GROUP 1 :

 AQMALDINA INAY S 1941150008

 BIMA AULAMA TSABIT 1941150013

WHAT ARE NYA, NYM, NYY, NYAF, NYFGbY, NAYY?

o NYA Cable.

NYA cable is an extension, which is:

N = copper core cable
Y = PVC insulation
A = single cable
The power cable has only one cable core consisting of a single copper
cable of 1.5 - 2.5 mm in diameter and has a PVC insulator. Usually used in
residential electrical installations. NYA cable wrap insulators are colored red,
yellow, blue and black to facilitate the installation of electrical installation
network lines. Because the wrapper is only one thin layer, the cable is easily
damaged due to weather factors or because it is gnawed by mice. To avoid this
damage the electrical network lines should be protected with PVC pipes. The
nominal voltage is around 400 - 690 (600) V. The price of the NYA cable is
around Rp. 2,200 - Rp. 300,000 per meter.
o NYM Cable.

NYM cable stands are:

N = copper cable
Y = PVC insulation
M = More than one cable core
These cables have more than one single conductor or core and are each
coated with a different color insulator. The core of the cable is then wrapped
together with PVC fiber and the outside is coated with a PVC sheath. NYM cable
has a PVC insulation layer (usually white or gray) with a core of two, three or four.
NYM cable has a double layer of insulation so that the level of security is better
than the NYA cable, but the price is more expensive than the NYA cable. Because
of this layered protection, NYM cables are strong enough to be used in humid and
wet environments but should not be planted. The nominal voltage is 230 - 400
(300) V. Prices for NYM cables are usually around Rp. 7000 - Rp. 63,000 per
meter.

o NYY Cable.

NYY cable stands are:

N = copper core cable
 Y = PVC insulation
Y = PVC insulation outer sheath
NYY cable has PVC insulation which is usually black. These cables have
more than one fiber core and are each coated with a different color insulator. There
are two nuclei, three or four. NYY cable is used for embedded installation (ground
cable) and has a stronger insulation layer than NYM cable and the price is more
expensive than NYM cable. The sheath layer is thick and strong and is given a
layer of anti-bite rat. Therefore this cable can be buried in the ground. If there is a
risk of mechanical interference, you should protect the cable network with a pipe.
NYY cable prices around Rp. 322,000 for 2 1.5 mm cable core and Rp. 434,000 for
2 2.5 mm cable cores.

o NYAF Cable.

This cable is in common similar to the NYA cable, only has one core of
the cable, but in the form of fiber, not single. Thin isolation and also given a
different color. NYAF cable is more flexible than NYA cable, making it suitable
for use in the turns of the electricity network. Like HIS cable, this NYAF cable
needs to be provided with a pipe protector. Used for panel installations that require
high flexibility. Nominal voltage of 300-500 V. NYAF cable prices are relatively
cheap, namely around Rp. 2,800 - Rp. 450,000 per meter.
 NYFGbY Cable / NYRGbY Cable / NYBY Cable

NYRGBY cable extension

N: Copper core cable
Y: PVC insulation
R: Round steel wire protectors
GB: entangled by steel plate
Y: PVC insulation
NYFGbY cables are specifically designed for fixed installations in directly
planted soils without the need for additional protection such as iron pipes. Under
normal conditions the depth of installation under the ground is 80 cm. This cable
has a very good insulating layer, so the NYRGBY cable is arguably the strongest
of the other types of cable. With very good cable specifications, of course the price
offered will be high too. In addition, this cable still needs a shield (pipe) if you
want to pass the road, and unstable soil conditions. NYRGBY cable prices are
around Rp. 12,500 - Rp. 935,000 per meter.
 o NAYY Cable.

JUS
Power cable 0,6/1 kV, PVC insulated and sheathed, with Al conductors mark: PP00-
A

Application Standards

Distribution power cable for static outdoor application (with protection HRN HD
against direct UV-irradiation), in ground, in water, within facilities, in cable 603 S1
canals, in concrete, in conditions where heavier mechanical loads and IEC
specially tensile strains, are not expected. Used in industrial plants, 60502-1
metropolitan networks and in other electric plants. DIN VDE
0276 part
603

Construction

Al, class 1 or 2 acc. to HRN

Conductor: HD 383 / IEC 60228 / DIN
VDE 0295

solid, round(RE) or sector

class 1:
(SE)

multi wire stranded, round

class 2:
(RM) or sector (SM)

PVC compound DIV-4 acc. to

Insulation: HRN HD 603.1,
concentrically stranded cores,
 colour marked acc. to HRN Temperature range:
HD 308 S2 / VDE 0293-308,
with or without protective -5 °C up to +50
during installation:
yellow-green conductor °C

extruded elastomer or -30 °C up to

fixed installed:
Filler: plastomer compound or +70 °C
wrapped thermoplastic tapes
at short circuit of max. 5 s: up to 160 °C
PVC compound DMV-5 acc.
Sheath: Uο/U = 0,6/1
to HRN HD 603.1 Nominal voltage:
kV
sheath
black Test voltage: 4 kV
colour:

Max. operating voltage in

1,2 kV
three-phase systems:

Maximal tensile strength: 30 N/mm²

Behaviour in fire: IEC 60332-1

Core colour HRN HD 308 S2 / VDE 0293-
marking: 308 Minimal inner bending
radius:

single core: 15D

multi core: 12D

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF SPLN AND LMK TO CABLE?

SPLN(PLN Standart) is a standart regulation for electrical cable product. In
Indonesia, electrical equipment is tested by an institution of the National Electricity
Company, namely the Institution of Electricity Problems abbreviated as LMK.

The Institution of Energy Problems (LMK) under the auspices of the

Department of Public Works and Electric Power (PUTL), with the main task in the
field of RDE (Research, Development & Engineering Services) as electricity in
electricity assistance projects that are quite reliable, affordable prices, and quality
high.

Electrical equipment whose quality is monitored by LMK and removed, is

permitted to wear the LMK mark. Sheathed materials are thermoplastic materials, for
example PVC sheathed, this sign is made to arise and be placed on the outer cable
sheath. This approved symbol is installed on PVC sheathed cables, for example NYM
cables. While for cables included NYA, the approval symbol of the LMK contains the
card shown in the figure below

Each type of cable has its own meaning in accordance with its function. The
following is the code definition of the names of cable types according to SPLN:

N - Standard cable with copper core

NA - Standard Cable with Aluminum Core as a conduit

Y - PVC insulation

G - Rubber Isolation

A - Insulated Wire

Y - PVC sheath, Y at the end of the chord moment

M - PVC sheath

R - Round Steel Wire (shield)

Gb - Steel Band Wire (shield)

B - Steel Pipe

I - For insulation remains outside the reach of the hand

re - Solid round conductor

rm - A multi-wire round conveyor

Se - Solid (solid) formidizer

Sm - conductor untwisted form sector

f - smooth spinning conveyor

ff - very flexible conductor

 D - conduit 3 lines in the middle as a protector

H - cable for moving equipment

rd - core is twisted round

fe - flat core

-1 - cable with a core color recognition system with yellow green

-0 - cable with a core color recognition system without yellow green

Equipment that has been tested by LMK is marked. Below are examples of
cables that comply with the standard:
HOW TO CHOOSE A CABLE? – TYPE AND CROSS-SECTION AREA

Table of Cross-Section Area

In calculating the large cable requirements in terms of cable cross-sectional area
needs to be divided into two types, namely:

a. Calculation of cable cross-sectional area for single phase, and

b. Calculation of cable cross-sectional area for three phases.

Formula for Calculating Needs of Single Phase Cable Cross-sectional Areas:

I = P / (E x Cos Phi)
Before determining the cable cross-sectional area, it is necessary to calculate the CRC
first, the CRC is the ability to conduct current.
The CRC formula based on PUIL = 125% x I nominal

Example statement:
A household or industrial electrical installation has a 900Watt capacity, cos phi of 0.8,
the voltage used is 220Volt. Determine the magnitude of the ability to conduct current
(CRC) to determine the cable used?
Answer:

I = P / (V x cos phi)

I = 900 / (220 x 0.8)

I = 900/176

I = 5,114 Amperes (I nominal)

Results of CRC are = 125% x 5,114 A = 6,3925 A = 6,39 A

Then look for in the table above the ability of the cable capable of delivering
currents of 6.39 Amperes. But you can also browse by searching for "cable cross-
section capability table".
Formula for Calculating Needs of Three Phase Cable Cross-sectional Areas:

I = P / (√3 x E x Cos Phi)

Where:

I = Electric current load in Amperes

P = Load required in Watts

E = Voltage between phases in Volt

Cos Phi = Power Factor

Example statement:

An industrial electrical installation (assuming the industry to use 3 phases) has a

capacity of 20,000 Watts, cos phi of 0.8, the voltage between phases used is 415Volt.
Determine the magnitude of the ability to conduct current (CRC) to determine the
cable used?

√3 = 1.73
 Answer:

I = P / (√3 x E x Cos Phi)

I = 20,000 / (√3 x 415 x 0.8)

I = 20,000 / (1.73 x 332)

I = 20,000 / 574.36

I = 34.83 Amperes

The CRC results are = 125% x 34.83 A = 43.53 Amperes

Look in the table of cable capabilities in mm2 units like the first problem, which is
capable of passing a current of 43.53 Amperes

In adjusting or determining the cross-sectional area of the cable (large cable)

needed, it is necessary to calculate the theoretical first as above, then adjust the cross-
sectional area or large cable that is available on the market.

But in this case it is better to choose a larger cable size available in the field, for
example in theoretical calculations it requires a cross-sectional area of 2mm2 cable, it
is necessary to purchase a 2.5mm diameter cable that is available in the market.

SINGLE PHASE AND THREE PHASE ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AT

HOME

Two types of electrical installations:

a. Electrical installation in 1 (one) phase
1 (one) phase electrical installation is an electrical installation that usually uses
a network of 3 (three) main conductor cables, namely:
o Phase cable (usually using a red wire)
o Neutral Cable (usually using black cable)
o Grounding or Ground Cable (usually using a yellow cable with a green line)
 1 phase electrical installations are generally the most widely used in electrical
installations at home. Electricity 1 (one) phase usually has a voltage between Phase
and Neutral of 220 Vac.
b. Electrical installation in 3 (three) phases
3 (three) phase electrical installations are electrical installations using a
network of 5 (five) main conductor cables, namely:

Old Cable Color Code:

 Phase R cable (usually using a red wire)

 Phase S cable (usually using yellow cable)
 Phase T cable (usually using a blue cable)
 Neutral Cable (usually using black cable)
 Grounding or Ground wire (usually using yellow wire with green lines)

New Cable Color Code

 Phase R cable (usually using a red cable)

 Phase S cable (usually using Yellow cable)
 Phase T cable (usually using black cable)
 Neutral Cable (usually using a Blue cable)
 Grounding or Ground wire (usually using yellow wire with green lines)

3 (three) phase electrical installations are usually used specifically for the
needs of a business, factory or industry, and have a voltage of 380 Volts.

Remember: Make sure that every installed electrical installation is equipped with a
grounding cable.

Each installation is expected to have a standardized color of the conductor

cable, this aims to facilitate the installation and repair later. The most important thing
in installing an electrical installation, is how to choose and determine the size of the
electrical conductor cable. The electric cables that will be used in the electrical
installation must be able to be burdened with various electrical power from various
electrical equipment used.
 Difference between Single Phase & Three Phase
Both the power systems like single phase as well as three-phase uses AC
power to refer units. Because the current flow using AC power is always in the
directions of alternating. The main difference between these two supplies is the
reliability of delivery.
a. Single Phase Supply
In the field of electrical, single phase supply is the delivery of AC power by a
system in which all the supply voltages change in simultaneously. This type of power
supply sharing is used when the loads (home appliances) ate generally heat and
lighting with some huge electric motors. When a single phase supply is connected to
an AC motor doesn’t generate a rotating magnetic field, single phase motors require
extra circuits for working, but such electric motors are rare over in rating of 10 kW. In
every cycle, a single phase system voltage achieves a peak-value two times; the direct
power is not stable.

Single Phase Waveform

A load with single-phase can be power-driven from a three-phase

sharing transformer in two techniques. One is with the connection between two
phases or with connection among one phase and neutral. These two will give
dissimilar voltages from a given power supply. This type of phase supply provides up
to 230V. The applications of this supply mainly use for running the small home
appliances like air conditioners, fans, heater, etc.
Single Phase Supply Benefits
The benefits of choosing a single phase supply include the following.

 The design is less complex

 Design cost is less
 Most efficient AC power supply for up to 1000 watts
 Single Phase AC Power Supply is most competent for up to 1000 watts.
 Wide-range of application uses
Single Phase Supply Applications
The applications of single-phase supply include the following.

 This power supply is applicable for homes as well as businesses.

 Used to supply plenty of power for homes, as well as nonindustrial businesses.
 This power supply is sufficient to run the motors up to about 5 horsepower (hp).

b. Three Phase Supply

The three-phase power supply includes four wires such as one neutral as well as three
conductors. The three conductors are away from phase & space 120º distant from
each other. Three phase power supplies are utilized as a single-phase AC power
supply. For the small load, 1-phase AC power supply, as well as neutral, can be
chosen from the 3-phase AC power supply system. This supply is constant and not at
all totally falls to zero. The power of this system can be illustrated in two
configurations namely star connection (or) delta connection. The connection of star
configuration is used in long-distance communication as it includes a neutral cable to
the error current.
X

Three Phase Waveform

 Three Phase Supply Benefits
The benefits of choosing a three-phase supply include the following.

 Copper Utilization Reduction

 Lessening of Security Risks for Employees
 Labor Treatment Costs
 The efficiency of the Conductor is Greater
 Facility to Run High Power Loads
Three Phase Supply Applications
The applications of the three-phase supply include the following.

 These types of supplies are used in power grids, mobile towers, data centers, aircraft,
shipboard, unmanned systems, as well as other electronic loads larger than 1000
watts.
 It is applicable to industrial, manufacturing, and large businesses.
 These are used in power-hungry and high-density data centers.
Key Differences between Single Phase and Three Phase Supplies
The key differences between single phase and three phases include the following.

 The definition of the single-phase power supply is, the power supplies through a
single conductor
 The definition of the three-phase power supply is, the power flows through three
conductors.
 The single-phase power supply has one distinct wave cycle whereas; three phase has
three distinct wave cycles.
 Single phase requires the single wire to connect the circuit whereas; 3-phase needs 3-
wires.
 The voltage of the single phase is 230V, whereas three phase voltage is 415V.
 The phase name of the single phase is split phase, whereas three phase has no other
name.
 The capacity of power transfer in the single phase is minimum, whereas three phase
has the maximum.
 The connection of single phase is simple whereas in 3-phase is complicated.
 The power failure happens in a single phase, but not occurs in three phase.
 The loss in single phase is maximum whereas in three phase is minimum.
 The single-phase efficiency is less whereas in three phase is high.
 The single-phase is inexpensive whereas the 3-phase is expensive.
 The single-phase AC power supply is utilized for home appliances and three phase
power supply is used in huge industries to run heavy loads.

WHAT IS THE COLOUR CODE OF CABLE?

Wiring for AC and DC power distribution branch circuits are color coded
for identification of individual wires. In some jurisdictions all wire colors are
specified in legal documents. In other jurisdictions, only a few conductor colors are
so codified. In that case, local custom dictates the “optional” wire colors.

IEC, AC: Most of Europe abides by IEC (International Electrotechnical

Commission) wiring color codes for AC branch circuits. These are listed in
Table below. The older color codes in the table reflect the previous style which did
not account for proper phase rotation. The protective ground wire (listed as green-
yellow) is green with yellow stripe.

IEC (most of Europe) AC power circuit wiring color codes.

Function label Color, IEC Color, old IEC

Protective earth PE green-yellow green-yellow

Neutral N blue Blue

Line, single phase L brown brown or black

Line, 3-phase L1 brown brown or black

 Line, 3-phase L2 black brown or black

Line, 3-phase L3 grey brown or black

UK, AC: The United Kingdom now follows the IEC AC wiring color codes.
Table below lists these along with the obsolete domestic color codes. For adding
new colored wiring to existing old colored wiring see Cook. [PCk]

UK AC power circuit wiring color codes.

Function label Color, IEC Old UK color

Protective earth PE green-yellow green-yellow

Neutral N blue black

Line, single phase L brown red

Line, 3-phase L1 brown red

Line, 3-phase L2 black yellow

Line, 3-phase L3 grey blue

US, AC:The US National Electrical Code only mandates white (or grey) for the
neutral power conductor and bare copper, green, or green with yellow stripe for the
protective ground. In principle any other colors except these may be used for the
power conductors. The colors adopted as local practice are shown in Tablebelow.
Black, red, and blue are used for 208 VAC three-phase; brown, orange and yellow
are used for 480 VAC. Conductors larger than #6 AWG are only available in black
and are color taped at the ends.

US AC power circuit wiring color codes.

Function label Color, common Color, alternative

Protective ground PG bare, green, or green-yellow green

Neutral N white grey

Line, single phase L black or red (2nd hot)

 Line, 3-phase L1 black brown

Line, 3-phase L2 red orange

Line, 3-phase L3 blue yellow

Canada: Canadian wiring is governed by the CEC (Canadian Electric Code). See
Table below. The protective ground is green or green with yellow stripe. The
neutral is white, the hot (live or active) single phase wires are black , and red in the
case of a second active. Three-phase lines are red, black, and blue.

Canada AC power circuit wiring color codes.

Function label Color, common

Protective ground PG green or green-yellow

Neutral N white

Line, single phase L black or red (2nd hot)

Line, 3-phase L1 red

Line, 3-phase L2 black

Line, 3-phase L3 blue

IEC, DC: DC power installations, for example, solar power and computer data
centers, use color coding which follows the AC standards. The IEC color standard
for DC power cables is listed in Table below, adapted from Table 2, Cook. [PCk]

IEC DC power circuit wiring color codes.

Function label Color

Protective earth PE green-yellow

2-wire unearthed DC Power System

Positive L+ brown

Negative L- grey

2-wire earthed DC Power System

 Positive (of a negative earthed) circuit L+ brown

Negative (of a negative earthed) circuit M blue

Positive (of a positive earthed) circuit M blue

Negative (of a positive earthed) circuit L- grey

3-wire earthed DC Power System

Positive L+ brown

Mid-wire M blue

Negative L- grey

US DC power: The US National Electrical Code (for both AC and DC) mandates
that the grounded neutral conductor of a power system be white or grey. The
protective ground must be bare, green or green-yellow striped. Hot (active) wires
may be any other colors except these. However, common practice (per local
electrical inspectors) is for the first hot (live or active) wire to be black and the
second hot to be red. The recommendations in Table below are by Wiles. [JWi] He
makes no recommendation for ungrounded power system colors. Usage of the
ungrounded system is discouraged for safety. However, red (+) and black (-)
follows the coloring of the grounded systems in the table.

US recommended DC power circuit wiring color codes.

Function label Color

Protective ground PG bare, green, or green-yellow

2-wire ungrounded DC Power System

Positive L+ no recommendation (red)

Negative L- no recommendation (black)

2-wire grounded DC Power System

Positive (of a negative grounded) circuit L+ red

Negative (of a negative grounded) circuit N white

Positive (of a positive grounded) circuit N white

 Negative (of a positive grounded) circuit L- black

3-wire grounded DC Power System

Positive L+ red

Mid-wire (center tap) N white

Negative L- black

HOW TO CALCULATE CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITY OF CABLE?

The current carrying capacity of an insulated conductor or cable is the

maximum current that it can continuously carry without exceeding its temperature
rating. It is also known as ampacity.

Whilst the cables are in operation they suffer electrical losses which manifest
as heat in the conductor, insulation and any other metallic components in the
construction. The current rating will depend on how this heat is dissipated through the
cable surface and into the surrounding areas. The temperature rating of the cable is a
determining factor in the current carrying capacity of the cable. The maximum
temperature rating for the cable is essentially determined by the insulation material.

By choosing an ambient temperature as a base for the surroundings, a

permissible temperature rise is available from which a maximum cable rating can be
calculated for a particular environment. If the thermal resistivity values are known for
the layers of materials in the cable construction then the current ratings can be
calculated.

The formula for calculating current carrying capacity is:

I = permissible current rating

∆Φ = Conductor temperature rise in (K)
R = Alternating current resistance per unit length of the conductor at maximum
operating temperature (Ω/m)
Wd = dielectric loss per unit length for the insulation surrounding the conductor
(W/m)
T1 = Thermal resistance per unit length between one conductor and the sheath (K
m/W)
T2 = thermal resistance per unit length of the bedding between sheath and the
armour (K m/W)
T3 = thermal resistance per unit length of the external Sheath of the cable (K
m/W)
T4 = thermal resistance per unit length between the cable surface and the
surrounding medium (K m/W)
n = number of load-carrying conductors in the cable (conductors of equal size
and carrying the same load)
λ1 = Ratio of losses in the metal sheath to total losses in all conductors in that
cable
λ2 = ratio of losses in the armouring to total losses in all conductors in that cable.
CABLE CATALOG