that of the wall,
the air to be used for comfortable floor or partition, to prevent the
2.2 cooling shall be maintained at 68-74ºF passage of flame or smoke.
Refrigeration
effective temperature at an air
Cycle
movement from 4.57 to 7.60 MPM 6. When ducts or the outlets or inlets
2.3 Types of within the living zone. to them pass through fire walls, they
Air- shall be provided with automatic fire
Conditioning 2. Water from evaporators, dampers on both sides of the fire wall
Systems condensers and other machinery shall through which they pass.
be properly collected into a suitable
2.4 Air- water or drainage system. 7. Fire doors and fire dampers shall
Conditioning be arranged to close automatically and
Equipment 3. Ducts shall be constructed entirely remain tightly closed, upon the
of non-combustible materials such as operation of a fusible link or other
2.5 Heating steel, iron, aluminum or other approved heat actuated device,
Systems approved materials. Only fire located where readily affected by an
retardant lining shall be used on the abnormal rise of temperature in the
2.6 Provisions
inside of ducts. duct.
in the NBC
Concerning
HVAC
4. Access doors shall be provided at
all automatic dampers, fire dampers,
thermostats and other apparatus
requiring service and inspection in the
duct system.

8. Each refrigerating system shall be
provided with a legible metal sign
permanently attached and easily
2.1 General accessible, indicating thereon the
name of manufacturer or installer, kind
2.2
and total number of kgs of refrigerant
Refrigeration
contained in the system and field test
Cycle
pressure applied.
2.3 Types of
Air- 9. In refrigerating plants of more than
Conditioning 45 kg refrigerant, masks and helmets
Systems shall be used. These shall be kept in
a suitable cabinet outside the machine
2.4 Air- room when not in use.
Conditioning
Equipment 10. Not more than 136 kgs of
refrigerant in approved containers
2.5 Heating shall be stored in a machine room at
Systems any given time.
2.6 Provisions
11. Where ammonia is used, the
in the NBC
discharge may be into a tank of water,
Concerning
HVAC which shall be used for no other
purpose except ammonia absorption.
At least one gallon of water shall be
provided for every 0.4536 kg of
ammonia in the system.
2.0 HVAC
12. Refrigerant piping crossing a
passageway in any building shall not be
less than 2.3 m above the floor.
13. In a refrigerating system containing
more than 9 kgs, stop valves shall be
installed in inlets and outlets of
compressors, outlets of liquid receivers,
and in liquid and suction branch header.
14. Window type ACs shall be provided
with drain pipe or plastic tubing for
discharging condensate water into a
suitable container.
15. Window type AC installed on ground
floors of buildings shall not be less than
2.13 m from the ground.
16. Window type ACs shall be provided
with exhaust ducts if the exhaust is
discharged into corridors/hallways/
arcades/sidewalks etc.
17. Window type ACs installed along
corridors/hallways/above the first floor
shall not be less than 2.13 m above the
floor level.
 2.0 HVAC
2.6.4 Piping 7. Piping carrying steam, hot water of hot
liquids shall not be embedded in concrete
walls or floors and shall be properly
1. Piping shall, as much as possible, run
2.1 General insulated to prevent accidental scalding
parallel to building walls.
to persons and to minimize heat loss.
2.2
2. Grouped piping shall be supported on
Refrigeration 8. Color coding of piping shall be as
racks, on either horizontal or vertical
Cycle follows:
planes.
2.3 Types of a) Steam Division
3. Piping on racks shall have sufficient
Air- High Pressure- White
space for pipe or chain wrenches so that
Conditioning Exhaust System – Buff
any single line can be
Systems b) Water Division
altered/repaired/replaced without
Fresh water, low pressure – Blue
disturbing the rest.
2.4 Air- Fresh water, high pressure – Blue
Conditioning Salt water piping – Green
4. Piping 100mm in diameter and above
Equipment c) Oil Division
shall be flanged. Smaller sized pipes
Delivery – Brass or Bronze
may be screwed.
2.5 Heating Discharge – Yellow
Systems d) Pneumatic Division
5. Piping subjected to varying
All piping – Gray
temperatures shall be provided with
2.6 Provisions e) Gas Division
expansion joints.
in the NBC All piping – Black
Concerning f) Fuel Oil Division
6. Galvanized piping shall not be used
HVAC All piping – Black
for steam.
g) Refrigerating Division
Pipes – Black
Fittings – Black
2.0 HVAC
2.0 HVAC
2.0 HVAC
 2.0 HVAC

refrigeration
HEATING,
VENTILATION AND
AIR-CONDITIONING

END