Sei sulla pagina 1di 19

/. * $!

#
% 0 " )("& ,-+" )("& '& % "

DC> A ! " 53
" 4 21
FG @70E > " B>" @?" > & =<& ;:"089706 "

Q: 6 ML
R9 " > ;P" OG@7GE4" 8N " KJ9I"&H9
mushtaq.mangat@gmail.com
Lahore Pakistan


G )…" „@Nƒ‚G" & H&)> €"& F
† } { U u0t> A p kjl 6 dcbi a^bfg `@70]^ ;\ ["H 8Z."Y 5XW
" 4 HVU"#2T " 53
" BS" ;:"089706 " 4 21
~ G " G < z& y"I V" # xw"# v " ‫۔‬Bٔ" &ٓ q"Y o@n"m > " e
# =& 2.41 ~ @70]^> H | h ٔ > "
• Œ
> )…" „@Nƒ‚G" & •…" v."# KJ9–—0 •”"9 “m’" Ž‘
\ ™ =9<)…" 32 H&8˜C"G BS" `•("&< ~
,‡0P" ‫ء‬2006 •…" ،~ † " & ‫۔‬Ž•ٔ•" Ž•" = ,‡0P" ‫ء‬2004 H@70Š>w"# BS" ،,ˆ‡\ ["
l6
‫@۔‬70•" ;:"0œ› qp"Y o@n"mِkj>"

• „@Nƒ‚G•
" ;:"> ®•(" ~ } K-¦>70¬70«7Y]— ˆ & =<& qª7>©0¨"Y،v¦§w"¥@3 L
¤"< £>¢ZG¡" > ,‡0P" v."# ~
\ ™ o@ Ÿl • ;:"876 3"
°>K¯ " &~
>4 > " R
# 0 " > @?!"0& xw"0& H&Kž" ~ 0 9 0 " 5" 4 2 1

„@¨";:"G ‫ ۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" Áº¬3 … •¿# ! p † > @N½0]— ¼ ²q9p"# xw"0& BS" F º] • \ † µ
G )…" %" ٔ @t"G ´³Ÿ • ²K±"<H xw"&
G À h "À f )" Ž " KJ0¸\¾4" G q"Y ~ > ¹b hg & ~ =>&8:">& KJG¸\a"# y·¶:"# ,ˆ‡[" ~
G œ›@70."> » " # &= ~ 0

º¬3 Ê\ l ‚• \ a º6
" 53
yÌC"0=H> @?!"0& xw"0& ;:"089706 " yI" ,ˆ‡\ [" Á
" 4 21 A
G À h "À f y¸\Ë" y–È0 %" ,‡0P" m’"@7>]È É Â 0 " < xw"0& yÇGŠÆ"# &‫۔‬Bٔ" &ٓ ,‡0c" > »
> ÅÀ h @3 " 53
" @¨"# BٔA"•…" BS" ;:"089706
" £>Ä"0mÃC"G ÂT " 4 21
"

º¬3 ÐÏ\aY œ›@70."> » \ º¬À3 … µ " # &= ~ • `•Î"•(" %Ê\ † \ † … •


" ŽÔ"\ Ó¿"G@3
Ó"¿G @3 " =<& ,ˆ‡\ [" Á
G À h "À f @Ò Y Ñ " FG
º]
> ¹b hg & =<& ,ˆ‡[" Á
G h "À f )" %" ٔ @t"G ´³Ÿ " ~ٔ 2Í G )" „@Nƒ‚G" & •…" v."#~
" ~ \™

‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" Áº¬3 ¿ •¿# • œ›@70." ~} `•Î"•("


G À h "À f @Ö" 9 & Õ8:"ٔ@t"> Õ&VU"> m’"@¨"> Ž " ~ FG >

l
" &‫@۔‬Ö¿"G ;:">)…" KJ0¸\¾4!"G BS" F
" > 8ِP" •…" Ž‘ º] •¿# " @Ø" ,-."#‫@۔‬Ö¿"G HVU"#2T " xw">&KJ9·70×"& =<& ;:"089706 • ;:"876
¤ p dcbi a^bfg ~ 3"
mkŸ > ¹b hg & Ž " 8ÚÙGT
G œ›@70."> » " ;:"089706 " R9 > " q" Y e h 0 9 0 " 5" 4 2 1

53 " y·¶:"# ,‡0c\a"> ;:">)…" F


" 4 21 p â# ( 7] S " 53 " 4 21
àß
" @Ø" `-Vá " > z&‫۔‬BٔA"&ٓ »
" 8ÚÙGT º6 " “œÞ Ý " 53
" & BS" ;:"089706 " 4 21 † "\ Á
ٔ 2Í º ÜÛ
G ;:"# q"Y Ž" •" @7>¬ 0 ^ 9 B" ;:"089706 > ÅÀ h @3 " ~ G À h —À f =
º× \ ™ ;:"G@¨"# @Öç:"0H ~ " > vä" •…" F
• Õ@æå p } ‡P … ¡ã # p p p @70ED>C"> B>A"@?!">& ~
} ;:"876
»
ٔ èÀ h z&‫~۔‬ G &q" 4 & ~ z& , 0 " @70]^> H y"I @7>]È Ñ @¨"# yÈ–0 =<& ;:">)" |4 ^ q" Y FG &q" 4 & q"Y FG 0 9 0"
î \ ™ ¢˜‚G6 •
Žï" ‫~۔‬ p p ¡ì •ë\ } ’ ” ê‚ 6 éŠP } " 53 " 4 21 ¡ã# p ‡P áàß >
íG " ~ F G # 4 " ~ ;:"089706
G " Ž > " H> ~ “m" `•" > <H Ž > > " =<& |
G &q" 4 & q"Y | 4 ^ q" G ÕH;:"0=> , 0 " `-V " z&
" |

• ;:"876
BS" “m’" K\ ó" H&Kž" ~ 3 " ,‡0P" `-Váàß "\ |
" > z& y"I @ò" 2Í
ì>
" ;:">)…" ñ" &< F º0×èÀ ~}Áº¡ã • } •¿#
0 9 0 " 5" 4 2 1 # •
" @7>6 G ;:"# yÈ–0 » h > b ^ hg fð ~ o@c\a"#& ~ “m’" Ž "
«:Y
‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" KJ>õ4¦0ô70 " & =<& v¦§w"¥@3 # 0¤"<
" R
>

• }
`-@ò"87>ŠÑö" „@Nƒ‚G" & ~ " 53
z& =<& ;:"089706 " 4 21
"
} `-&‫@۔‬7î" ÂC—ٔ @3
~ " 4 •…" `-& ,‡0P" ‫ء‬2019 ú=VùÑ."# =<& @70î" •…" 5ø
" @¨" •…" F ; " P V ¢˜T
" • ÂC—ٔ &=H £¢ZG¡L
~ " > ñã †
^ ÷ > ;:"Y ~
> Smartinsight.com
0 G > >
C ¿
# =& ,-‡0w"G !
" 4 ®•(" F
`<$\ #" " @ً 7#]— ˆ mýGC"G Ž•>ü" 0 8Új0 {"> 55 ,‡0P" ,-."# ‫۔‬Ž•" G F
ÿ=9@3 Ø S .# ” "
# =& 7.593 úH;:"#&ٓ 5" B" @70]^> H ,‡0P" ‫ء‬2019 ú=VùÑ" ûG^ # @ ß

'¿&À Gh ~ •
G )…" „@Nƒ‚G" & |
† é] ( # =& 4.021Ž•>üC"0 ®•(" 8Új0 {"> 53 ,‡0P" ‫ء‬2019 ú=VùÑ."# ûG”^# @ ß } F=•”—Y =‫۔‬,‡\ [" »
ºë ‡
ˆ G %b i h = , 0 P"
( 9 0 " > KJ9–ÈÑ & ®•" F " ~ 9
• • + C Ð6 •üC0
G )…" „@Nƒ‚G" & ~

‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" ~ B" 8n"@t"G;:"# •…" z& Ž•>ü" 0 ‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" *m) É " qp"Y ;:"089706
" 53 # =& 3.196 Ž > " ®•(" 8Új0 {">42 =<&
" ®•(" F
" 4 21

,
\ ™@X4
" Y )…" 5ø
" @¨" `-23" > 5w"ٔ;:"#2T " @79Ü0
C
" Y @Ø" úH;:"#&ٓ 5Ø" Ž•>ü" 0 ®•(" F º«7î •E¡ Y
F
# =& 2.958 =<& ~ " y21 # =& 1.13 yI" `V¢¨"Y ;:"G@7G]^# -
ٔ À h b f/ "À . Ž Y " H 8:"0K>ž"
º«7î " 53 " ®•("8Új0 {">52 yI" ~
" 4 21 \ ™ ;:"0@7G]^# 8:"0Kž" ~† †
> smartinsight ‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" ~
• • • +
G )…" „@Nƒ‚G" & ~ C
&~ B" 8n"@t"G;:"#8Új0 {">39 Ž•>ü" 0 ®•("
ٔ À h b /f "À . ;:"089706
-
>
\
‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" Áº¬3 " Õ=&8:"& @Ø" |é0+6" & BS" `-23" > 5w"ٔ;:"2T • " 4 < H&8n"& `-&‫۔‬,‡\ [" ~
† … ‚• w "
G À h "À f @æ7 > > G Y &ٓ ~ =@N5
# " F ˆ G )" „@Nƒ G " & @Ø" `-23" > 5" ٔ ;:"#2T

/0EDGCG ٔA n
" 53
% " B" @t"GœÞ" =<& ;:"089706 " 4 21
"

• ¿
G )…" „@Nƒ‚G" & ;:"089706

~ " 53 9&< »
" ®•("8Új0 {">95 ~
" 4 21 ºë \ ™ @70•" ;:"0@7G]^# Ž•" # y–È0 ,‡0P" F
8 " 4 yI" ~
> %b i h = ,‡0P" y·:È0 Kž"& B" @N5 ” S
9 =•— Y = B" smartinsight
} y<C"0)> €"& Ž;: •
®•(" ~ G \ ™ `-@706
" < ‫~۔‬ " =H ~ G > )…" „@Nƒ‚G" & ;:"089706

} 8Új0 {"> 45-40 H&8˜C" BS" `•("&< ~ " 53 " ,‡0P" ‫@ء‬70E4!"0& BA^# VùÑ."# ‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ ["
" 4 21
C • … • •
" Ž•>ü" 0 ,ˆ‡\ [" ~
‫۔‬8Új0 {">12 °>K¯ G )…" „@Nƒ‚G" & ;:"089706
† " 53
" 4 21
" %" ~ |# "

• } 6 3 1 U# ‡\ [ ¯ @ ?!
„@Nƒ‚G" & ~ 8> 8 + Í\ " )…" 8>¨">& y=Ð# 0ŠÉw"Ñ y–È0 ,‡0P" ~
• F;:"=@N5
;:"08970" 5" 4 2" V" ,ˆ " K" @7>" »h/ Åb & <H B" @Ò" 4 VU"> B" ;P" =<& B" 8:">&VU"> “K±"4 yI" `2" @7G¬3 G 0 " 4 `-&
?!Åb < » " \ KJG¸\a"# „@Òã
?!Åb < B+" 2Í " G =2A " B8" ;P" =<& B+" 8:">&VU"> “K±"4 Á ?ub¨"bð Á
?u¨ ‡P ” 9 † > &ٓ ‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" ~†G 2Í " \ =>&8:">& qp"4& | Ï\a# p
FG ;P"@BG T
" `-& »h/ h/ h/ f h/ b "b ðf , 0 " `•" > H ~&< ~ G " q" Y

‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" F ; " : @ X " D & ~}~ †


> 2 Í
" \ y" @ø
C " & Ž•¿"# ,‡0P" H&8˜C"G BS" H&)> €"& ~ 9&< ~ †
> ) …" „@Nƒ‚G•
" & @ " Ø ; " : 8 70 6
" 5 3
" 4 2 1
" Ž •¿"# qp"Y
G > > > 0 9

¿
VU"# yF?«3 " xw"0& ‫~ ۔‬ \ ™ ŽÔ"\= @¨"# BS" ÂE" G •”"G BS" yC" > @ø
" > & 8:"0Kž" ,‡0P" z& ,‡0P" `•”">H ~ †
9&< ~
> &ٓ =<& ~ \ ™ @X4 " \ =8t"G z& <ٔœÞ70Ü" Y @Ø" ;:"089706
" Y 2Í " 53 " 4 21
"
>
p"& qp"Y F@70ED>C"> B>A"@?!">& ~ } z& yI" ~ ™ ,-¬NH" Á
?¦bö"À 2Í \ Ó¿"@3 } qGt"Ñ < “÷21 A"@?!">& í¢˜C"G @Ø" z& =<& 2Í \ @X4 70Ü¿"Y @7]È &
y–^> R# G¤"Kž" FG &q 4 G \ / h f " G " ~ " B> G " " Y 5 >É
H
‫~۔‬\ ™ ,‡0c\a"> ,-¬N" y–È0 ‫`؟‬2Í "\
LãG \ } Kn DC>
íGù0DG " qp"Y F " Ž•>ë"H> ~
G œÞP"@˜T z& =<& `•”È0 <= B>A"@?!">& VU"# ~ \ ™ „Vù#{"G 5w"#@t"G qp"Y =VJ
\ ™ % " Õ< y–È0 yI" ،~
ِ " o@n" VU"# £>Ä"0mÃC"G úH@70Š>w"# BS" FG @70E > "
Kn ¿ Œ Û
> % " z& =<& Ž•" G Ž•ٔ•" Ž•" = ŽÔ"\ Ó¿"G@3
† } FK±"@˜T A ! w S Kn \ ™ ;:"G)…"
\ ™ ;:"G)…" `-@70]— N )…" „VM" •…" z& =<& ~
~ " ~ G 4 " B>" @?" > & H@70Š>" # B" % " z&‫~۔‬
K?6 • ¦N6\ é0Š470." BS" z&=<& @70î" &H& =&H)…" %Ê
\ } `•”">@?!">& yõ¦0N6" \
\ ™ ŽÔ"\= % " ~
‫~۔‬ yõ4 0 " |
G " †
> )…" 5¨" 5w"ٔ@?6
& ,‡0P" ~ " =@N5 †~
"4~
# 4

LãG 3 " ,‡0P" F@ÒO> A


íGù0DG " BS" xw"G F } &qp"& ~
# & ,‡0P" ²=;:"# ~ FG 4

9&< ~ "\ R
> 2Í p p @70ED>C"> B>A"@?!">& ~
# G¤"Kž"q"Y q"Y FG
} ;:"876
0 9 0 " 5" 4 2 1
w0 ‡P
G " 5" H> “-=H , 0 "
ã
<ٔ@Òã • F&qp"& KQß
^Y # ~ } " 53
G 4 " > ~ ;:"089706 " Ó¿"G@3
" 4 21 " Ó¿"G@3 " ~ } ŽÔ"\@ò"&ٓ 8ÚÙGT " @Ø" qp"0m)" G z& ‫@۔‬ò" `<)…" v4¦ˆwȼ » º6 " ~
> ÅÀ h @3
} F&ٓ yP
Y " œÞ¨"> xw"0& @Ø"
¿ Ê\ \ 5 ¿
‫~۔‬ \ ™ Ž•" # ;:">)…" %" &)> €" BٔA"@N½>ë"&= xw"0& » º0×èÀ ~}-ºŠÀ§7b/+À" •…" 8:"&23" > ~
} z& =<&~ \ ™ Ž•" # v4R" 4 •…" BS"
h >hf. ٔ

} ;:"876
8:"ٔ&23" > ~ 3"
0 9 0 " 5 " 4 21

" 53 º«7î " & ,‡0P" =;:"<=@Ø" yI" @?u0¨"# ‫~۔‬


\™ ~
• F@¨"# yÇü1 ¡L ˜ C \ †~} ;:"876 3"
@Ø" ;:"089706 " 4 21 ٔ À h b /f "À . yC" > @ø
" - > # G # " 4 £>¢ZG " > íG¢ " G @Ø" ,-."# ,ˆ‡[" 8:"ٔ&23" > =@N5
"4 ~
# 0 9 0 " 5" 4 2 1
¿ •
} ;:"876
8:"ٔ&23" > `-& ~ 3 " 8ÚÙGT
0 9 0 " 5" 4 2 1 \ ™ ;\ ["= @Ö¿"9& Ž•" # Õ8:"ٔ@t"> Õ=&H& ú=;:"#<=@Ø" K\ ó" @ً 7#]— ˆ mýGC"G ~
" &=@N6" \ `@c\a"0 ‫~۔‬ \ ™ ;:"G@¨"# @70î" „@Nƒ‚G" &
• z& =<& ~

LãG LãG L ™ •
.# \ ™ ;:")…" |¡ã # p
qp"Y íGù0DG " Ž•ٔ•" BS" BS" `-&ُ ~ > `•Î"•(" £>¢ZG¡" > ‫~۔‬
> ,‡0P" =<& BS" íGù0DG " qp"Y z& ~
† † \ ~F DC> A ! ¢˜CG
G @70E > " B>" @?" > & íG " @Ø" ,-" ~ > 4 ^ q" Y

‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" Áº¬3 P \ º«ÀP—À ~


• ;:"876 3 " ,‡0N6" \ VU"# ~
\ ™ BS" = @70]^G | E× S 3 w0
G À h "À f 5" ;:"0 ,ˆ‡[" Á
G hf 0 9 0 " 5" 4 2 1 9 " B" 8:"ٔ&2" > 5" H> “-=H

• `<K±"<H
ºë%b i = ²mT" # ~
‫۔‬z@?."& @Ø" »
> h 9


z& ‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" ~
6 V3 p ë\ }
" \ =>&8:">& qp"4& ÕH;:"0=> V¢c\a"Y Žê>‚>" ( \ ™ ÕH `-@ÚÙGC"> 8¨" ~
†- «7î ¡ì A ! A ]
G 2Í —À h & q"Y ,-" H> ~ `-@?!">& ‫~۔‬ # ٔºÀ h b f/ "À . | .
G " B>" @?" > & Bٔ" @c\U> È É z@?" &
0Y ¿ $.# \
,‡0c\a"> z@?."& @Ø" BٔA"@c\U> ]È É •…" `•”">@?!">& ;:"089706
" 53 " ‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" BGA^ =9VM" qp"4& &$\ #W" Ž•" # qp"Y % " `;:"0=@N½0]— N B8" &< ~
" 4 21 † " \ &870]— ¼ ,‡0P" ,-ë"H> |
> 2Í @ }
4 " ;:"#~
î î
• z& ‫~۔‬
z& ~ " \ °><KQß
\ ™ ŽÔ"\ ;:"G2Í " ,‡0P" ŽX" )Î"K±" BS" “m’" Žï" y–^> Žï" Ó¿"G@3 } z& |•
" ~ A… A… † "\
> 2Í
G " <H Bٔ" •" y–^> Bٔ" •" @Ø" z& ‫@۔‬7G]Å0 H ~

\ ™ @7Gë"\= ´³Ÿ
‫~۔‬ • `•Î"•(" ²K±"<H @Ø"
" # &= ~

/. • } ñ,

z@?."& B8" &< ~ " \ %G " > ~
> 2Í yZ " 53
" # < BS" ;:"089706 " qp"Y F
" 4 21 G @7# ×
" @" Y < y Ç# «Y" ~ †
> Dr.Jeanne Bleuer =<&Dr.Garry R.Walz
" - @Ø" ~
¿ º«7î .# S ùDGLãG Ê\
American ,‡0Ö" > & - p ‡ } †
ٔ À h b /f "À . v" B" íG 0 " %" & úq9"# xw"0& , 0 P" ²=;:"# ~ ~ " BGA"@70ED>C"> (
> )…" 5¨" •…" 5w"ٔ@?6 } z& =<& BٔA"@c\U]È
[C¹b h/ =H> ~ >É

‫ ="[ \;۔‬5ø
" @¨" `-<@˜C"G @Ø"Counseling Association
ã ã
» } íù0DGL" G z& ‫۔‬BٔA"2Í
º6 " F;:" VU"# ,‡0P" y=Ð# 0ŠÉw"Ñ ~ \ ÂC—ٔ @3 ‡0P" Ideas & Research you can use-VISTAS 2016 íù0DGL" G y–È BS" `-&
> ÅÀ h @3 G # G " " 4 , G 0
¿ î K˜‚#× } …
Ž•" # Žï" % " @Y" ~
• ë\
)" „@Nƒ‚G" & •…" v."# =@70Ü\G " @?!"0& xw"0& ;:"089706
" 53 " ûG”^# @ ß } `-&‫~۔‬
\ ™ 870D>T ¡,Y p A
" 4 21 " ~ Y E " H úq9"# Õ< Bٔ" &ٓ
" =<& |
… ‡\ [ Gº¬À3 ]\ aY † "\ »
H&8˜C"G úq9p"# •…" `-& ~ " 4 •…" %" ŽÔ"\ |
• v4R Ï\a# ”
G " `•" 0 =<& ,ˆ " Á
… • Î ( 5 †~
# ٔ 2Í
h "À f )" &870]— ¼ `-@Ò Y " `-@¨"# ~ `•" •" =@N" 4 ~
ºë •• ]
G %b i h = ,‡0P" Ž 9 " =Vù0^ > •”"0
½î •
!
Žï" 0 & Ž•ٔî" Õ< =<& ~
\ ™ Ž•G`
" q9p"# | é0D>E" G &< Ž_:">& ,‡0P" v¦YN 0 " ~ z& ‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" Áº¬3
G À h "À f Õ= ,‡0P" ´³Ÿ
• ,-."# ,‡\ [" ~
" # &= Õ< ~ †
ˆ G @¨"# &ٓ K-ّ ¦0P" | • ‡P
G G " <H , 0 "
ã
yI" BٔA"&ٓ »º6 " F;:" Ž•¿"# y–È ,‡0P" y=Ð# 0ŠÉw"Ñ ~
} íù0DGL" G z&‫~۔‬

G Í \ ,‡c\a"> Ž•¿"# » º•èÀ Ž•\# î" Õ< `@c\c" # ,‡\ [" ~
† †> @Ò]Y \ a"Y ~

> @¨"# qp"Y `Vb\ a¨"#
> ÅÀ h @3 G # 0 G 2 " 0 ٔ h ˆ G @¨"# ~

\ ™ @7G¬3 " BGA"@70ED>C"> ~


" @¨"# @70î" z4œÞ:"G 5¨" @Ø" 5w"ٔ@?6 })…" „@Nƒ‚G•
} `•Î"•(" ~ ?."b ~
™ é«:Y ! " 53
" 4 21
‫~۔‬ " &» 9 0 " @?" 0 & xw"0& ;:"089706
hð \ o=@t"> | "

Ê\ • ŽÔ"\ yõ¦0N6" \ ,‡P" @7]^ H BS" F@7ED>C"> VU"# ~ d


" BGA"@70ED>C"> F
5w"ٔ@?6 \ ™ @7GÜÛ"= o@BG T
# & ‫~۔‬ " %" & xw"0& ~ 4 0 0> G 0 \ ™ “-œÞn" y<G C"0m’" @?!"0& xw"0& (f7>«?!">•…") Ve7GD>"
• ¿ º«7î ¨ }
=@XW
" 4 ~ " BGA"@70ED>C"> 8ÚÙGT
} 5w"ٔ@?6 " 5ø \ ™ ;:"G@¨"# @70î" „@Nƒ‚G" & f7>«?!">•…" =VgŸ
" &‫~۔‬ " # Ž•" # •…" o=@t"> | é«:Y " 53
9 0 " ;:"089706 " 4 21 ٔ À h b /f "À . 5" ~
" -

Ž•ٔ•" Žj\ Ë" BS" z& =<& ,ˆ‡\ [" ~



G )…" F ; " : • z& ‫۔‬,‡\ [" ~
~ \ • |Ï\a"# yI" ~
™= Ó…"= „@7." @Ø" z& ®•(" ~ \ ™ ;:"2Í
" \ ;:"œ›H z@?."& yÈ •…" ih>
"> 4
G # ˆ 0 > G G > –0
k •
xw"0& FG ;:"# y–È0 ‫~۔‬ "\ R
\ ™ ;:"G2Í ¤ †
" ,‡0P" ~
G #" ;:"4 `-<@˜T " BGA"@70ED>C"> Ól" Y |
> )…" 5¨" •…" 5w"ٔ@?6 \ † G )…" £>Ä"0mÃC"G BS" `2T
# " y–È0 ‫۔‬,ˆ‡[" ~ " @Ø" =<& `•”"G;:"#
ã ã
~ } íù0DGL" G xw"& ~
> `Vb\ a">& VU"# ،Žj\ Ë" 8˜C"# ~

G 0
} David McNamee F;:" y–È ‫~۔‬
# 0 \ ™ BٔA"2Í
" 0 mÐb# ŠÀh/ É w"ÀÑf ~
\ R#¤";:" ,‡P" n
.
} íù0DGL" G úqp"#
G
G G 4 9

LãG
" @Ø" íGù0DG " z& ‫۔‬BS" ,‡0P"The University of Queens land School of Psychology Australia
How does &@Ö¿"G `-&Vù>@

‫ ۔‬Face book affect our sense of belonging?

ã ã
v."# ~
\ ™ o=@t"> | é0«:"Y @?!"0& xw"0& ;:"089706 3 ÐÑ Ïi a pY Ð0ŠÉwÑ } íù0DGL" G z& ,-p0 BG oG LL ™ íù0DGL" G 87D>T Ê\
9 " 5 " 4 2 1
" y " I , ‡\ [" n
m
ˆ h f .gÀ Y b b " q " y = # " z& 8 ˜ C
" # ~ G " ‫۔‬~\ G 0 " =<& %" & úq9p"# y–È0

yI" @Ö¿"G @7>Ï\Ë" 8:"0Kž" @Xå


" & ‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" Áº¬3 … " & ,‡0P" F@B¢˜C"G BGA"K±"@˜T º] \ º¬À3 … ‚• \ • q •]
> > G À h "À f )" yC" > @ø> G G 4 " » G h "À f )" „@Nƒ G " & ,ˆ‡["@¨"Y |
> ¹b hg & =<& ,ˆ‡[" Á Y &ٓ •…"
# ."# ~ Ž" > Kž" Ž > È Y & F

v."# ‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" Áº¬3 … é0."Y F;:" ~ • `VoG C"0m’" Ž•î" F&ٓ qp"Y v."# ‫~۔‬
• `•Î"•(" ~ \ ™ o=@t"> | é«:Y " # &= qp"Y =VJ " 53
" úH@70Š>w"# ;:"089706 " 4 21
G À h "À f )" |
G G # ٔ Y 9 0 " @Ø" ´³Ÿ "

† " \ ²m9T" # ~
ٔ 2Í
~ • `-& ®•(" Ž•î" =<& ,‡\ [" ~
ٔ
™ … " < |D>d" ~
ˆ \ = )" 870Š>34 G
• `•Î"•(" =@N5 † Õ< yI" ~
"4~
# " \ &870]— ¼ z@?."& y–È0 ,‡0P" `•Î"•(" ~
\ ™ ;:"G2Í •

H 0 • w 6 GA ED>C> • Ï\a# ‡P Ð0ŠÉwÑ } …


`•Î"•(" ‫~۔‬ " \ ,-¬N" Õ=@Xr9 Ü" Y ~
\ ™ ;:"G@¨"# 2Í \ ™ ;:"G)…" %" •…" BٔA"@c\U> ]È É z@?."& yI"VU"# ,ˆ‡\ ["
G " , 0 " y= # " ~ z& =<& ~
5" ٔ @?" B" @70 " ~ |
LãG 6 •
@7>Üçt" ,‡0P" mk:
" xw"0& ,‡0P" )Î"& •…" íGù0DG " 5w"0VJ \ ™ yÌC"0=H> ,-sÈ 0 KJG¸\a"# xw"0& @Ø" ~
" BS" `-&ُ ‫~۔‬ † " BGA"@70ED>C"> ،„VU"# 570" ~
> )…" 5¨" •…" 5w"ٔ@?6
v } é.Y
5N " ~ |G 0" FG ;:"# `-@706
} `•Î"•(" ~
" =H ~ • z& yI" ~
\ ™ y–È0 Õ8:"ٔ@t"> &q9p"# ~
• |• " 53
# " @Ø" ;:"089706 " 4 21 " \ @7G¬3
" yI" `2Í " \ @¨"Y
" y¸\Ë" y–È0 uÙGE" > •”"G `2Í

\ ™ @7G¬3
‫~۔‬ > <)> €" •…"
" @¨"# ;:"0H w

53
" 4 21 †
9&< ~ " \ qp"Y |
> 2Í ¡ì •>ë"\H BS" `Váy˜‚#×"@Y" Õ< @Z."Y `-&Vù@ º«7î 9 " ~ } =KJx º] †
" ~ G " Ž > > > " VU"# -
ٔ À h b f/ "À . ~@BG T > 9 " ;P" » > Margaret Lyn McBeath
> ¹b hg & ~

vä" ~
• ;:"876 3" - º«7î ºÜÀÛ—À = x70Ü¿"9 |¡ì •ë\ •]Y K˜‚#× •¿G •ë\ •¿# ¿ ¢˜‚6 • &qp"& ~ } ;:"876
0 9 0 " 5" 4 2 1 ٔ À h b /f "À . Á
> hf G " Ž > " H> Ž > È & % " @Y" yI" Ž " Ž G " @¨"Y @7>]È Ñ @¨"# Ž " y–È0 Õ< ‫@۔‬Ö" G íG G " ~ FG 4 0 9 0"
K˜‚#× ã
" 53 " VU"# % " @Y" Õ< ûG”^# @ ß } íù0DGL" G BS" `-&‫@۔‬7î" F@ÒzG ]">& @Ø" `•Î"•(" 314 ~

> `Vb\ a">& -º«7î ‡\ GºŠbÆ—Àf o@Ø" “m’"
;:"089706 " 4 21 " ~ G 0 # > ٔ À h b f/ "À . o@Ø" z& ‫۔‬,ˆ [" Á h/
¿ î } `Vù0Ü¿"G@3
'¿&À Gh »
Ž•" # Žï" =<& ( ºë
G %b i h = ,‡0P" (}b hð &= Ó¿"G@3
~Ÿ " ~ " KJٔ|Ñ 70• º] •• ] p " {@¨" ،`•Î"•(" ÕH;:"= ~
> ¹b hg & ,‡0P" Ž 9 " =Vù0^ > •”"0 q"Y =VJ
" » > 0 > 0 > >
}
• ÕH;:"= yÌC"0=H ~

¿ •ë\ S '¿&À G ~ X•6


Ž•" G KJG¸\a"# | Ï\a# é#E!"> BS" `•Î"•(" `-& |¡ì † … ¨ w 6 º]¹b & ~ })…"Ve7D>d" ~
• `-&ُ ,‡P" „@¨" F=2A
G " | G G " Ž > " H> B" ،(h G )" 5" 5" ٔ @?" »
> hg G 0 G " 5 4"
'¿&À Gh ~
‫(۔‬ G )…" ,‡0c\a"> @?!"0& VU"#

ã
-º«7î † > )…" R # ¤";:" •…" F;:"# z& F@B‚0DGLã G £>¢ZG¡L > ,-‡0w"G Ž•ٔ•" BS" `-@70]— N qp"Y<&‫۔‬Ž•ٔ•" BS" ,‡0P" &870Š70î" University of Waterloo íù0DGL" G y–È
ٔ À h b f/ "À . ~ G 4 G G G " " 9 > G 0

\ ™ @7G¬3
" úq9p"# xw"0& •…" HVU"> =<& ~
@Ø" B+" 8:">=> BGA"K±"4@˜T " @¨"# @Òã • BٔA"@c\U]È •”"G ~
^Y # ~ † ƒ‚• ٔº«À7b/f î"À ´³Ÿ … " 53 " )Î"& yI" ,ˆ‡\ [" Ž€" > @Ø"
" 4 21
> É ٔ @¨"# @70î" „@N G " & -
h . " # &= •" ;:"089706
5
"\ R
‚ `2Í '0
p"& ( •¿"# qp"Y |¡ì •>ë"\H ~
• z& =<& ~ ™ @7¬3 l•# " y21
‫~۔‬ # G¤"Kž" FG &q 4 b Å g h & Ž G " Ž > \ G " @" ¨# @Ö "

¡ì •ë\ S "\
|G " Ž > " H> =<& z4œÞ:"G B" <KJ0ƒ

L L
,‡0P" 5XW
" 4 BS" F h>> 4 ¢Z¡ > ( \ ™ ;:"G)…" zV„¡" F î º«7î €G p S
" > BS" „H9;P" „<= Žï" - •]Y ! \
G @70… " £> G " )>" H9;P" „<= y–È0 ‫~۔‬ G =<K¯ ٔ À h b /f "À . Ž" q" G B" FG &H> Ž > È & `-@?" > & Kó"
L «7î † …
" 53
;:"089706 " ,‡0P" =<H z&‫»۔‬
" 4 21 h †G C¹b h/ m’" £>¢ZG¡" > -
º0îèÀ =@70©G¨">& (
ٔ À h b f/ "À . ~ G

º > )" z4œÞ:" •…" `-& ~ †
> `•Î"•(" ,‡0P" ~ †
> ;P"=> K\ ó" ‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" ~ "\ F
G 2Í # @70ŠG3
" H

} `-Váàß • ¿
،,‡0P" y21
" z& ~ " > ‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" Áº¬3 … "\ »
G À h "À f )" z4œÞ:"G =><KJ0ƒ
º0×èÀ » º] ( †
h > ¹b hg & ®•" ~ "\ ~
ٔ 2Í \ ™ yÌC"0=H> @?!"0& xw"0& Ž•" #
G )…" „@Nƒ‚G" & •…" v."# ~

Ê\ ä " 53 ¡ã# p ;:"# z& ,‡0P"


\ ™ ;:"G)…" %" &)> €" H8P" ,‡0P" ~
z4œÞ:"G z& ‫~۔‬ † "\ »
> )…" z4œÞ:"G <KJ0ƒ º]
> ¹b hg & •…" `•”">@?!">& “m’" v" ;:"089706 " yI" @ò" `<)…" |
" 4 21 4 ^ q" Y FG
6
v."# ‫~۔‬
\ ™ w2 A " ,-s" 0 qp"G 5X•4 " ŽÔ"\ R
" > 2T ¤ ‡\ [ †
G 0" @c\a"> xw"0& y–È0 ،,ˆ " ~ G 2Í"\ R
# G¤"Kž" F
p } ’ ä }
G &q" 4 & ~ “m" v" ~ z& q"Y F
p @70ED>C"> B>A"@?!">& 8˜C"# ~
G
}
5
‡ \ [ † … R … S † l•# 5 º Ü l• º] ™ X • 6 Ï\a# Ül•# 5 … …
‫۔‬,ˆ " ~ G )" v4" 4 •" B" ~ > @Ö " =<& - > À h b fð À . " » 4
\ 5 " |
0 ¹À ٔ h &ٓ ‫~۔‬ G " @7> " =<& ;:">)" `-@70]— N •"
LãG
•…" z& =<& BS" íGù0DG " xw"0& qp"Y `•Î"•(" 236 )…" 5P" ~

> Debora Jeske=<&Lyndesy Jenkin Ruoyun Lin

LãG
> `Vb\ a">& ,‡0P" íGù0DG " z&‫@۔‬70î" ÂC—ٔ @3

" ,-‡0w"G ~
`•("&21 • o;:" ~
"4 ~ >
} Influence Benefits of Role Model on Social Media

• F&qp"& qp"Y `•”È0 <= B>A"@?!">& ~ \ [C¹b =H ~


} z& =<& z4œÞ:" BS" =<KJƒ } ;:"876 3 " VU"# BS" v4R †
> )…" z4œÞ:"G F
" 4 •…" BS" ~ U }
~ G 4 G > 0" ( h/ > 0 9 0 " 5" 4 2 1 G ;:"#&V" # ~
«?6 ¿
5? " ,‡0Ö" > & =<& ,ˆ‡\ [" ~ †
G )…" z4œÞ:"G „H9;P" „<= » º0×èÀ » º]¹b & yÌC"0=H~ } ;:"876 3 ( ¿"G y–È =VLã DGLãG S ‡\ [ ˜‚6
h > hg > 0 9 0 " 5 " 4 2 1
" ® • " y " I @Ö 0 9 " Y > @" Ø íG " B" `-& ‫۔‬,ˆ " íG¢ G "
ù0
5
¿# ïî \ \ l• … ºÜç:/
† \ ü 1 • J ƒ
ٔ ;[" yÇ# " 4 Ž " Ž " =><K 0 " y–È0 ‫~۔‬
~ ™ G A Í
\ B" 2" B" @3 > A ‡ P †> … J– ¼
" &ٓ , 0 " ~)" ú<K 0 — B" `-& =<& - S º Ü
> À h b fð À . " •" => <KJ0ƒ "\ » º] •
> ¹b hg & •…" `-& ~ z& ،,ˆ‡[" »
\ ºë%b i = -
G h G À h À f ". H
a
53 " VU"# ®•(" »
" 4 21 mÐÀY Ñ Ïbh i "bf .g qp"Y y=Ð# 0ŠÉw"Ñ z& ~
?!Åb & yI" n †
9&< ~
> )…" “÷K-!"0= ‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" Áº¬3 " \ (`-&H |•
G À h "À f 2Í " ،ú=9œÞÖÛ")B+" 8:">=>
" ،=@X‡> {"> ،`-&H v¦Ñw"¥@3
h/ G " @70•

BS" F Ð.# p •]Y ‡\ [ †


G =&)>Î" B+" 8:">=> y–^> &87>E!"Y | D‚0DGˆ ‡\ [ †
G )…" z4œÞ:"G •…" „H9;P" „<= »º] [C¹b =H ~ } ;:"876
G ;:"0&<= =<& FG @Ò 0" q" G Ž > È &،,ˆ " ~ G G " ÕH;:"0=> ،,ˆ " ~ > ¹b hg & (h/ > 0 9 0"
•üC0 † k
BS" ÁºŠw > )…" v!"Y&< ~
> À Ñ %b h ðf „H9;P" „<= @Ø" `<K±"<H Ž > " ~
•& ~ " \ @70î" 5ø
\ ™ ;:"G2Í † †
G )…" ÕH;:"0=> ú=&83
> `Vb\ a">& Ól" Y VU"# =<& ,ˆ‡\ [" ~
" @¨" ~ " ;:"Y
¿ \
" \ ÕH;:"0=> ,‡0P" `-& Ž•" # v4ë"&VU">
\ ™ BGA"2Í
‫~۔‬

C \ ™ J¸\a# ¡ì •ë\ S 6 } h>


•…" z& Ž•>ü" 0 ‫~۔‬ KG " ÕH;:"0=> | " @¨"# @c\Ë" y–È0 íG¢˜‚G" ~
\ ™ @7G¬3
G " Ž > " H> B" z& yI" ~
} `Vù0]— N VU"> Ž••" BS" `-@7]— N qp"Y<&
i "> 4 5P"@¨" ~ ٔ 0
w Ê\
8>¨">& y=Ð# 0ŠÉ" Ñ y–È0 %" ,‡0P" | ¡ã
^
#
z& ‫۔‬ \
~ ™ ;:^ &ٓ Ž•¿"# @7Š§7Y]^ ~
• 5w"ٔ@?6 " BGA"@70ED>C"> ~
•& y·¶:"# ~ …
\ ™ ;:"Gq9p"Y ;:">)…" %" @7>6 " @Ø" 5w"ٔ@?6
" @3 " BGA"@70ED>C"> °>K¯ " ;:">
4 G > >
¿
y–^> &87>E!"Y | D‚0DGˆ } Î( • \ ™ @7G]Å0 H H8P" Ž•" # ,‡0P" ~ † "\ »
> )…" z4œÞ:"G <KJ0ƒ º] " 53
> ¹b hg & •…" `•Î"•(" ;:"089706 " yI" ,ˆ‡\ [" Á
" 4 21 º¬3 …
G G " =8:">& ~ `•" •" ~ z& =<& ~ G À h "À f )"
¿ \ ¿ ¿ /.# ¿
~ \ ™ @7G«P" Ž•" # `-V‰3 " Ž•>ë"H> ,‡0c\a">& ~ • z& ‫~۔‬ \ ™ @7G]Å0 H Ž•" # y–È# 8>¨"# @Ø" ~

> œÞ70Ü" Y xw"G `<K±"<H •…" “÷21 " z& =<& ~ \ ™ @7GŠÆ"0 % > " Ž•" # y–È0 <=
6
™ • \ ŠÒÐÉE
ë ¡ì A DC>
‫~۔‬ \ Ž G " = % " =<& KJG¸\a"# | G " BG" @70E > " =<&

6 \
" 4 •…" ‫ء‬2018 KJ#Œ5
BS" ÂC—ٔ @3 †
" H 19 ,‡0P" 570" Ž‹:"ˆH9 “÷K-!"0= xw"0& B8" &< ~ " \ o@N½Gë"& qp"0=> ~
> 2Í } The Prince Trust =<&SARAH HARRIS
ã Û Ê\
,sÈ 0 •Žv" BS" ,-."# ®•(" 3000 yI" ~ " \ K\ ó"@Y" l F
\ ™ BGA"2Í ; " : y È , } íù0DGL" G z& ‫~۔‬
‡0P" y=Ð# 0ŠÉw"Ñ ~ \ ™ Ž•GÜ" = •@BG C"> %" & <H =8:">& » º] ” ••
G # 0 – G > ¹b hg & F9 =•— Y = y–È0 ‫ ۔‬Ž ٔ "
5
\ ™ ;:"G2Í • z& ‫@۔‬Öl•# " ,‡c\a"> „H;P" „<= @7]—Y & •…" ,-s" 8Æ"&< »
" \ K\ ó"@Y" l y–È0 ~ º] † > ،,ˆ‡\ [" (R ¤ { • „@3
Õ< yI" ~ 0 9 > 0 > ¹b hg & ~ G 0" KJ4I"& 8Új0 " > 45) „@3 " 30 ~ " 11

\ ™ @70•" ,-s" # íG¢˜C"G =<•ŽÛ" BٔA"@c\UG ]È Ñ & ~


yI" Žٰ •G." ‫~۔‬ • ²K±"@˜T } Î
4 " ~ H)" H=& »
º] \ \ ™=@¨"# )…" ~
> ¹b hg & @Ø" `-& ‫۔‬,ˆ‡[" ~
9 =<H ~ • `•”">&8:"@¨" » º] … U
> > > ¹b hg & •" HV" >
>
•Žv" ~ †> `-@?!">& ‫~۔‬
6
\ ™ o@Ø" 5X•4 " xw"0& ;:">=&)>Î" B+" 8:">=> KJ0Ì>C"# ~
} „H;P" „<= ‫~۔‬ \ ™= ,‡0c\a"> v4’‘
"4 | @
" ; " : - º«À7b/ î"À `-& Ž•¿"# ,-s" 0 8Æ"&< ~} `-&
9 4 # ٔ hf.

" > y–È0 BS" z& ÕK±"4@˜T # ."# ,‡0P" F A ï!0 " \ @ÖÛ"= ,-."Y =<K¯
\ ™ ;:"G2Í º0×èÀ »
" > „H9;P" „<= BٔA"•…" y–^> BٔA"•…" » º] }
‡P " K\ ó" ~
FG =<K¯ " | G =2" Ž " & ‫~۔‬ h > ¹b hg & , 0 " y21
a
\ ™ ;:"G)…" 5c\" Y ,‡0P" ~
# ."# ‫~۔‬
xw"0& | †
> )…" &=•”"Y •…" F \ ™ yÌC"0=H> 8¨"&< xw"0& ŽÔ"\ ;:"089706
" > z& BS" z& VU"# ~
G =<K¯ " 53 " •”"G ;:"G)…" ,‡0c\a"> ú=•”"Y
" 4 21

"\ ~
BS" =><KJ0ƒ † " 53
> ;:"089706 " 4 21 " \ @7G¬3
" yI" `2Í " y¸\Ë" y–È0 ,‡0P"•”"G ~ " \ ú=•”"Y ،~
\ ™ BGA"@¨"# 2Í • F@7ED>C"> B>A"@?!">& í¢˜C"G @Ø" v."# F=<K¯
\™ ~ G 0 G G " > úH@70Š>w"#
:
F = <K ¯
" BG A"@70ED>C"> %Ê
"
\
& x w
" & B S" v."# ih>
" > 4 xw"0& ‫~۔‬
\ ™ ;:"@ÒÐY Ñ Ï\a"Y xw" 570+“" G y–È ;:" •…" 5Nv" BGA"@7ED>C"> %Ê "
\
& x w
" & })…" %Ê
~ "
\ €
&)> " H8P" ,‡0P" z4œÞ:"G
G > 0 0 G 0 Y 0 0
… • … •¿# ¿ ì •ë\ S
" \ =@XW
‫@۔‬ò" 2Í " 4 %" ~ " BGA"@70ED>C"> Õ< =<& B+" 2Í
%" Ž " @Ø" 5w"ٔ@?6 " \ KJG¸\a"# Ž•" # | ¡ BC0 ” † ٔ @¨"# 2Í
G " Ž > " H> B" z& @ً 7>©0 G " •" G ~ " \ ú=•”"Y

íG¢˜C"G `-@706 } Social Capital =<&Social Media


" =H ~

•5
" \ @7GÜl # " ú=<K¯
‫`۔‬2Í " > ;:">)…" | . " > < BS" 579Š7¼ 0 î" 53 " ,‡0P" e
" 4 21 • |•
dcbi h a^bgf ~
G " @ø # "

ã0 L L ™ ‚• † oVb\ ”> T ! } 579Š7¼ 0 î" 53


‫~۔‬ > `•Î"•(" £>¢ZG¡" > ‫~۔‬
\ ™ BS" ñ^ K-4!"G £>¢ZG¡" > BS" z& ~
† \ Â 0 " < 8¨" ~
# " @Ø" v."# ~
\ ™ “œÞ Ý
" & Žï" 0 & xw"0& ~ " 4 21
"
/ER ?!
5¨"# 5P" =<& ´³Ÿ \ ™ ;:"G)…" ŽÔ"\8:">@?4!"> BS" % 9 " »
" # &= ,‡0P" v!"Y&ٓ @Ø" `•”">@?!">& ,‡0P" v."# ~ \ ™ y–È0 oVb\ ”> T
h/ Åb & y–È0 yI" ~ " @Ø" z& ûG”^# @ ß } úKJõî"H
" ~ > 4 9
• àß × ™ ] />.# … ¡ì
;:">)…" „@Nƒ‚G" & ,‡0P" `Vù>üT " & z& ,‡0P" ,-¬70" ،~
" ,-."# ,‡0P" `-Vá " > z& •…" “œÞ Ý \ @7GÅ 0 H % " •" ²K±"4@˜T
" 87>6 \ …
G " xw"0& @7>ë"= )"
" |
î • 579Š7¼ 0 î" 53
Žï" H&Kž" ~ " ûG”^# @ ß
" 4 21 } `-& ‫~۔‬
" ~ †
\ ™ BS" `-@70]— N ~
¿ }
> `Vù0Ü" G @3 " \ @7Gë"\@¨"Y
" ~ z& =<& Sebastian Valenzuela Õ< `2Í

“m’" vä" ,‡0P" ÕK±"4@˜T


" •…" F º] " & qp"Y `<K±"<H =8t"G vä" Õ< yI" |
\ ™ ;:"G)…" H@N½G@ é0@ • `<K±"<H @Ø" H)> €" Ž•¿"#
”"> BS" z& ،í¢˜C"G ~
Y &ٓ »
> ¹b hg & =<& ~ G " • G

,‡0P" =<H ~ " \ @¨"Y @7>ÜÛ"= »


} “-&ٓ “m’" vä" yI" @ò" `2Í º6 " ~ } F&ٓ F;:" y–È ,‡P" ,‡P" y21 } áàß > \ ™ ;:">=9VU"# ~ •
> ÅÀ h @3 Y G # 0 0 0 " z& ~ `-V " z& ‫~۔‬
Š70î 4 1 } ” !
‫~۔‬ " \ =>&8:">& qp"4& qp"Y 579 ¼ " 53
\ ™ ;\ ["= 2Í " 53
" 2" ~ `•" > @?" > & ;:"089706 " 4 21
"

¿ •: ‡w }
v."# @70î" ²<K±" xw"0& ~

> `Vù0Ü" G @3 " &ٓ z@?¬70]^9 °>&ٓ Ž•9•
" q " 0 H ,- 0 " G ~ z& =<& Sebastian Valenzuela ,‡0P" y·:È0 Kž"& ,-‡93 " =Vù0]^> •”"0

} `•Î"•(" xw" vu0t"> qp"Y =VJ


qp"4& “m’" vä" qp"Y `•”È0 <= ~ # " 53
" {@¨"> ;:"089706 " 4 21 '¿&À Gh »
" yI" ( ºë ç: '¿&À Gh 5P"@3
G %b i h @¨"Y @7>Ü " 0 H y–È0 Õ< ‫(۔‬ " 4 ®•(" 2603 ,‡0P"

• xw" vu0t"> ,‡P" ~ Š70î 4 1 º]


~ #
† " qp"# “>21
0 > @– 9 " = < qp"4& @7>]—Y & ,‡0P" ÕK±"4@˜T †
" =<& ,ˆ‡\ [" ~ " q9p"# “m’" vä" •…" 579 ¼ " 53
G @– > ¹b hg & Õ< =<&~
" 2" » " \ =>&8:">&
\ ™ BGA"2Í

} 579Š7¼ 0 î" 53 LãG ?¦bö"À


•…" íG¢˜C"G `-@706
" =H ~ " =<& xw"# vu0t"> 8ÚÙGT
" 4 21 " \ @7G¬3
" úH@70Š>w"# @Ø" íGù0DG " z& BS" `-& yI" `2Í " y¸\Ë" y–È0 ,‡0P" ‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" ÁºŠÆ
G b —À h/ f H8P" Áh/ f

\ ™ •Vù#…ß '¿&À Gh »
" > @7>ŠÉö" íG¢˜C"G y–È0 yI" ( ºë •¿# ¿ … ì> é@ ” S ¢˜CG
‫~۔‬ G %b i h @¨"Y @7>]È Ñ @¨"# Ž " y–È0 Õ< =<& @Ö" G ;:">)" ñ" &< •…" | —
G 0 " •" > B" íG " z& =<& ;:">8§:">V" H9
C \ ™ • \ #W w } 579Š7¼ 0 î" 53 • } w u0t> ã LãG
Ž•>ü" 0 ‫~۔‬ yÇG" 4 = &$ " x" 0 & `-@706
" =H ~ " =<& „@Nƒ‚G" & ~
" 4 21 x" # v " yI" @70î" v4¦ˆwȼ =9VL" Y > y–È0 @Ø" íGù0DG " Ž•>]ÈY & ~

> `Vb\ a">&
• • C ’ J¸\a#
=<& ,ˆ‡\ [" »ºë
G %b i h = ,‡0P" ´³Ÿ
• `•Î"•(" =@N5
" # &= ~ † ,‡P" B+" 8:"= BGA"K±"@˜T
"4~
# 0 > >
‡\ †G )…" „ @Nƒ‚G" & ~
4 " ,ˆ [" ~ y<G " 0 m" KG " ÕH;:"0=> xw"# vu0t"> VU"# ®•(" »
?!Åb &
h/
>
\ ™ BGA"&ٓ »
‫~۔‬ º6 " )…" m˜ç:"> Ž•¿"# |é0…h"> 4 BS" `-& =<& ,‡\ [" ~

G …" &H& =&H)…" %Ê \
& ,‡0P" Ž€" G qp"G BS" ÕK±"4@˜T
> ÅÀ h @3 G ˆ ) " "

(Happiness) Ž‘ " 53
" 4 VU"> =<& ;:"089706 " 4 21
"

k ¿ Ê\
`•Î"•(" Ól" Y ‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" »ºë € 9 †
G %b i h = z4VU"> H&)> " & ~&< ~

\ ™ BGA"@¨"# Žj\ Ë" Ž•" # y–È0 F
> )…" „@Nƒ‚G" & @Ø" z& yI" ~ ¢˜‚6 } " 53 " 4 21
G ;:"# %" & xw"0& íG G " ~ ;:"089706 "
L
oV¢˜T 'lb "À hð f •”"G @70î" yÌ™" @ ß DGLã G £>¢ZG¡L
"> | p " > 2T †
> ,‡0P" ‫~۔‬ n }
\ ™ v¬" qp"# ~ D‚0DGˆ ø \ ™ @7>Ï\Ë" @Ø"
" e " @Ø" FG @BG ‚0 " # ."# q"Y w2A " z& ~ G G " 5" & yI" ~
z& |

qp"Y w2A
" > 2T \ ™ ;:"G@¨"# ;:"0;:"Y `-@Òš
" z&‫~ ۔‬ " #= ÕH;:"0=> @Ø" » • yZ
ºë%b i = z4VU"> ,‡0P" `•Î"•(" ~ " < B S" ;:"8706
" 5 3
" 4 2 1
" y " I \
~ ™ @7Ï\Ë" y–È @Ø" ,-p0 BG oG LL "\
" KJ4I"& yI" &2Í
> h # 0 9 > 0

\ ™ v4¦ˆwȼ ,‡0P" |
‫~۔‬ ›" 8¨"> BS" F
Y &ٓ y " P œÞ ¨
" > @" Ø F @BG ‚0 DGLã †
" G 8Z>."Y B8" &< ~ "\
> 2Í
G G

LãG
:~ " @Ø" v."# íGù0DG " Ž•>]ÈY & ~
\ ™ `-&Vù>@ †
> Meghan Ayssa Young

Social Media Use and Happiness Among Adults 45 Years and Older

| é0{"><KQß
" ،| ¡ì
" Ž •>]ÈY & ®•(" ~
} •Žv" úqp"# yI" ~\ ™ „@7." y–È @Ø" ,-p0 BG oG LL
" ‫۔‬ @7 •
" @7 î
" q p
" Y ` • Î
" • (
" } •Žv" {@¨" xw"& °>K¯
~ " • …
" í ù0 DGLãG
G G 9 0> 0 0 0 > 0 G " z &.
} `-& ~ " # < BS" v."# ‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" ~
• yZ †
G )…" @7>6 6 ‡P >ºÜÀÛ—Àf = =&)G €"qp"# „VU"# 5706 • `•Î"•(" ~
• yZ
" # < BS" 5w"ٔ@3
=8:">& ~ " @3" @Ø" F G œÞX•4 " , 0 " Á h " ~ " < =<&

\ ™ Ž•G«P" Ž‘
‫~۔‬ G )…" „@Nƒ‚G" & @Ø" ;:"089706

" 4 VU"> •…" `-& •”"G ,ˆ‡\ [" ~ " 53
" 4 21 ?!Åb &‫~۔‬
# ."# ®•(" »
" | h/ \ ™ @7GQt" »º` p @ A ‘
> ÅÀ h q9"# KQj>" @Ø" Bٔ" @c\U> ]È É =<& Ž" &H&

ã
• yÌC"0=H Žïî" ;:" Žïî" ~
´³•!"#&< ~ } ;:"876 " 5 3
" 4 2 1
" ® • (" 8Új0 {">56 ûG”^# @ ß
" } ñã
~ ^ - ٔ @7]È ‫@۔‬70•" @70î" F @Ò zG ]">& @Ø" H&)> €"& 870 - º«À7b/ î"À íù0DGL" G z&
> > 0 9 0 G Ñ # > ٔ h f . G
¡, ã
=<& qp"0H Ž•>ŠGö" ®•(" yI" ~
\ ™ ,‡0c\a"> ~
• F;:" z& í¢˜C"G @Ø" Ž‘
" 4 V U
" > y " I Bٔ A"&ٓ »º6
À
> h Å @" 3 y È – F ; "
0 G # Y : |E " Y H xw"0& ,‡0P" y=Ð# 0ŠÉw"Ñ ~ '¿&À Gh
} íù0DGL" G z& ‫(۔‬
G # G G
L
,s" 0 )…" -º«7î {"G< ²=VM¿"G „@Nƒ‚G• 6 3 4 1 †
(" ‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" ~
G …" „@Nƒ‚G• ž é0«:"Y ;:"089706 3 4 1 ¢ZG¡" > ,‡0P" H&8˜C"G Ž•>ŠGö"
ٔ À h b f/ "À . |
G 9 " & @" Ø ; " :
0 89 70 " 5 " 2 " ® • ) " & K " =
> > 9
@" t | " 5 " 2 " £>
L ºÜÛ " # &= ~ º«7î {"G< ÕH;:"= ;:"
zV„¡" Ž‘ • z& Õ< =<& ~
" 4 VU"> ~ " \ B>A"@3
\ ™ BGA"2Í " &ٓ ,‡0P" Á
> À h —À f = ´³Ÿ
• `<K±"<H ( } ;:"876
[C¹b h/ =H> ~ 3 " •…" `-& ،-
0 9 0 " 5" 4 2 1 ٔ À h b /f "À . |
G 0 > 0

G )…" £>Ä"0mÃC"G BS" `2T } `-& Ž•¿"# ®•(" =@N5 † … •¿#
† ,‡P" F&VU"# ‫۔‬,‡\ [" ~ S " @Ø" ~ † …
} `•Î"•(" Õ< ‫۔‬,‡\ [" ~
~ " @Ø" ~ "4~
# 0 # ˆ G )" Ž " £>Ä"0mÃC"G B" `2T ˆ G )"

\ ™ BGA^ )…" @70Ï\ž" Ž‘


‫~۔‬ " 4 VU"> •…" `-& F ‡\ [ †
G ;:"# y–È0 =<& ,ˆ " ~ " \ ²m9T" # ~
ٔ 2Í • `•Î"•(" Õ< yI" ~ " \ z@?."& ,‡0c\a">& ~
\ ™ ;:"G2Í • v."# ‫۔‬,‡\ ["
ˆ

L ã
• |•
ÕH;:"0=> ~ S
# " H&8˜C"G B" `•("&< ~
† • •
> )…" „@Nƒ‚G" & xw"# vu0t"> ‫@۔‬70•"@70î" „@Nƒ‚G" & •…" Kž"=@t"> | é0«:"Y ;:"089706
" 5 3
" 4 2 1
" £ > ¢ZG¡" > 13 ,‡0P" íGù0DGL" G z&
> 9
• º6 " y–È F;:" %Ê \ ‡ Њw } ¿
> )…" „@Nƒ‚G" & o=@t"> |
† é«:Y • " 53
" 4 21 \ ™ BٔA"&ٓ » 0 G # " & xw"0& , 0 P" y= # 0 É " Ñ ~ ú8§79• " z& ‫۔‬Ž•" G
~ 9 0 " 8:"ٔ&=> ~ xw"0& @Ø" ;:"089706 " yI" ~ > ÅÀ h @3

| é0«:"Y xw"0& Žïî" Õ< Õ&VU"> ,ˆ‡\ [" ~



G ) …" „@Nƒ‚G•
" & ; " :
0 8 70 6
" 5 3
" 4 2 1
" ® • (" Ž•¿"# VU"# yÇŠÆ"# & ‫~۔‬
\ ™ ,‡0c\a"> íG¢˜C"G {@¨"> BٔA"•…" `-@706 } Ž‘
" =H ~ " 4 VU">=<&
9 9 G

\ ™ Ž•G«P" Ž‘
~ • xw"& ;:" ,s" )…" „@Nƒ‚G•
" 4 VU"> •…" `-& ،8:"ٔ&=> ~ " & •…" o=@t">
0 0 0

LãG Ê\
~ " @Ø" v."# BS" ~
\ ™ `-&Vù>@ > Jiyoung Chae íGù0DG " %" & 8¨" ~
† † xw"&
# 0

Reexamining the relationship between Social media and happiness.

ã
ÕqÑp"ٔ@¨"# &ً H)> €" &ً H)> €" @Ø" F &q 4
} xw"& K\ ó" =<& @7•" @7î" „@Nƒ‚G•
p"& ~ 0 0 0 " & • …" Linked Inn =<& o&)Î"@7E!">&،xw"# vu0t"> o=@t" |é0«:"Y ,-‡0w"G - º«À7b/ î"À íù0DGL" G z&
G 9 > 9 ٔ h f . G

‫@۔‬70•" @70×"

L ™ C Ê\ Ô\ ã
> ,-p0 BG oG L" ‫~۔‬

~ †~
\ íG¢˜" G &$\ #W" 8¨" ~
#
• F@7ED>C"> B>A"@?!">& @Ø" v."# ‫۔‬BٔA"&ٓ »
0 >
º6
À Å h @" 3 F ; " :
# % " & Ž" ú q mÐb# ŠÀ/h É w"ÀÑf ~
p"# xw"0& ,‡0P" n
.
} íù0DGL" G z&
G
G G 9
ã
xw"G | .
" # , ‡ º¬À3
\ [" Á À " Õ= ; " : ,‡\ [" » • „@Nƒ‚G•
ºë%b i = z4VU"> xw" |{"G< z& ~ " & } ;:"876
~ 0 " 5 3
" 4 2 1
" ® • (
" y " I @70 î
" R # ¤
" ; " : y È – q p"Y H@70Šw"# BS" íù0DGL" G Ž•>]ÈY &
# ˆ G hf 0 ˆ G h G G 0 9 G 4 0 > G
?ub¨"bð ‫~۔‬
\ ™ @70î" z;:"Y ~
} `•Î"•(" ²K±"<H yI" »º] \ a " •”"G qp"Y F;:" z& Õ< Ž•>üC"0 ،~
G )…" ,‡0c\a"> ~
† • `•Î"•(" ²K±"<H y–^ &=2T
Áh/ f G ¹b h/ H ,‡0c" > yZ# G # ]
> > " @7>— Y & Õ<
Њw … ¿
@ً ZG¡ # 0 É " Ñ =<& ,ˆ‡\ [" Ž•G]—0 H BٔA"@ÖÛ"H %" ,‡0Ö" > & `@70•
" 4 VU"> Ž•>]ÈY & BS" `-& •”"G ,ˆ‡\ [" ~
† • `Vù0•
G )…" w<K±"4 ;:">)…" ~ " @7>]—Y & Õ< ŽÔ"\
" 4 VU"> BS" `•Î"•(" ²K±"<H y–^> =>&2T

BٔA"@Ò Y t" •…" `Vù0•


" 4 VU"> BS" `<K±"<H ®•(" | \ º¬À3 … Ê\ • ™ BGA"@¨"# 2Í \ ÂE" G &< ŽŸÛ" Ž•¿"# ,‡P" Ž‘
# ."# yI" ,ˆ‡[" Á
G h "À f )" 8>¨">& FG ; " :
# y È –0 % " ~ z& ‫۔‬~\ " 0 " 4 VU"> BS" `-&
¿ l
BGA"@¨"# 2Í " \ H;:"#qp"# Ž•" # `@70•
" \ w<K±"4 ;:">2Í " 4 VU"> Ž•>]ÈY & BS" `-& =<& ~ " \ &870]— ¼ 8?." ,‡0P" `-& •”"G ,ˆ‡\ [" »
\ ™ ;:"G@¨"# 2Í º] … ç: • "\
" > BٔA"2Í
G ¹b h/ H)" w<K±"4 @7>Ü " 0 H ~ `<mkŸ

‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ ["

l ˜‚6 } ‘
\ ™ ;:"0H y¢" &VU" @Ø" ú8§79•
~ † "\ ~
ٔ 2Í
" xw"0& ~ †
G )…" =@c\¡
" & @Ø" F º] " 53
> ¹b hg & íG¢ G " ~ Ž" 4 VU"> =<& ;:"089706
G œ›@70."> » " 4 21 †
> Dr.Paul Marsden
" ~

¡,Y p " @Ø" v."#


\ ™You are probably less happy than your friends on Social Media. `-&Vù>@
ú8§79• Y E " H úq9"# xw"0& y–È0 ‫~۔‬
" |
• } Y &ٓ )Î"& F;:"# Žj\ a"0 ,-¬70×" `2Í … • ù• º ]
"\ ~
•”"G `2Í \ ™= y¸\Ë" |
G " <H ~ F G " \ z4VU"> %" ~ `V G " <H »
> ¹b hg & F
Y &ٓ 8:"0@3 \ ™ @70•" @c\Ë" ,‡0P" z&‫~۔‬
" 4 yI" ~ \™

† • ²K±"<H xw"& ŽÔ"\ |•


> „;:"Y KJ9I"&H9 ‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" z4VU"> ÕH;:"0=> ~ p " 53 \ ™ @7G«Xå ß £t}À h @?¦0ö" •…" F
~ 0 # " q"Y ;:"089706 " 4 21
" yI" ~ # « " y–È0 @Ø" z&‫@۔‬ò" (
" >R Y &ٓ
º ÜÛ
• ŽX" H&ٓ o@n" ،,‡\ [" Á p " 53 \ ™ ;:"0@7G]^# ~
† "\ ~

G )…" Õ=@3
" 4 & °>m’" BS" F
~ ˆ G À h —À f = z4VU"> •…" `<K±"<H VU"# ®•(" Õ< q"Y ;:"089706 " 4 21
" yI" ~ ٔ 2Í G ;:"# =<& xw"0&

z& •”"G @ò" `<)…" v4R


" 4 •…" BS" Áº ÜÛ Î " \ @7G¬3 9 R« ß • \ † " \ z4VU"> ÕH;:"0=> | Ï\a#
> À h —À f = z4VU"> •…" `•Î"•(" ,‡0P" )" & yI" `2Í " ~ # " y–È0 ,‡0P" ~ z& ‫۔‬,ˆ‡[" ~
G 2Í G "
Њw }
" \ = z4VU"> ÕH;:"0=> ~
‫@۔‬ò" `2Í • `•Î"•(" o@n" ,‡P" ,‡P" n
0 0 mb # À h/ É "À Ñf ~
.

• º«7î † 7Ü¿Y ‘ U … 6 3 1 ¿ à ß º] †
„@Nƒ‚G" & - Î ”" ~
Y &ٓ )" & ûG^ # @ ß
> œÞ 0 " Ž" 4 V" > •" ;:"08970" 5" 4 2" F
ٔ À h b /f "À . ~ \ ™ @70î" `-@70]— N Ž•" # y–È0 ,‡0P" `-Vá " > »
} `-& yI" ~ > „;:"Y KJ9I"&H9
> ¹b hg & ~
¿ w
\ ™= @7>]^# yÌC"0=H> xw"0& @Ø" ~
yI" VU"#Nataly Kogan ‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" ~ †
> œÞ70Ü" Y Ž‘ " 53
" 4 VU"> •…" ;:"089706 " 4 21
" F — h > f y=Ð# 0ŠÉ" Ñ y–È0 ;ً P"=>œ› ~
dXÀå
Y &ٓ yI" @ò" e
• z& •”"G ~
‚ ,s" )…"
0

ú8§79• > Ž•9•



" xw"0& ~ " =Vù0]^> •”"0 | éŠ3 ¤ ï6 çt † ٔ 2Í
9 0 9 " ,-" Ž 4 " yI" @Ö " ~ G )…" `-@70]— N y–Å# mã
"\ ~
† † ‡\ [ GA ¨ ¤"@3
)" # G @7]—Y & ~
> > ,ˆ " B" œÞ" Y R
S
# 0¤"< B" Happier.com
9 ٔ " R

" Y BS" `-&، »


87>E!"Y •…" `<KJ0Z º] 6 p " 53 ”" ~} ú 8 7• A …
> > ¹b h/ H Õ=V„4 " •…" `•Î"•(" ²K±"<H | {
G " G < ÕH;:"0=> q"Y ;:"089706 " 4 21
" | # ."# ®•(" ûG^ # @ ß § 9 " z&‫۔‬Bٔ" &<)"

²q9p"# ~ †
> Ms. KOGAN ‫ ۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" » ºë •¿# \ †G )…" °>K¯ > @ZG."# úH=8N6" \ ~
† • `•Î"•(" ÕH= %¥ > †
> )…"
G %b i h = z4VU"> Ž " HVU"> Õ< •”"G ,ˆ‡[" ~ " ,‡0P" ~ > " =<& ~

„@Ò> " 4 VU"> ú=@N6" \ @7>ë"\= ²m9T" # (


" 4 VU"> =<& `Vù0• } ;:"876
[C¹b h/ =H>~ 3" ~
0 9 0 " 5" 4 2 1
• `•Î"•(" ²K±"<H û”^# @ ß } \ ™ BS" F
G " ~ `-&‫~ ۔‬
S º]¹b ŽÔ"\
G ;:"# B" »G hg

\™ R
‫~۔‬ ¤ ¦ S +
G >" @N" > B" B" 8:">=>

• Ê\ ¿ †
~ > )…" „@Nƒ‚G" & ;:"089706

9&< ~ " 53 " ûG”^# @ ß
" 4 21 } `-& ‫~۔‬
" ~ \ ™ BٔA"œ›H yZ
" # •”"G °>m’" BS" F ; " :
# % " & | Ï\a"# xw"0& Ž•" # ~
> Kristen Fuller
G G

ÕKQj# ]^G | éŠP p • Î( T • .# ‡\ [ †


G # 4 " q"Y `-& ~ `•" •" 8ÚÙG" @Ø" `-& ~ v" ‫۔‬,ˆ " ~ " ŽÔ"\ ,s" 0 qp"0V§Ÿ
G @æ7 " G =<& ,sÈ 0 KJ#Z éŠP •]Y " 53
" qp"Y ;:"089706
G # 4 " Ž > È & °>K¯
"> | " ®•("
" 4 21

,‡0c\a">& ~
• v."# ,‡\ [" ~
† … " qp"Y ;:"876
ˆ G )" KJٔ|034 3 " H&2T
0 9 0 " 5" 4 2 1 " @?!"0& Õ< ,‡0P" OG21 } BٔA"&qp"08:" Ž•]ÈY & ,‡P" •l @B™" & ²K±"<H ‫~۔‬
"4 ~ >Y > 0 > " \ @7>ŠÑ3
\ ™ ;:"G2Í "
¿
\ ™ 87>]Å ¥ &ٓ z4VU"> &q9p"# Ž•" # =V§Ÿ
y–È0 ‫~۔‬ \ ™ Ž•G«P" Ž‘
" G @Ø" z& ~ •~
" 4 VU"> VU"# ~ † ‚ ,s" )…" £Ä"0mÃC"G BS" `-& ®•(" yI" ~
> )…" @?!"0& ‫~۔‬ 0 > " \ 8706
\ ™ BGA"2Í " &

i© C •~
> "# ~ † " \ ;:">)…" Compare•…" HVU"> Ó¿"G@3
\ ™ ;:"G2Í
> )…" @?!"0& ‫~۔‬ } `•Î"•(" ²K±"<H yF7E6 •¿"# `@c\a"0 ‫~۔‬ ™ Žj\ a"0 Ž•¿"# y–Å mã A
" ~ ٔ " Ž \ # )" # G BG" &H> &KJ0¨
"
¥

G @¨"# 5Xå
‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" ~ ‚&ٓ ,‡P" |DGC"#@ ß
" >~ 0 G " ®•(" ²K±"<H | \ ™ BGA"@¨"# „8:"# ,‡0P" %" > Ž‘
# ."# ~ " 4 VU"> FG @t"G<&

:~ " @Ø" v."# BS" ú8§79•


\ ™ `-&Vù>@ †
" xw"0& )…" 5P" ~
> Nicksolas Christakis =<& James H Fowler
Dynamic Spread of happiness in a large scale network longitudinal analysis over 20 years in

Framingham Heart Study.

y–È0 8ÚÙGT
" @Ø" ú8§79•
" z&‫~۔‬
L « ª }
\ ™ uj0 ¡" qp"Y ~ " y–È0 yI" @7G¬3
" 20 ú8§79•
m" ~ „@3 " @¨"# ;:"0@æ7 • F;:" z& Õ=&8:"& @Ø" |é0+6" \ & BS" ú87•
" ~ G # > > G § 9 " z&
ŠP
‫ء‬1983 y–È0 =<& @70×" y21 †
> H&)> €"& 4739 ,‡0P" ú8§79•
" ~ \ ™ Ž•G¬3
" z&‫~۔‬ " \ 5BG ‚G Ñ " xw"G H)> €" ²K±"<H ~
" 2Í • H)> €" xw"& Ž‘
0 " 4 VU"> @70î" yI" @Ö¿"G @7>]È Ñ @¨"#
• H)> €" xw"& Ž‘
H&)> €"& 3 ~ 0 " 4 VU"> yI" BٔA"&ٓ »º6 " F;:" |E¡, Y ‡P ЊÉw } L
\ ™ uj0 ¡" qp"Y yP
" mª" ~ •
} xw" ‫ء‬2003 ~
> ÅÀ h @3 G # Y " H xw"0& , 0 " y= # 0 " Ñ ~ ú8§79•
" z&‫~۔‬ G
ŠP
`•Î"•(" z4VU"> VU" # ®•(" Õ< =<& •…" | • } •
G " <H ~ | G " <H ~ F
} &ٓ =<& •…" |•
Y G " <H ~ F
} &ٓ ~
Y
• F&ٓ œًÞ76
Y 4" ‫~ ۔‬ \ ™ Ž•G¬3 " 2Í " \ 5BG ‚G Ñ " xw"G
¿ ½E46 †
`@c\a"0 ‫۔‬Ž•" G 5N G " qp"Y *=< | é] 3 1 " y–È0 BS" `-&‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" ~ G @¨"# ¬q9p"# | Ï\a# EG T } >ºë%b i = z4VU"> ~ } `-& ‫۔‬,‡\ [" » ºë ‡
ˆ G %b i h = , 0 P"
9 0 " > 5" 4 2" ú8§ٰ 79• G " Â" &2" ~ » h
¿ ¨ † Ê\
Ž•" # Ž•>©G" # ~
> %" xw"G F # & ‫~۔‬ \ ™ yÌC"0=H> ,-sÈ 0 KJG¸\a"# xw"0& @Ø" ~†
> @–" q9p"# •…" *=< | é] 3 1 U# Í\ … … " 53
9 0 " > 5" 4 2" yI" V" `2" ;\ ["= )" )" H>@Ø" ;:"089706 " 4 21 " ,‡0P"

éŠP ( p .# ‡\ [ † ¿
" 53
G œÞ70Ü" Y qp"Y ;:"089706 " ,‡0w"G;:"# BS" Ž‘
" 4 21
v
" 4 VU"> Ž•>]ÈY & ®•(" ;ً P"Vá" yI" `2Í
w
" )…" 8>¨">& y=Ð# 0ŠÉ" Ñ y–È0 ,‡0P" ~
" \ @7G¬3 • z& BS" |¡ã #
| G # 4 " ®•" q"Y v" ,ˆ " ~ 4 ^
5
l• 0Y v ¿ v
” ‡\ [ º Ü
G À h b ðf À . " @Ö" & ®•(" •…" F
S
# ."# =<& ~ \ ™ ;:"G2Í" \ Ž‘ " @Ø" 5N" H= |
" 4 œÞ7G6 éŠP ?/ !Åb & H)> €" Ž•" # BٔA"•…" =<& ,ˆ‡\ [" ~ G )…" K\ ó"@Y" l 5N" H=

•" G ,ˆ " - G ;:"# B" z& | G # 4" »h
Ü¿Y L
BGA"@¨"# 570 " xw"G H&)> €"& ,-‡0w"G Ž‘ " 4 VU"> BS" H)> €" xw"0& yI" y–È0 Õ< BٔA"2Í " \ oV¢˜T " e'lb "À ðh f VU"# F;:"# úK±"<H ‫~۔‬ \ ™ ;:")…" zV„¡L " Ž‘
" 4 V
>
U"> |Ï\a"# ih"> 4 Õ<
G G G
†G )…" 5ø " @¨" ŽÔ"\ yÌC"0=H> ~
} ;:"876 3 " Ž•¿"# Ž‘ " 4 VU"> ŽÔ"\< ,ˆ‡\ [" ~ †
G œÞ70Ü" Y Ž‘
¿ w † ‡P • .# ™
" 4 VU"> ®•(" VU"# yI" @70î" 8>¨">& y=Ð# 0ŠÉ" Ñ y–È0 ~
~ 0 9 0 " 5" 4 2 1 > , 0 " ~ v" ‫~۔‬ \

‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ ["


„@Nƒ‚G" & @Ø" ;:"089706 " 53" 4 21 \ ™ y–È0 F ! „! ¬70× 'Œ-À = » º6 " ~ } F&ٓ 8:"&23" > 8Z."Y ~ } ;:"876 3 1 † ‡0P" xw" Ž•¿"#&
" yI" ~ G ;:"# *@7>E4" 0 V 4 " G ,- " (h > ÅÀ h @3 Y ٔ > 0 9 0 " 5 " 4 2 " ~ > , G
¿ KYl ¿ KYl • .# ™ ïu0¨# ¢:
Ž•" # yŒ®" G @¨"> @Ø" % " =<& ~ " @Ø" Ž•" # @70î" % " ~
\ ™ @7G¬3 v" ~ \ Ž " =&V " G xw"0& 5X7 " BS" z&‫~۔‬
" ;:"# „@746 \ ™ ,‡0c\a"> B8" @¨"> ~
• F&mk1
G "
>

\ ™ @7G¬3
‫~۔‬ " @¨"# @70î"

\ aY ‡P ‡P @ÒO> A
> @ÒÐY Ñ Ï" xw"G F

BS" ~ Y &ٓ F
•]Y • S p " H@N½G@
G ;:"# Ž > È & ~ H8P" B" q>"0 8§79• " &5 w# .Y 8 † > Í\ ‡P ?«3 †
> w0
ِ " @t"G 8Z>" B" &< ~2" , 0 " yF " z& ~ , 0 " , 0 " FG " 5" H> “-=H

\ ™ BS" v4R
‫~۔‬ " 4 •…"

" > &q9p"# xw"0&‫۔۔‬úKJGŒ¯" ِ z@?."&


Õmk1
† " \ H<8ÒL
G 2Í
~ " | Ï\a# EG T } • H@Òã
dcbi h a^bfg ~ " 53
^ # 0 & BS" ;:"089706 " 4 21 \ ™ @7Gë"\= HVU"#2T • yõ¦0N6" \ y–È 8¨"# @Ø" |DGC"#@ ß } `-@?!">&
G " Â" &2" ~ z& e " ‫~۔‬ " ~ 4 # > G " =8:">& ~
L
'lb "À hð f z@7#×" &KJ0¨
" qp"Y=VJ } „@76 \ ™ @70•" 2Í " \ `-@3 Ï\a# ç:0 … … … U ¿ " ~ } `<K±"<H 8˜C"# ~ } ;:"876
0 9 0 " 5" 4 2 1 '¿&À Gh
3 " ,-¬70×" (
e " ~ 4 " ‫~۔‬ " &ٓ | G " @7>Ü " H )" Ó" = •" HV" > Ó" G @3
L
,‡0P" =<& ~ \ ™ @7GQt" Á ºQt p …
> À h ^À f q" G %" z@7#×" @7>]—Y & e'lb "À hð f •”"G `2Í " \ @7GÜç:"0H z@7#×" ~ } `•Î"•(" q•:"0H qp"Y ;:"876 3 " ŽÔ"\ Á
0 9 0 " 5" 4 2 1
?ub¨"bð ,-¬70×" ~ \ ™ @7GQt" @Ö0
" Y&| Ï\a#
h/ f G "
LãG † Î ( ¢Z¡L> pY A T ã 'lL \ éD‚0î
,‡0P" `-& BS" íGù0DG " ~ > `•" •" £> G " q" w2" > 2" z&‫~۔‬ " \ y–Å# m)" # G y–È0 e
\ ™ &2Í b "À hð f ;["=;:"# ‫`۔‬2Í " \ ;:"G@¨"# 2Í
" \ œÞ7GŠP"# ,‡0P" | ¯
G 0 > " úKJGŒ" z@?" &
.

\™ | › ¦w¼ " œÞ¨" @Ø" xw"& 8Z."Y ~



‫~۔‬ G " 8¨"> v4 ˆÈ yP > 0 >

LãG ã
z& ‫۔‬Ž•ٔ•" BS" íGù0DG " xw"0& qp"Y `VL^ Y # 1500 ~
} •Žv" BS" „@3 • 14 ~
" 24 ~ †
> The Royal Society for Public Health (RSPH)

¯" z@?."& ,‡P" `VLã # ,-."# y" ,‡\ [" ~ ãٔ


=V J " 53
" {@¨"> ;:"089706 " 4 21 " # < BS" z& =<& ~
" yZ • F83
\ ™ BGA"@¨"# BٔA";:"Y ~ "
G 4 ú K J
G Œ 0 ^ Y I ˆ

G @7 ] ] }
G ^ - @7GÈ Ñ ~ ú8§79"
^ # y È –0 ñ •

@?!"0& ,‡0c\a">& •”"G ,ˆ‡\ [" -ºÜç:/ p " G ,-sÈ 0 KJ¸\a"# BS" `•Î"•(" qp"Y ;:"8706 " \ K\ ó"@Y" l y–È0 ~
\ ™ ;:"G2Í
3 " ®•(" |."# yI" ~ \ ™ ، Instagram qp"Y
• z&‫~۔‬
G À h À f ". H q"0 <@ÚŸ G 0 9 " 5" 4 2 1 #

F ; " : z&‫۔‬~\ ™ Ž•]—0 H)…" œÞ7ŠP"# ,‡P" úKJŒ¯" z@?."& ,‡Ö¿">& VU"# ‫~۔‬
\ ™ qp" %…" ~
• `•Î"•(" ²K±"<H R×"@¨" Ž•]ÈY & BS" `-& yI" ~
\ ™ ;:"2Í" \ zV„¡L
"
G # G G 0 G 0 G G > G
0Y • §Ÿ# U … ïî Y &ٓ |

G =&)>Î" `@70Š9Ö" ~
~ =>&8:">& ,-sÈ 0 KJG¸\a"# qp"Y o@BG T
" FG = V " V " > •" Ž " F
\ •] 6 †
# ."# yI" ,ˆ‡[" Ž G — 0 H Õ=V„4 " Jen Glantz ~ "\ ~
ٔ 2Í †
G )…" ÕKQj# ]^G qp"Y
¿ a ¿ • z& •”"G ,‡Öç:"0H
| mÐÀY Ñ Ïbh i "bf .g Ž•" # xw" F
{"G< Õ< Ž•" # & ,-¬70×" @ò" n Y &ٓ Ólk
" Y |
# •
" y È –0 y " I ,p0 ¨"Y21
" y È –0

ٔ
~ @Ò ã
^ # †
# BS" ~
> 2 Í
" \ œÞ7ŠP"# ,‡P" úKJŒ¯" z@?."& ~
0 G 0
G G G
ã > &ٓ ،;:"0&ٓ ,‡0c\a">
\ ™ @70î" `-@70]— N ,‡0P" •l @B> ™" & ,-s" 0 •…" y–Å# m)" # G z& »
‫~۔‬ º] † \ ™ œ›&< ~
> ,-p0 ¨"# ‫~۔‬
> ¹b hg & ~

"I soon realized that admiring everyone’s seemingly perfect life was making me spiral into a pit of

depression and I couldn't climb out."

àß
\ ™ @Öçt" `-Vá " > xw"0& ~
‫~۔‬ • o;:" ~
>
} Social Media,Loneliness ,and Anxiety in your people ~

> Graham Davey

p ã S L
# ×" @Ø" q"0 m)" G B" `-&‫~ ۔‬
# @7#×" R
F " £>¢ZG¡" > B8" &< ~
\ ™ ;:"0H y¢" &VU" @Ø" q>p"08§ٰ 79• † " \ qp"Y F
> 2Í p } " 53
G &q" 4 & ~ z& =<& ;:"089706 " 4 21 > `Vb\ a">& ,‡0P" v."#

" ~
Ð6 • } z& Ólk 6 ½. ™
\ ™KQh Ñ " qp"Y „@Nƒ‚G" & y<G C"0m’" ~
Õ< ‫~۔‬ "Y | " y–È0 ،Žê>‚>" ;:"0 ,ˆ‡\ [" |
# • éŠP &qp"4& ~
G # 4" FG
} ;:"876 3 " yI" @7Ï\Ë" y–È qp"Y =VJ
0 9 0 " 5" 4 2 1 > 0 " ŽŸ G " yI" ~
\ y–È0
ã
Ž•GŠ>w"# |@
" ; " : @" Ø ±
>
! @" ø & ,‡0 P
" B +" H)…"=@Ø" BS" `Váy˜‚#×"@Y" H&8˜C"G BS" `Vù• " <H x w
" 8 " ¨ { @" ¨ x w
" & y " I &2 Í
" \ R#¤";:" yÈ ~
– • íù0DGL" G xw"& yI" ~
\ ™ @7GÜçt"
4 # > G G > 0 G 4 0 G 0
\ ™ @70î" `- @70]— N )…" y¸\Ë" y–È0 ~

> `Vb\ a">& •…" F † " \ w<K±" ;:"2Í
p º]¹b &‫ ۔‬,‡\ [" ~ \ l &qp"& Žê>‚>6 } z& 8˜C"# ~
} z& =<&~
\™
yI" ~ G &q" 4 ;:"G »
> hg ˆ G @¨"# 2Í 4 > " K\ ó"@Y" F G 4 " ~

º«7î \ î dca U# k
=&H)…" @Ø" Addiction - ‡\ †G =&)>Î" |
ٔ À h b /f "À . `-& y–È0 •”"G ,ˆ [" ~ { p " 53
G " G < q"Y ;:"089706 " 4 21 \ †
# ."# ,ˆ‡[" ~
" | " \ =@XW
G 2Í " 4 @Ø" <ٔ;:"#H Ž•>ë"H> Žï" ŽÔ"\ e
b i h ^b gf V" ®•(" Ól" Y
\ }
,-s" # | @ " > & ,‡0P" =@?4¦Éw"Ñ& =<& <ٔ;:"#H Ž•>ë"H> ~
4 " ;:"# @Ø" yC" > @ø " 53
`-& ;:"089706 " Žj\ a"0 •”"G ,‡0w"ٔ@¨"# )…" =Vù#@
" 4 21 \ ™ ;:"G)…" &H&
" •…" 8¨" {@¨"> xw"0& Õ< )Î"& =<& ~

\ ™ ;:"G@¨"#
‫~۔‬

àß
:~ " @Ø" v."# `-Vá " > @Ø" Dr. Drexler ,‡0P" ‫ء‬2018 ~
\ ™ `-&Vù>@ †
> The Wall Street Journal

Toxic feelings of inadequacy are on the rise, fueled by Social Media, but these are ways to stay same.

‫@۔‬70î" ÂC—ٔ @3
"4

L ¿ àß ™ … Ê\ > € \ † `-Váàß
" 53
;:"089706 " 4 21 \ ™ ;:"G)…" zV„¡" y–È0 H)> €" BٔA"•…" Ž•" # |
" yI" ~ " > `-Vá " > ‫~۔‬
# ."# yI" @7>Ï\Ë" y–È0 @Ø" =@æå \ ;:"G)" %" &)" F ¢˜T Ê " > y–È0
G ;P"V " %" & 8¨" ~
#
L } v4ë"\&VU"> BS" z& •…" z&qp"Y
\ ™ ŽÔ"\= 5P" BٔA"&qp"08>:"Y ÕH;:"0=> •…" `•Î"•(" ²K±"<H ;:"0 ŽÔ"\= 5P" ,‡0c\a"> BٔA"&qp"0q>p"Y ~
w<K±"4 ;:">)…" zV„¡" y–È0 Õ< )Î"& ،~

5w"G@t"G Kِ\ ó"=> -º«7î € •¿# ïî v


\ ™ 5N" úmk² " \ &870]— ¼ @Ø" ( (Inadequacy) úKJGŒ¯" z@?."&)ú=@N½0]— N *;:">mk1
" > ;:">2Í " > xw"0& •”"G ²H )…"
ٔ À h b /f "À . H)> " Ž " Ž " VU"# ‫~۔‬
… •
\ ™ ,‡0c\a"> %" ~
‫~۔‬

LãG Ê\ Ô\
" # íGù0DG " B8" &< ~
Journal of VU † " \ qp"Y H&)> €"& 2300 yI" @c\Ë" ~
> 2Í † "\ »
ٔ 2Í º] p †
G ¹b h/ H y¢" &VU" @Ø" “÷K-!"0= %" & Ž" úq9"# =<& xw"0& ~
> Dr.Drexler
ã
&870]— ¼ @Ø"(Resentment) F œ ›@70 .
" > Ž ê>‚>6
" - º«À7b/ î"À |{"G< KQjG¡L " > ûG”^# @ ß " ~} íù0DGL" G z&،BٔA"2Í " \ ÂC—ٔ @3
" 4 ,‡0P" Experimental Psychology
G ٔ h G f . G
ã
R # ¤";:" Ž•¿"# 870D>T
" ; " : 2 Í
" \ &87]— ¼ @Ø" Fœ›@7." Žê>‚>6 " ) …" ÓŠ:"0H •…" BA"@706 " @" Ø B S" Žïî" qp"Y =VJ" Ž•G{"G< »
º ×èÀ z&‫~۔‬ \ ™ @7]Å0 H @–
" q p"# •…" `Vù©0¨"œÞø
" ŽêG‚0«Ò" > G ;:"2Í \
G 4 > 0 G 0 > # 0 h G 9 G >"

\ ™ @7G¬3
‫~۔‬ "\
" 2Í

ã
† " \ w<K±"4 ~
> 2Í
~ • 8?." ;:" B+" H21
" &ٓ ،Ž³ø
" > &= ; " : y " I ; " : @7 ]
^ # †
ٔ
~ 2 Í
" \ »º]¹b H y¢" &VU" @Ø" íù0DGL" G xw"0& B8" &< ~
† " \ ,‡0P" ‫ء‬2011 ~
> 2Í †
> Dr.Brexlar
0 > 0 G G h/ G

53 † " \ K\ ó"@Y" l ,‡P" 5XW


?!Åb & =<& ,‡\ [" ~ ] 9&<
" 4 21
" =>@n">&ٓ @Ø" FG œ›@70."> =<& F " @?."& »
G @3 h/ ˆ G 2Í 0 " 4 BS" `•”—0 =@N½0— N *;:">mk1
" > FG ;:"#8>¨"# < F " @?."& ~
G @3
¿ •
\ ™ @7G¬3
‫~۔‬ " \ Ž•" # ~
" 2Í ;:"089706
"
º] 8 †
G ¹b h/ H y¢" &VU" @Ø" “÷K-!"0= xw"0& B" &< ~
» " \ ÂC—ٔ @3
> 2Í †
" 4 ,‡0P" Social Psychology & Personality Science ,‡0P" ‫ء‬2010 ~
> Dr.Brexlar

} `VLã , ‡P mÐb# ŠÀÉw"ÀÑf ~


~ ^Y # ~
} Ž•• A º6
9 " =Vù0]^> •”"0 < ñ" - @Ø" yI" Bٔ" &ٓ »
> ÅÀ h @3
" FG ;:"# y–È0 , 0 " n
} 9 † " \ xw"G ‫ء‬2006 ~
> 2Í
h/ . ²<K±" ~&< ~
† "\
• ‫ء‬1982 yI" ;:"@7]^# ~
0 G ٔ 2Í
} `<K±"<H ,‡N6" \ VU"# ~
,‡0P" ²=;:"# ~ \ ™ Ó¿"G;\ [" &q9p"# ~
• |• " 53 \ ™ @–
" ,‡0P" z& =<& ~
" 4 21 " #= @Ø" yF:"#@BG T
" q9p"# 8Új0 {">30 `-@Òš
0 # " @Ø" ;:"089706 " `-@706
" =H

‫~۔‬ "\ R
\ ™ ;:"G2Í ¤ T † †
> )…" 5ø
# ,‡0P" ~
G #" ;:"4 870D>" 8¨" ~ " @¨" F ¢˜T
G ;P"V "

Ê\ 6 • Î ( ‡N6\ ¿ • \
\ ™ ;:"G@7G]^# yÇG•
%" =<& ~ " &= @Ø" „VU"# 570" ~ \ ™ @7G¬3
`•" •" , 0 " y–È0 yI" ~ " Ž•" # ~
" @¨"# ;:"0@æ7 F ; " :
# z& Õ= &8 " : & @" Ø | é0+6" & BS" ;:"089706
" 53
" 4 21
"
G > > G
• ²K±"<H xw"& •…" HVU"> %Ê\ ¿
† " \ xw"0& )…" ¬q9p"# ~
> 2Í
~ 0 ºQt †
• xw"& ‫۔‬,‡\ [" Á > )…" Compare ~
ˆ G À h ^À f ~ 0 " m˜" Y ‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" ÁºQt º]¹À Ñ @¨"# •…" ²K±"<H xw"0&
G À h ^À f »
> h
w
‫~۔‬ "\ R
\ ™ ;:"G2Í ¤ T S ” ½] N 5 † \ ™ ;:"G2Í
# yI" VU"# ~
G #" ;:"4 m9" # B" `•— 0 =@N 0 — =@N" 4 ~ " 4 BS" úKJGŒ¯" z@?."& y=Ð# 0ŠÉ" Ñ @XW
" \ K\ ó"@Y" l ,‡0P" 5XW " & ;ً P"=>œ› | @ }
4 " ;:"# ~

Ê\ º«7î } `-Váàß
F G ;:"# %" &KJ0´> y–È0 -
”" ~
ٔ À h b /f "À . `•Î"•(" ûG^ # @ ß " > xw"0& ~ 9&< ~ †
> 2Í " \ ÂC—ٔ @3
" 4 ,‡0P" ‫ء‬2005 ,‡0P" Quarterly Journal of Economics
Ê\
‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" ~ \ ™= @N¯" @70î" ®•(" Ž€" G ;:"# ,‡0P" y<G ¢¨" ~ } F&ٓ ,‡P" (
Y 0 d:-b hð @BG T
" ~} F&ٓ yI" ~
Y \ ™ %" & ÕH;:"0=> F G ;:"# y–È0 y·¶:"# ~

\ ™ ;:"0@N¯" @7>ŠÉö" ~
> F Y &ٓ yI" ~\™
L L
'lb "À hð f Õ< `2Í
e " \ ;\ ["=@N¯" ,‡0P" VU"# ~ •» º. " @?!"0& yI" `2Í
> %b hg 21 " \ ;:"G)…" zV„¡" =<& `2Í " \ ;:"G@¨"# 2Í" \ œÞ7GŠP"# ,‡0P" z@?."& z& HVU"> ,‡0P" F ©C#
G @t"G<& i > "
¿ ºQt … A
‫@۔‬ò" `2Í" \ = ;:"G)…" yF:"#@BG T
" @Ø" “m’" z& xw"G R # î" mT" > &ٓ ,‡0P" yI" `2Í " Ž•" # y–È0 `&=>& 8˜C"# ‫~۔‬
" \ @ZG."Y21 \ ™ @7GQt" Á
> À h ^À f %" Bٔ" @c\UG ]È Ñ &

ºÏË à ß º]
y–È0 ،úKJGŒ¯" z@?."& ;:"0 B+" H21
" &ٓ Ž³ø
" > &=;:"> yI" ,ˆ‡\ [" Á \ ™ @70î" o@7G©G¨">& @Ø" `-Vá " > »
G b i h ^À f Õ< ‫~۔‬
p ;:" =Vµ
> ¹b hg & q"Y FG # "> 5
w# ٔA \ U] † >
ِ " @t"G B" @c G È Ñ & ~ Dr.Brexler
\ ™ z;:"Y ~
VU"# ,‡0P" z& yI" y–^> ~ } F&ٓ VU"# ‫»۔‬
º0ë%b i @¨"Y B>A^ )…" z4œÞ:" ,‡0P" Ž‘ " 4 VU"> ،,ˆ‡\ [" ,‡0P" „@¨" v."# F
" & Ž‘ \ • üT
Y h G Y &ٓ ‫۔‬,ˆ‡[" ,‡0w"G;:"# Ž > " <H> |
# •
"

\ ™ z;:"Y ~
‫~۔‬ } `<K±"<H

L
z4VU"> •”"G ,ˆ‡\ [" »ºë \
G %b i h @¨"Y @7>ë"= z4VU"> F \ ™ 87>E!"Y Ž•>]ÈY & BS" F
Y &ٓ ‫~۔‬ \ ™ ;:"0@7G]^# ,‡0P" Ž‘
Y &ٓ y–È0 yI" ~ " & =>&= @Ø" Ž‘ > ,-p0 BG oG L" =@N5

" 4 VU"> ~ †~
"4~
#
} =<=;\ ["
9
… × /. º¬3
@7G¬3
" @¨"# @70î" =<K¯ " @¨"# @70î" ,‡0c\a"> •”"G % G " > VU"# ،@ò" ²H )…" œÞ7GŠP"# ,‡0P" úKJGŒ¯" z@?."& •…" F
" > %" ,-¬70" @7G¬3 Y &ٓ yF:"#@BG T
• `•Î"•(" @Ø" HVU"> ،,‡\ [" Á
" ~ ˆ G À h "À f Õ=

\™
‫~۔‬

Social Anhedonia
9 Ž•¿"# 5P")Î"& =<& ~
•& •”"G ~ \ ™ ;:"G&KJGI" ~
•Á º«P • \ ™ ú=@N½0]— N Žï!"0& xw"0&Social Anhedonia
" > 0 Kž" ,‡0P" v."# ~
~ > À h —À f ~ `•Î"•(" ²K±"<H iŸ

" \ ,‡0c\a"> Ž‘
‫۔‬BGA"2Í " 4 VU"> BٔA"•…"

~ " @Ø" v."# ~


\ ™ `-&Vù>@ \ ™ BS" ÂC—ٔ @3 †
" 4 “÷K-!"0= xw"0& ~
> University of Social Networking profile correlates Missouri
• • u0t> U \ ™ H&8˜C" KJ|ö" xw"& BS" `•Î"•(" »
?!Åb & û”^# @ ß
v."# ‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" ~
G )…" „@Nƒ‚G" & ~
† FG KJ4I" xw"# v " V" # ~ G 04 0 h/
}
G " ~ “÷K-!"0= z& Schizotypy‫۔‬

\ ™ {> Kž" B>A"@70ED>C"> xw"0& yI" VU"# ‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" ~


H&)> €"& œÞ7GŠP"# ,‡0P" {> Kž" z&‫~۔‬ † † p } ‡P ‡P ЊÉw }
G @¨"# ~
ٔ ;:"Y FG &q" 4 & ~ Social Anhedonia, 0 " `-& , 0 " y= # 0 " Ñ ~

G &KJ#·¶" ~

‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" ~ •Á º«P •
> À h —À f ~ `•Î"•("


Psychiatry Research yI" ;:"0@7G]^# ~ "\ »
ٔ 2Í º]
G ¹b h/ H y¢" &VU
" @Ø" ú8§79• †
" xw"0& ~
> Digital Media. Treatment and Education Center

• … Ï\a"# qp"Y ;:"089706 ã }


Õ< ,ˆ‡\ [" |
G " <H %" |
G " 53
" 4 21 } ,-."# ®•(" Õ< û”^# @ ß
" ~ } †
G " ~ “÷K-!"0= z& ‫~ ۔‬ " \ ÂC—ٔ @3
ٔ 2Í " 4 ñ^ - ٔ @7G]È Ñ ~ “÷K-!"0= xw"0& ,‡0P"

~ " \ K\ ó"@Y" l y–È0 ~


\ ™ ;:"G2Í \ ™ Ž•Gî"<= ~
• z& ‫~۔‬ •Á º«P • ]N \ †
> À h —À f ~ `•Î"•(" •…" `-& ú=@N½0— y–È0 ‫۔‬,ˆ‡[" ~ " \ =@XW
G 2Í " 4 @Ø" ú=@N½0]— N BS" Social Anhedonia
× ™ ï¦0ö é0D>‚0î •ë\ S Ÿ0 ž ™ ¬3 Š:0 ” … w 0# w \ ó ‡P .# ™ S ˜Û ï!0
,-¬70" ‫~۔‬
\ Ž " |G \ @7G " Ó " H •" G y–È0 )" x" > @Ö" x" 0 & K" , 0 " v" ~
" Ž > " H> B" i" > K" yI" ~ " 53
\ B" m9 " Ž " & xw"0& ;:"089706 " 4 21
" yI"
k
\ ™ Ž•G¬3
‫~۔‬ " \ =<& Ól" Y F
" 2Í U S \ ™ „@70."> &KJ0¨
G ;\ ["V" # < B" z& yI" ~ " ,‡0c\a"> &=9VU"# ~
" ‫@۔‬7G¬3 • ;:"876 3 " •…" z&
0 9 0 " 5" 4 2 1

yõ4!"> xw"0&;:"0 R × " 53


G " xw"0& ;:"089706 " 4 21
"

ÂC—ٔ @3 } `•Î"•(" Ž_:Ȉ Kž"& =<& ;:"876


" 4 <H&8n"& ,‡0P" ²=;:"# ~
" 4 =@N5 3" ~
0 9 0 " 5" 4 2 1 > v."# ‫~۔‬
† \™ R ¤" R
9 ٔ" @3
6
# 0¤"< =Vb\ ¾4" xw"0&Mediakix.com
º¬3 … Ê\ † Í\ ºÜç:/ …
yI" ,ˆ‡\ [" Á
G À h "À f )" Õ=>&8:">& y–È0 %" ~ ٔ 2" -
G À h À f " . H •" F 5
G ;:"0=@N" 4 `-& ‫۔‬,ˆ " ~ G )…" v4¦ˆwȼ qp"0V§Ÿ
‡\ [ † " G B>A"<ٔ&=H9 ŽÔ"\ | Ï\a# 5 ‡\ [ º0îèÀ
G " xw"0&=@N" 4 <H&8n"& y–È0 ‫۔‬,ˆ " » h

`@c\a"0 ,‡0P" yP
" œÞ¨"> @Ø" =@N5
" 4 <H&8n"& `-&‫~۔‬ "\ Á
‚ `2Í º«¨ º«ÀP—À ~ • z& ;:" ~‚ `2Í ?!Åb & •”"G ;:" Fœ›@¨" Ž•¿"# ,‡P" `V§1
" \ ŽÔ"\ » } @7]^ H
" q•:"0H ~
G À h "b fð Á
G hf 0 h/ 0 G 0 0>

" \ ;\ ["= )…" v4¦ˆwȼ


‫`۔‬2Í

¸ •
\ ™ xw"G y–^> &=><= yÇ9ŠÑÖ" 9 ~ { ‡P Lã# \ ™ ;:"G)…" °>K¯ " 53
" qp"Y ;:"089706
¸
" yÇ9ŠÑÖ" 2 y–^> &=><= Ž_:Ȉ Kž"& o@n"
" 4 21
‫~۔‬ G " G < y–È0 , 0 " `V ^ Y =<&~
8| •
• >
" \ yC" > @ø
2Í • F@?." ~
" > &~ #
} 8Új0 {"> 13 y–^ œ›@3 ‡P \ ™ ;:"G)…" „@Nƒ‚G" & ;:"089706
> " , 0 " z& =<&~ " 53 " ih"> 4 &K-¦0w"G K\ ó" @Ø" @70]^> H |
" 4 21 {
G " G < z& •

\ ™ ÕH;:"0=> ~
‫~۔‬ • |•
# " ,‡0P" y·:È0 Kž"& “K±"4 y–È0 yI" | \ ™ ;\ ["=
# ."# ‫~۔‬
BS" “m’" | @ } ‡\ [ ŠP ‡P ×" BS" ;:"8706 ?!
3 " VU"# ,‡\ [" » € ‡P ‡
4 " ;:"# ~ z& =<& ,ˆ " œÞ7G " # , 0 " RG 0 9 " 5" 4 2 1 ˆ h/ Åb & H&)> " & ,- 0 ¹" 210 , 0 P" @70]^> H ú=•”"Y | {
G " G < z& •

‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" | • E!0 p ‡P .# ‡\ [ " @Ø" `•”—0 =@N½0]— N “m’"


G " $\ #º" > K±" ,- 4 " q"Y H9 , 0 " ,-" ,ˆ " =@XW4

‫~۔‬ \ ™ 8Új0 {"> 58 ( Correlation) íG¢˜C"G `-@706


\ ™ ÕH;:"0=> BٔA"@c\UG ]È Ñ & yI" VU"# ~ } ,-E4!"0qp"YH =<& „@Nƒ‚G•
" =H ~ " 53
" & ÕH;:"0=> @Ø" ;:"089706 " 4 21
"
9 •

‡\ [ ŠP • • × S " 53 " ,-‡0w"G&VU"> B8" &< »ºë ‹7î p " {@¨" =<& `-&VU"#•”">
=&K\ ó" 23 F
> # " ,‡0P" R
G ;:"# y–È0 ‫۔‬,ˆ " œÞ7G " # ÕH;:"0=> ~ | G " B" ;:"089706 " 4 21 > %b i h = Ž 0 " & q"Y =VJ > •

\ ™ BٔA"&ٓ »
‫~۔‬ }~
º6 " 8˜C"# ~
> ÅÀ h @3

> )…" ²<K±" @Ø" `•Î"•("

)…" ,‡0c\a"> ú=•”"Y 87>Šw"0 > Ž•>]ÈY & ,-¬:È0 Kž"& 8Új0 {"> 55 ~ " # < BS" v."# ,ˆ‡\ [" ~
• yZ † " qG70×" qp"Y KJGõ!"# »
G 21 º] w " @7]—Y & ®•(" Ž_:Ȉ Kž"& 8Új0 {">KJ¸\Ë"&
> ¹b hg & 5" ٔ ;:"#2T > G •


G ;:"Y
‫~۔‬


G )…" x70."Y `-23" > 5w"ٔ;:"#2T
‫ ۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" ~ " @7>]—Y & 8:"ٔ&=> ~ #G mã
• yÇ]^ Kž" zH •…" F&= (-b Y hð ,-¬:È0 Kž"& 8Új0 {"> zH
G •


G )…" °>&KJG´& @Ø" F
,ˆ‡\ [" ~ ¬:0 • { ãY \ ™ í¢˜‚G6 • ;:"H@¨" F;:" *;:"mk1 > ٔ A U]
G ;:"# z& ,- È Kž"& 8:"ٔ&=> ~ 8Új0 " > z@Ò^ Y ‫~۔‬ G " ~F G 4 G # > " B" @c\ G È Ñ & xw"0& •

p k1> p ×"@¨" Ž•>ë"\H> BS" `-& ~ † …


• z& @ً 7©0BG C"0 ‫۔‬,‡\ [" ~ ‚• " 53
ˆ G )" „@Nƒ G " & @Ø" ;:"089706 " 4 21 { † G œÞ¨"Y ú=9@ò" Õ<
FG &q" 4 & *;:">m" q"Y RG > G "G < ~
" |

‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" ÁºŠw


G À Ñ %b h fð | @
4 " ;:"# @Ø" F
U ‡\ [ † "\ R
G 2Í
G ;:"4H@¨" V" # ,ˆ " ~ # G¤"Kž"

• «?6 ì>
\ ™ ŽÔ"\= )…" „@Nƒ‚G" & 5? " @Ø" ;:"089706
,‡0c\a">& VU"# ‫~۔‬ " 53
" 4 21
" R ¤ ‡\ [ Gº]¹b H ŽÔ"\&•Î" BS" F;:" z& =@N5
G 0" KJ4I"& ñ" &< xw"0& yI" ,ˆ " » h/ G # " 4 <H&8n"& œ›;:"# “-=H
Ê\
\ ™ @7GÜÛ"= =<H~
‫~۔‬ • `2T
" @Ø" %" & q•:"0H

\
(Anxiety) F " > & Ž•>ë"H> =<&;:"089706
# &mkÝ " 53
" 4 21
"

º¬3 l,# ! ! Ðë\ •©¨Y † Ž•ë"\H،F&mkÝ Ê\


uÙl > ™" `<=>2T " ‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" Á
" ,‡0P" „@70."> ²KJ0¨ G À h "À f y¸\Ë" ,-Ü " & ;:"0 v4" 0 V„4 " G ،`-@Ò # 0" ،Ž > 0 " ~
# > > # " > & ,‡0P" <H=& %" •…" Anxiety
} mT" Y K-!"0= £¢ZG¡L > †
8" &< ~ \ qp"Y z& ‫~۔‬ ™ BٔA"2Í \ íù0DGLãG w# w pY # &mkÝ " 53 \™ F
`-@706
" =H ~ > > " B > 2 Í
" \ " G " =8t"G 5
ِ " @t"G x" 0 & q" F " > & =<& ;:"089706 " 4 21
" ‫~۔‬ # &mkÝ
" >&
Ê\ ™ Í\
‚ ,‡w"@¨"# ,‡P" =Vg:
‫~۔‬ 0 " Õ87>]Å ¥ &ٓ %" ،~\ ;\ ["= 2" yC" > @ø
" > &~ \ ™ íG¢˜C"G &$\ #W" @7>ŠÉö"
• úKJ–^ =8t" vä" ,‡P" z& =<& ~
0> >0G G 0

àß àß
y–È0 ,‡0P" `-Vá " > z&‫@ ۔‬Öçt" Social Media obsession and Anxiety ~ " @Ø" v."# `-Vá " > xw"0& @Ø" ~
\ ™ `-&Vù>@ †
> Sarah Fader

† 8:"83 } dP-À h y–^ BٔA"@3 º«À7b/ î"À qp"0H Ólk • yZ ïî" xw" ;:"8706 3 Î"& •…" ,-."# ,‡\ [" Ž•¿"# ®•(" » ?!Åb & Ólk \ ™ @70•" @c\Ë"
# 0 " 4 =8:">& ~ `-& •”"G (
~ > " = - ٔ h f . " Y ~ " # < Ž G 0 9 " 5 " 4 2 1
" ) ˆ h/ " Y yI" ~

• |é0D>‚0î" Žï!"0& Ž•¿"# ,‡P" yI" ~ \ zV„¡L •¿"# HVU"> elL ™ A Í\ ] •©0¨Y
‫`۔‬2Í " \ ;:"G=)>Î" KJ4I"& ~ G 0 \ ™ ;:"2Í
G " " y È –0 Ž ' \ BG" @¨"# 2" &870— ¼ Ž > "
b "À hð f ‫~۔‬
¿ w } é0D>‚0î
\ ™ @70î" Ž•" # Õ)…"8Ñ:"G @Ø" `•”—0 =@N½0]— N B8" &< ~
‫~۔‬ † " \ &870]— ¼ ,‡0P" y=Ð# 0ŠÉ" Ñ ~
> 2Í |
G
?!Åb & ~
" z& =<& ,ˆ‡\ [" BS" `-@70]— N `@70]^> @?4!"> 8Z>."Y BS" `•Î"•(" » † "
h/ > Õ=@3
\ î } … • àß
Ž•>ë"H> qp"Y Áº«P A " = xw" ;:"8706
> À h —À f y–^> Bٔ" @3
31 † ٔ @Òã
G 0 9 " 5" 4 2 " ~

^ # # BS" ~ " \ =@XW
> 2Í " > & Žï" ~
# &mkÝ
" 4 @Ø" F )" „@Nƒ‚G" & ;:"089706
" 53 " ,‡0P" `-Vá " > z&
" 4 21
¦ö é0D>‚0î
K\ ó"@Y" l ~
• z& ‫~۔‬ \ ™ @70•" @70î" )…"H> @Ø" ،,ˆ‡\ [" ~ †
G 2Í"\ R # G¤"Kž" F
p
G &q" 4 & ²q"# Á
p ºŠÀÉö—À qp"Y F@70ED>C"> B>A"@?!">& ~
> hf G
} z& =<& ~ \ ™ BGA"2Í" \ Žï 0 " | G "

•¿# \ } Î \ ™ @7G¬3
Ï\aY
" @ÒÐY Ñ " `-@ÚÙGC"> •…" F •¿# ‚• " 53 "\
\ ™ ;:"G2Í
F Y &ٓ Ž " @7>«P" y–^> @Ø" z& •”"G ,ˆ‡[" úH@n" ~ z& F Y &ٓ )" & =<& ~ Y &ٓ Ž " „@Nƒ G " & @Ø" ;:"089706 " 4 21" yI" ~

‫~۔‬ " \ ,‡0P" F


\ ™ ;:"G2Í = 2 A
" B S" Á º«ÀP—À y–^ yõ!"> •…" ih> "> 4 úH@n" ~ } yõ!" xw"& “m’" v."# ‫~۔‬ \ ™ @7G¬3
Ï\aY
" @ÒÐY Ñ " `-@ÚÙGC"> •…"
G > hf > 4 4> 0
L
íGU"œ› | { … 0¤"KJI"& ñì > S ( † •
> )…" „@Nƒ‚G" & ;:"089706 " 53 " 4 21" VU"# ~\ ™ @70î" )…"H> @Ø" `•”—0 =@N½0]— N £>¢ZG¡" > 13 ~ †
G " G < z& •" R G 4 " &< xw"0& B" `•" &< ~ > Õ=@3"
¸
" 53
qp"Y ;:"089706 " 4 21
" | G
{"G< 8:"&= ~
ٔ >
• z& ;:" -
0 9
ºŠÀÑÖÀ"À 15 ,‡0P" yÇD>Í
h f .
\ U#
G " xw"0& V" ®•" Õ< ‫(۔‬
( dP-À h y–^ BٔA"@3 w 6 3 1 ‡c\a> # ."# ,ˆ‡\ [" BGA"2Í
> " = x" G ;:"08970" 5" 4 2" , 0 " & | "\
k ™ ¬3 Í\ \ L }
@Ø" ,-sÈ 0 K\ "ó;P" Ól" Y ‫~۔‬ " > & ,‡0P" F
\ @7G " 2" yC" > @ø G &m" ~ ~
k1> } † > 2Í" \ œÞ7GŠP"# ,‡0P" F " > & =<& `•”—0 =@N½0]— N Ž•>ë"H> £>¢ZG¡" > ~
# &mkÝ `-& ,ˆ‡\ [" ~†
G =&)>Î"
• ¿ î ¿
" > & ,‡0P" z& „@Nƒ‚G" & @Ø" ;:"089706
yC" > @ø " 53 " =<& ,ˆ‡\ [" BGA"2Í
" 4 21 " ,‡0P" H)> €" Ž•" # Žï" ŽÔ"\ ~
" \ HVU"#2T •edcbi h a^bfg `;:"0=@N½0]— N Žï!"0& yI" ~
\ ™ „@70."> Ž•" # y–È0

• „@Nƒ‚G•
,‡0c\a"> íG¢˜C"G BٔA"•…" ~ } ;:"876 \ ™ ú=@N½0]— N Žï4!"ٔ&870]— ¼ xw"0& F
3 " @Ø" z& =<& ~ \ ™ @7G]Å0 H)…"
\ ™ „@70."> @Ø" `-& ‫~۔‬
" &~ 0 9 0 " 5" 4 2 1 # &mkÝ
" > & yI" ~

\™
‫~۔‬

" \ ,‡0c\a"> H@Òã


z& ‫@۔‬Ö¿"G &2Í " 53
^ # 0 &;:"089706 ¿ •¿# {"G< z& VU"# ~
\ ™ {> Kž" Žï4!"ٔ&870]— ¼ xw"0& F
¿
\ ™ „@70."> y–È0 Ž•" # &KJ0¨
" 4 21 # ."# @Ö" G Ž " |
" | G # &mkÝ
" > & yI" ~ "
¿
~† =<& ú=<K¯
# " > KJ0´> ~ } ;:"876
0 9 0 " 5" 4 2 1
3 " yI" `2Í " \ 5w"ٔ@t"G Ž•" # @Ø" F ‡P
G ;:"# z& , 0 " yÇGŠÆ"# &‫~۔‬ \ ™ ,‡0c\a"> íG¢˜C"G &$\ #W" | Ï\a# • " 53
G " ~ ;:"089706 " 4 21" @Ø"
¿ ! \ L •
`2Í " \ @7GÜç:"0H Ž•" # •…" m>T" Y K-!"0= Žï" 0 & =@N5 "4~ † ,‡P" ŽÔ"\ Ó¿"@3
# 0
}
G " ~ z& ‫~۔‬ \ ™ @7G¬3 " > & ,‡0P" `•”—0 =@N½0]— N Ž•>ë"H> £>¢ZG¡" > „@Nƒ‚G" & yx
" )…" yC" > @ø " 4 @Òã
"G

Ÿ½G." BٔA"•…" » L
BٔA"@c\UG ]È Ñ & »º0×èÀ ²KJ0¨ " @7>Ï\Ë" F ; " :
# Ž º0×èÀ z&‫~۔‬ \ ™ ;:"@¨"# @7î" yÌC"0=H ~
0
} ;:"876
0 0 " 5 3
" 4 2 1
" “- œ Þ n
" @" Ø ` • ”—0 =@N½0]— N Ž•>ë"\H £>¢ZG¡" > ,‡0P" ,-."#
h G h G > 9 >
> ¿ î • 6
y·¶":# @7G¬3 " ²H ,‡0c\a"> Õ8:"ٔ@t"> •…" ih"> 4 Ž•" # Žï" „@Nƒ‚G" & ú=<K"¯> KJ0´> @Ø" ;:"08970"6 53 " 4 21 " yI" `2Í " \ @7G¬3
" y¸\"Ë =<K"¯> y–È0 ,‡0P" yÇGŠ"Æ# & ‫~۔‬ \ ™ 5X•4 "

\ ™ @7G¬3
‫~۔‬ " ,-s" # | @ C
4 " ;:"# @Ø" `-@ÚÙG" >

F T
G ;:"# úm" > &ٓ

\™ | › ¦w¼ ‡P l w0 àß
\ ™ Ž•ٔ•" BS" ,‡0P" `-Vá " > z& VU"# | ¡ã# w0 J
‫~۔‬ G " 8¨"> v4ِ ˆÈ , 0 " •@B> ™" & 5" H> “-=H yP
" œÞ¨"> @Ø" z& ~ 4 ^ 5" V" xw"0&
º¬3
• z&‫ ۔‬,‡\ [" Á µ } `•Î"•(" ²K±"<H B>A"@3 • .# \ ™ o=@t" |é0«:"Y xw"& ;:"876
~ ˆ G À h "À f Ó…"= %" ٔ @t"G ´³Ÿ
" # &= Ó¿"G@3
" ~ " ;ٓ :"# F
Y &ٓ ~ v" ~ > 9 0 0 9 0 " 53
" 4 21
" •
¿ Û ¿
" &ٓ K-¦0P" Ž•" # `@70•
‫۔‬B+" ,‡0ô3 " 4 VU">=@N5
"4~
# Y " \ ÂE" G &< ŽŸ" Ž•" # ,‡0P" BٔA"@c\U> ]È É BS" F
† •…" F&ٓ =<& B+" 2Í
Y &ٓ
L ¿ \
£>¢ZG¡" > Õ< =<& ~ " @¨"# @70î" Ž•" # “-œÞn" yÌC"0=H> ~
\ ™ @7G¬3 } ;:"876 " \ œÞ7GŠP"# ,‡0P" |
3 " @Ø" `-& ،`2Í
0 9 0 " 5" 4 2 1 é0D>‚0î" B>A"@ÒÐ# 0ë" Žïî" VU"# ®•(" »
?!Åb &
G h/ •

‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" Áº¬3 … ø •¿# @Òã • ” ½] N •ë\


G À h "À f )" 5" @¨" Ž " FG " # > ~ `•— 0 =@N 0 — Ž > " H>
º«7î † > =@Öç:"> •…" `-& =<& ,ˆ‡\ ["Áº¬3 … ã0 p S ©¨ " Ž•>]ÈY &~
• B>A"@3 p .# \ ™ o=@t" |é0«:"Y @?!"0& xw"0& y–È
-
ٔ À h b f/ "À . ~ G À h "À f )" ñ^ - <q" G B" `VùG 0 " œÞø Y &ٓ q"Y v" ~
" &ٓ F > 9 0 •
3
‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" Ž•G¬" 5P" •…" F •¿# p ã ¡L
Y &ٓ Ž " q>"0 <@Ò" # G £>¢ZG " >

‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ ["Áº¬3 … ø ¢˜T S" “m’" £¢ZG¡L \ º¬À3 ÐÏ\aY º]


G À h "À f )" 5" @¨" FG ; " P V " B > " > =<& ,ˆ‡[" Á
G h "À f @Ò Y Ñ " xw"G `<K±"<H •…" FG ;:"#8>¨"# < F " @?."& »
G @3 > ¹b hg & F
Y &ٓ •
v } † Î +
\ ™ @7G¬3
‫~۔‬ " )…" H8P" BS" F " 53
Y &ٓ ;:"089706 " ,‡0P" 5N" ~
" 4 21 ~> =)>" B" 8:">=> •

{">•…" Ž•>ë"\H> F • v."# ~ ™ Ž•¬3 Í \ %/G."> Ž•¿"# |{"G< Žïî" =<& ~ \ ™ BGA"2Í " \ =<•ŽÛ" úq9p"# Ž•G• " <H BS" F p " 53 " 4 21
@Ø" |
G Y &ٓ ~ \ G " 2 " G > Y &ٓ q"Y ;:"089706 " •
3 \ ‡c\a> »C> v
" , 0 " „87#×"& % " @Ø" Ž•G•
‫۔‬Ž•G¬" 2Í " <H B8" &< ~†
> 2Í " \ ,‡0P" B+" 8:">=> Ž‹N" Ž•G• " 53
" <H BS" ;:"089706 " ‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" Á
" 4 21 º¬3 " \ =@XW
G À h "À f 2Í " 4

‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" Áº¬3 !0 p • z& F&ٓ =<& ~


\ ™ @7G¬3 } F&ٓ „@Nƒ‚G•
" )…"&870]— ¼ úKJGŒ¯" z@?."& =8:">& ~ " 53
G À h "À f @¨"# ,‡0P" ,-E4" q"Y H9 8:"083
"4~ Y Y " & @Ø" ;:"089706 " 4 21
" •

BS" KJ0Z \ ™ @7G¬3
" Y =<&ٓ yõ4!"> y–È0 =<& ~ " @7>]^# =@XW
" 4 @Ø" RG
«n" BS" Social Media Phobia{•…" F
Y &ٓ „@Nƒ‚G" & @¨"# ~
† @Ø" ;:"876
#
3"
0 9 0 " 5" 4 2 1
>

\ ™ @7G¬3
‫~۔‬ " \ 5P"@3
" 2Í " 4 ,‡0P" B+" 8:">=> BS" F
Y &ٓ “m’"
¿ 6
º¬À3
‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" Á " \ Ž•" # qp"Y |
"G h À f 2Í ¡ì
" B } z& =<&~
S" F&ٓ F&qp"& ²qp"# ~ \ ™ @7¬3
" q p"Y 5¶¨"> 5?«?" ,‡0P" 87Šw"0 BS" F&ٓ
G Y G 4 G 9 > > Y •

} y–^ @¨" 5\ ["& qp"Y =VJ v } ‚• • KJI" @Ø" ;:"876


F ˜C ¿ " ~
G @BG ¢ " G Ó" G @3 > > ِ " {@¨"> `•Î"•(" H)Î"H=& ,‡0P" B+" 8:">=> Ž‹N" ~ Y &ٓ „@Nƒ G " & ~ F
F G 4
3"
0 9 0 " 5" 4 2 1 •

\ ™ @7G¬3
‫~۔‬ "\ |
" 2Í @ A T ‡P
4 " ;:"# @Ø" B" #&m" > , 0 "
†~• „@Nƒ‚G• } z&‫~۔‬ H • .# \ ™ o=@t" |é0«:"Y @?!"0& xw"& ;:"876
=@N5
"4~
# " & ,-sÈ 0 KJG¸\a"# ~ \ ™ ,-¬N" ;:"> F \
# & @7>ë"= =<H ~ v" ~ > 9 0 0 9 0 " 53
" 4 21
" •
Û \ Ï\aY w
53
" 4 21 Y &ٓ •”"G ,‡0Ö" = ,‡0P" ,-ë"H> •…" F
" F " > 5w"0H> “-=H )Î"& F
G @Xå " \ @ÒÐY Ñ " qp"Y y=Ð# 0ŠÉ" Ñ z& ,‡0P" ‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" Á
Y &ٓ yI" `2Í
º¬3 º0îèÀ 5ø
G À h "À f @¨"# »h " @¨" 8:"ٔ&23" >

‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" Áº¬3 … ø • "


G À h "À f )" 5" @¨" 8:"ٔ&23" > ,-sÈ 0 KJG¸\a"# ~ ;:"089706

" \ qp"Y ~
‫۔‬,s" 0 )…" KJ0ƒ •~† ¿
> œÞ70Ü" Y •…" F
6
;:"# Žê>‚>" ،,s" 0 )…" ÕKQj# ]^G ŽÔ"\ | é#Š4P"،,s" 0 H yZ
" # •”"G qp"Y F ;:"# | é#Š4P" yõ¦0N6" \
> G G G G 4 •
• Ž•¡>
y–È0 ‫۔‬,s" 0 )…" ú87>]—# ;:"Y ~ … 6 º«7î 6 34 1 { † \ - ºÜÀçÀ:"/ H •…" Fœ›@¨" »º]
G " > BS" z& =<& ,s" 0 )" ,-p0 ˜‚G" -ٔ À h b f/ "À . ;:"08970" 5" 2" |
G " G < { @" ¨
> x w
" 0 & ٔ
~ 2 Í
" G hf. G > ¹b hg & •
Û ¿ Û ."# ,‡c\a"> 570ÜÛ" @?!"0&
\ ™ ;:"G@¨"# œÞ70Ü" xw"G |
‫~۔‬ {"G< {@¨"> xw"0& Ž•" # 570Ü" ,-sÈ 0 KJG¸\a"# ~ 0 ºÏbi Ë^À |é0{"><KQß
• ,-sÈ KJ¸\a"# ‫۔‬,‡\ [" Á " F &ٓ • …
" v 0
G G ˆ G hf G Y

" ‫۔‬,s" 0 H yZ" # •”"G qp"Y F " ŽÔ"\ `-& °>K¯ " =<& ,s" 0 )…" F z] º0×èÀ » º] • ‡P T T p " 53
FY &ٓ œًÞ746 G œÞP"@˜T # @Ò > G " > & {@¨"> » h > ¹b hg & ~ , 0 " H&2" HVU"#2" q"Y ;:"089706 " 4 21
" •


> )…" °>K¯
~ " | {"G< qp"Y ،2Í" \ y^ =@Ø"<K±" BٔA"•…" @Ø" F&ٓ ~
– • ,-."# FœÞP"@˜T " ?!Åb & ,s" )…" °>K¯
» " | {
" G < ŽÔ"\ qp"Y 570ÜÛ" •”"G ,‡\ [" ú=œÞÖÛ"
G > Y G h/ 0 G ˆ 9

‫۔‬,s" 0 )…" KJ0ƒ " \ qp"Y ~ •


>
,
S" Ž•YE¡" Y H BS" F&ٓ qp"Y `@c\c" # `2Í
" \ 5P"@3
" 4 ,‡0P" v!"Y<)Î" ŽÔ"\ `-& °>K¯ †
" ‫۔‬,ˆ‡\ [" ~ "\ »º] ! Î ¡L p " 5 3
F ;
G # " : B Y G 2Í > ¹b hð v" Y <)" £>¢ZG " > q"Y ;:"089706 " 4 21
" •

" \ ŽÔ"\=@¨"# BS"


‫۔‬2Í
v ™ ¬NH Í\ ! \ ¿
" 53
K\ ó" qp"Y ;:"089706 " 4 21 " \ y–^> @?!"0& ,‡0P" B+" 8:">=> Ž‹N" yI" ~
" ‫۔‬2Í \ ,- " 2" ;\ ["= @ÖÛ"HVU"# ;:"089706
" 53 " yI" ,‡0Æ" )…" ,-‡0?4" > ,-ë"H> Ž•" # F
" 4 21 G ;:"# y–È0 •
>4
\ ™ ;:"G)…" v4¦ˆwȼ ŽÔ"\ )…" @7>]^# ,-sÈ 0 KJG¸\a"# •…" F
‫~۔‬ º]
> ¹b hg & ih">
Y &ٓ »
¼P
\ ™ @7G¬3
‫~۔‬ " \ Õ8:"ٔ@t"> @Ø" z& •…" F
" 2Í Ô\
Y &ٓ Ž" R # G¤" ,‡0Æ" y21 " \ 87>E!"Y •…" F
" 5N " ,‡0P" z& 2Í
" qp"Y =VJ p " 53
Y &ٓ VU"# q"Y ;:"089706 " 4 21
" •
¿
BS" `-& Ž•" # F " \ v4¦ˆwȼ =H „@¨" F Ô"\ Žï!"0& ,‡0Ö¿">& Ž•\# î" )Î"& =<& ,‡0Æ" H8P" ~
• `•Î"•(" ,‡P" |{"G< 5X•4 6 •¿"# Žïî"
Y &ٓ •”"G 2Í G = 2 A
" Ž 0 G " Ž •

‫۔‬,s" 0 )…" =@70©G¨">& ú<= y–^> @706


" ûG”^# @ ß } Fœ›@¨" ‫۔‬,s" )…" H8P"
" ~ G 0
ã
‫۔‬,s" 0 )…" y–^> =@Úh" > & ŽÔ"\ qp"Y ;:"089706
" 53 º«7î 76 •
" 4 21
" °>K¯ ٔ À h b f/ "À . „VU"# 5 0 " ~ `•Î"•("
" - •
\ aY ¿ k Û

@70î"،,ˆ‡\ [" ~ G @ÒÐY Ñ Ï" F

G )…" ÕKQj# ]^G ، ,ˆ‡\ [" ~ G ;:"# xw"G `<K±"<H،,ˆ " ~ G )…" Ž•" # Ól" Y VU"# qp"Y ;:"089706
‡\ [ † " 53
" 4 21 Y &ٓ ,‡0Ö" = H;:"0 !F
" F T
G ;:"# úm" > &ٓ •
¿ º× k • ‡\ [ ºŠÑ 3 î ‡\ [ ºÜç:/
yI" ,s" 0 )…" @?!"0& ,s" 0 )…" Ž•" # VU"# » " @¨"# ,‡0c\a"> ;:"0@796
0 èÀ h z&‫@۔‬7G¬3
•&=<&~
" ~ \ ™ ;:"G2Í " \ H9=@Xå
" \ ;\ ["= 2Í " 0 = Ól" Y | G À "À h f @70" ،,ˆ " -
# " ،,ˆ " Á G À h À f ". H
¿ 6
‫۔‬n
a
mÐÀY Ñ Ïbh i "bf .g y–^ £>‚0«Xå
" G Ž•" # •…" `•Î"•(" H)Î"H=& ~
} F&ٓ ~
• z& =<& ²qp"Y ;:")…" y–^ @76
" @" 3 @" Ø B +" 876" K ±
" ,‡0 P
" 5 7#DG‚GE" •…" F&ٓ qp"Y v."#
> Y 9 > > > > 4 Y

Potrebbero piacerti anche