LEARNING MODULE

BIOLOGY
FORM 4 — 200 8 EDITION

NAME

CLASS

Prepared by :
AL MUMIN HJ . AL KANTA
SMK Agaseh, Lahad Datu, SABAH
 DIRECTION & ORIENTATION 4
M
Dorsal (top) R
O
F
Y
Anterior Posterior G
O
(front) (back) L
A B IO
B
Total Surface Area per Volume -
(TSA/V)
E
Ventral (bottom) Cross sectional L
Material A is breaks down into B. U
The volume is still the same but D
differ in total surface area. TSA/V O
of B is higher than A. Therefore, M
the smaller the higher the value of G
Longitudal section TSA/V. Food is need to be break N
I
down into a small pieces to N
increase its TSA/V so that easy for R
enzyme to digest. A
E
L
TERMS, AFFIXES & S UFFIXES

Gastro (stomach) a, an, ar (without) hypo (low)

Gaster juice is secreted by e.g., an aerobic respiration. e.g., hypo glisemia (low
stomach wall. concentration of glucose)
ad (above)
macro (big/large)
H em (blood) e.g., Ad renal gland.
e.g., macro nutrient.
Type of blood pigment are
haemo globin & haemo eritrin. aero (air) mono (one/single)
e.g., Aero bic respiration. e.g., mono saccharides (single
Hepato (liver) sugar molecule)
Hepa tic portal vein carry digested anti (anti/fight)
food from small intestine to the e.g., anti body & anti toxin. multi/poly (many)
liver. e.g., multi cellular.
bi (two)
peri (around)
Cardio (heart) e.g., bi sep muscle & bi cuspid e.g., peri sikel (plant tissue)
Cardio vascular disease—heart valve.
attack.
po d (leg)
co (together) e.g. pseudopod ium.
Reni, reno (kidney) e.g., co dominan gene.
Adrenal ine is the hormone su b (below)
produced to prepare body to glyco (sugar) e.g., su b maksila gland.
counter emergency such as fear e.g., glyco lysis & glyco gen.
and anger. genesis/genetic (formation)
e.g., oogenesis .
homo (same)
Cerebro (brain)
lysis (break down)
Cereb rum is the structure that hydro (water) e.g., haemolysis (red blood cell
control conscious actions..
e.g., hydro lysis. burst)
Thrombo (coagulate) hyper (high) uria (urine)
Thrombo plastin & tromb in e.g., glycosuria .
(enzyme for blood coagulation).
e.g., hyper tonic

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 CELL—STRUCT URE & ORGANISATI ON 4
M
R
Cell Structur e & Function O
F
Label the diagram and complete the table below. Y
G
O
L
IO
B
-
E
L
U
D
O
M
G
N
I
N
R
A
E
L

Organelle Function

Plasma membrane Regulate (control) the movement of substances into and out of cell.

Cell wall (plant)

Cytoplasm

Nucleus 1. Controls all the activities inside the cell.

2.

Endoplasmic • rough :
reticulum • smooth :

Ribosome

Mitochondrion

Golgi apparatus

Vacuole (plant)

Chloroplast (plant)

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Cell C ompari son 4
M
R
Compare the animal and plant cell based on aspects given below: O
F
i. cell shape Y
G
ii. plasma membrane and cell wall O
iii. vacuole L
iv. organelle IO
B
v. food storage -
E
Anim al Cell Plan t Cell L
U
Cell’s shape is fixed and usually D
O
rectangular or hexagonal. M
G
Has a plasma membrane and no cell wall. N
I
N
R
A
E
L

Food is stored in form of glycogen. Food is stored in form of starch.

The Density of Organelle

• Some of the organelles presence in a large amount (high density ) or abundance in
cell. The density of organelles depends on cell / tissue functions .
Complete the table below.

High density
Cell/Tissue The importan ce
organelle

Produce energy for contraction and relaxation of

Muscle cell Mitochondrion
muscle for movement.

Liver cell

Sperm

Palisade cell

Heart muscle Produce energy for contraction and relaxation of

Mitochondrion
cell muscle to pump blood to the entire body .

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Unicellular Organisms 4
M
R
O
F
Y
G
O
L
IO
B
-
E
L
U
D
O
M
G
N
I
N
1. Label the diagram of Amoeba and Paramecium. R
A
E
2. Explain how Paramecium and Amoeba regulates the excess amount of water moves into L
their body?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
3. Compare Amoeba and Paramecium based on aspects given below:
i. Habitat ii. Reproduction
iii. Movement iv. Nutrition
v. Number of nucleus
Amoeba Paramecium
Live in freshwater lakes and ponds. Live in freshwater lakes and ponds.

4. Explain why the cell structure of the unicellular organism is more complex compare to
human cells (e.g. epithelial cell).
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................

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 Cell Specialisation & Organisation 4
M
R
1. Cell specialisation is ................................................................................................... O
F
......................................................................................................................................... Y
......................................................................................................................................... G
O
2. Cell organisation is ................................................................................................... L
......................................................................................................................................... IO
B
.........................................................................................................................................
-
E
L
Cell specialisation U
D
O
Tissue Function M
G
Epithelial tissue N
I
N
Connective tissue R
A
E
Vascular tissue L
Meristematic tissue

Nerve tissue

Muscle tissue

Adipose tissue

Cell organisation (animal—digestive system)

Cell Tissue Organ System

Circular muscle Esophagus, stomach
Smooth muscle cell and longitudal and intestine.
muscle
Digestive system
Inner layer of
Epithelial cell Endothelium intestine and enzyme
gland

Epithelial tissue
Epithelial cell

Organ : Intestine
Muscle tissue (circular muscle
and longitudal muscle )
Smooth muscle cell
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• List down the tissues that can be found in hand.
4
......................................................................................................................................... M
R
O
• By giving the example, explain the formation of nerve system — name the cells, tissues and F
Y
organs involved. G
O
......................................................................................................................................... L
......................................................................................................................................... IO
B
......................................................................................................................................... -
E
......................................................................................................................................... L
U
Cell organisation (plant—stem) D
O
M
G
N
I
N
R
Cambium cell Epidermal cell Parenchyma cell Xylem & Phloem cell A
E
L

Meristematic tissue Epidermal tissue

Cortex tissue
Vascular tissue

Stem—organ
(cross sectional)

Regulating the Internal Environment

Temperature Osmosis pressure

Physical Factors
a
ff
e
ct

Internal Environment of Cell Respiration

Enzyme
tc
tc Che m ica l F ac tor s e
e
ff ff
a
a

Concentration of glucose
pH Concentration of minerals

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1. Why the internal environment of cells need to be maintained (constant)? 4
......................................................................................................................................... M
......................................................................................................................................... R
O
......................................................................................................................................... F
Y
2. Based on diagram, give the meaning of homeostasis G
O
......................................................................................................................................... L
......................................................................................................................................... IO
B
......................................................................................................................................... -
3. Explain the effect of factors given below. E
L
U
Factor Effect to the cell D
O
M
Temperature
G
N
I
N
Concentration of Environment with higher concentration (hypertonic) will caused water to R
mineral move out of the cell. Cell become dehydrated and finally die . A
E
L
Concentration of
glucose

The increase or decrease of pH will caused enzyme to denatured.

pH
Chemical reaction w ill stop and cell die .

Discussion
Predict the effect of factors given below to onion cell ;
o
i. temperature 0 C ...................................................................................
ii. salt solution 50% ...................................................................................
iii. solution with no glucose / sugar ...................................................................................
iv. hydrochloric acid solution (pH 2.0) ...................................................................................

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 MOVEMENT OF SUBS TANCES 4
M
R
Substances listed below are essential to living things. Explain the importance substances to the O
cell. F
Y
G
Substances Function (the importan ce to the cell) O
L
Glucose Source of energy. IO
B
-
Amino acid
E
L
Minerals U
D
Water O
M
Oxygen G
N
I
N
List out tw o substances that must be ex creted or removed form the cell and their effect. R
A
Substances Effect if not excreted from the cell E
L

Structure of Plasma Membr ane

1. Why substances need to move (in or out) the plasma membrane?

.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
2. Explain the terms given below:
i. polar ..............................................................................................................
ii. non-polar ..............................................................................................................

iii. hydrophobic ..............................................................................................................

iv. hydrophilic ..............................................................................................................
3. State the characteristics of substances given below:
i. glucose ..............................................................................................................
ii. amino acid ..............................................................................................................
iii. sodium ions ..............................................................................................................
iv. water ..............................................................................................................
v. lipid ..............................................................................................................
4. What is the meaning of selectively permeable ?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................

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4. Draw a simple diagram (2D drawing) of plasma membrane in given space below (based on 4
Fluid Mosaic Model). Label the carrier protein , pore protein and phospholipids bilayer . M
R
O
F
Y
G
O
L
IO
B
-
E
L
U
List out tw o substances which pass (move) through the structure given below: D
O
Substances which Reasons — based on characteristic of M
Structures G
pass through substances and structure
N
I
N
Phospholipids R
A
E
L
Carrier protein

Because its molecule is small enough to pass

Pore protein
through pore and water soluble.

Based on the structure of plasma membrane, why it selectively permeable ?

..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Movement of substances — types movement
Type Type of mov ement — give tw o reasons Two exam ples

Glucose and
Amino acid

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Effect of osmosis to the cell 4
M
Explain the meaning of terms given below: R
O
i. hypertonic ........................................................................................................................ F
Y
ii. hypotonic ........................................................................................................................ G
O
iii. isotonic ........................................................................................................................ L
IO
B
Concentration
-
E
of solution L
Type of Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic U
D
solution (high concentration) (equal concentration) (low concentration) O
M
G
Cell shape N
I
(plant cell) N
R
A
E
Cell condition Normal L

Cell condition Normal

Shape of Outer layer

mustard stem
(longitudal
Inner layer
section)

Based on the table above, make a conclusion about osmosis ?

..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

Practice

1. Compare the passive transport and active transport.

Passive Transport Active Transport

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2. What is the effect of the excess use of fertilizer to the plant? Why? 4
....................................................................................................................................... M
R
....................................................................................................................................... O
....................................................................................................................................... F
Y
3. Why fermented fruits are not rotten (busuk) easily? G
O
....................................................................................................................................... L
....................................................................................................................................... IO
B
4. Vegetables are wilt (layu) if not soaked in the water. Why? -
E
....................................................................................................................................... L
....................................................................................................................................... U
D
5. The diagram shows the changing of visking tube size after being soaked in solution Q for O
M
a 60 minutes.
G
N
I
N
R
A
E
L
Solution P Solution R
Solution 60 minutes
Q

Tube N Tube M Tube N Tube M

(a) Explain why does the experiment shows the result as shown above — inferences .
N ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

M ...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

(b) Arrange in sequence the concentration of solution used in the experiment. Begins with
the highest .
.......................................................................................................................................

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 CHEMICAL COM POSITION IN THE CELL 4
M
What is: R
O
i. inorganic compound ................................................................................................... F
......................................................................................................................................... Y
G
ii. organic compound ................................................................................................... O
L
......................................................................................................................................... IO
B
-
State one the role of substances and organic compounds given below. E
L
Substances The import ance (state one only) U
D
Nitrogen Synthesis of protein, nucleic acid and organic compounds.
O
M
G
Sulphur N
I
N
Phosphorus R
A
E
L
Calsium

Magnesium
Sodium

Organic
The importance to the cells
compound
Carbohydrates

Lipid

Protein Formation of plasma membrane and cell growth.

Nucleic acid

Role of W ater

1 .........................................................................................................................................
2 .........................................................................................................................................
3 .........................................................................................................................................
4 .........................................................................................................................................

Carbohydrates
Carbo means carbon (C), while hydrates is water (H2O). Based on that meaning, what are the
elements that made up carbohydrates?
..............................................................................................................................................

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 Short notes
Glucose (structure & function) 4
M
R
Glucose O
F
S ....................................................... Y
F ....................................................... G
O
....................................................... L
Cellulose Starch IO
B
S .......................................................
-
E
F ....................................................... L
U
....................................................... D
Glycogen O
M
S ....................................................... G
F ....................................................... N
I
Glycogen ....................................................... N
R
Cellulose A
E
Starch S .......................................................
L
F .......................................................
.......................................................
Formation of disaccharides & polysaccharides
Monomer
Mon osaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharid es
Cellobiose Cellulose

Glucose Starch / Glycogen hydrolysis condensation

+ H2O - H2O
Sucrose (sugarcane) -

Lactose (milk sugar) - Polymer

Hydrolysis —addition of
Monosaccharides : Glucose-Fructose-Galactose (MonoGFG) water that cause molecule
Disaccharide s : Sucrose-Lactose-Maltose (DiSuLaM) to break down

Protein

1. Elements that made up protein are .............................................................................

2. Essential amino acid is..................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
3. Non essential amino acid is...........................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
4. Egg white changes its physical characteristic and colour when heated. Explain why?
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

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 Essential amino acids 4
1. Alanine M
2. Aspartic acid R
3. Glutamic acid O
4. Aspargine F
5. Gyicine Y
6. Glutamine G
O
7. Proline L
Protein 8. Serine
9. Sisteine IO
B
10. Tyrosine -
Pepsin/tripsin E
) Non essential amino L
) O U
O 2 acids
D
2 H 1. Arginine
Polypeptide H -( 2. Phenilalanine
O
+
( n 3. Histidine M
Eripsin/Peptidase si io
t 4. Isolucine G
y
s a 5. Leucine N
I
l s N
n
ro
6. Lysine
d d
e 7. Methionine R
Dipeptide y n A
h o
8. Threonine
E
Eripsin/Peptidase c 9. Tryptophane L
10. Valine

Amino acid DON’T MEMORISE

THIS LIST

Types protein based on function

Group The role inside body

Antibody • Reacts to the antigen (foreign substance) which enter the body and acts as
protector.
Hormone • Stimulates reactions or process such as growth.

Transport protein • Haemoglobin acts as carrier to transport respiratory gases. There are also carrier
protein in plasma membrane.
Contractile protein • Found in muscle and able to contract to produce movement.

Catalyst protein • All types of enzyme which is trigger or initiate chemical reactions.

Level of protein structure & exam ples

Prim ary Secondary Tertiery Quartenery

Polypeptide Fibrous protein Globular protein Haemoglobin

chain
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 Lipids 4
M
R
1. Elements that made up lipid are ........................................................................................ O
F
2. Fat or oil made up from ....................................... and ............................................... in the Y
G
ratio of ..................... O
L
3. In space given below, draw the “building block” of triglyceride (fat). IO
B
-
E
L
U
D
O
M
G
N
I
N
R
A
E
L
Type Location and function

Fat • As a energy storage (under skin), organ protector, energy storage and isolation of
heat.
Phospholipid • Found in plasma membrane—part of plasma membrane.
Cholesterol • Basic molecule for making steroid e.g. sex hormone.
Bile • Colesterol byproduct which emulsify fat and turn it into small droplets.

Vitamine D • Synthesized on skin with the presence of ultraviolet rays and helps absorption of
calcium ion for bone growth.
• Oestrogen and progesterone involved in menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
Steroid • Adrenaline secreted by adrenal gland as a reaction to an emergency such as
panic, fear and angry.

4. Compare the saturated and the unsaturated fat based on (i) chemical structure, (ii) state of

matter in room temperature, (iii) effect to the blood cholesterol level and (iv) sources.
Differences of saturated fat and unsaturated fat
Saturated fat Unsaturated fat

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 Enzymes 4
M
R
1. Meaning of enzyme. O
F
.........................................................................................................................................
Y
......................................................................................................................................... G
O
2. Function of enzyme. L
......................................................................................................................................... IO
B
......................................................................................................................................... -
E
3. Three exam ples of enzymes and its substrate: L
U
Enzyme Substrate Gland D
O
M
G
N
I
N
R
A
E
4. Four characteristics of enzyme: L
a ......................................................................................................................................
b ......................................................................................................................................
c ......................................................................................................................................
d ......................................................................................................................................
5. What is active site ?
.........................................................................................................................................
6. Why does the denatured enzyme does not perform its function? Relate your answer with
active site .
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
reaction occur when enzyme collided/
...................................................................................... make contact with substrate.
7. Draw a schematic diagram to show the synthesis of protein (e.g. enzymes).

8. By giving appropriate example, describe how different organelles work s togethe r to enable
cell to function in orderly manner. (e.g. protein / enzyme)
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
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9. Complete the graph below. 4
M
Effect of temperature Effect of pH R
O
F
n n Y
o o G
tci tci
a a O
e
r re L
f
o f
o IO
e
t e
t B
a
r ra -
e e E
T
h
T
h pH L
U
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
o
( C)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 D
0 1 2 3 4 O
Effect of enzym e concentration
M
Effect of substrate concentration
G
N
I
n n N
io
tc
o
it R
a
c
a
A
e e E
f
r r
f
L
o o
e t e
t
ar a
r
he he
T T
Concentration of enzyme Concentration of substrate

10. Explain why acid able to stop the enzyme reaction?

.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................

11. State two examples of intracellular enzymes and its function.

Enzyme Function

12. State two examples of extracellular enzymes and its function.

Enzyme Function

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 Practice 4
M
R
1. Complete the diagram below to demonstrate the Lock and Key hypothesis. O
F
Enzyme & substrate Y
Enzyme & substrate Enzyme & product G
complex O
L
IO
B
-
substrate E
L
U
D
O
M
G
Enzyme N
I
N
(globular shape) R
A
E
2. In the space given below, draw an enzyme (based on answer in 1) and its shape after L
being denatured.

denatured

(by temperature or pH)

3. State four enzymes and its uses in industries .

Enzyme Function

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 CELL DIVISION 4
M
R
Cell Cycle O
F
1. Give two reasons why cell is need to be divided (increase in number)? Y
i. ................................................................................................................................... G
O
ii. ................................................................................................................................... L
IO
B
-
E
L
U
D
O
M
G
N
I
N
R
A
E
L

2. Label the stages of cell cycle diagram above.

3. State the function of stages below;
i. Growth phase 1 (G1)
...................................................................................................................................
ii. DNA Synthesis (S)
...................................................................................................................................
iii. Growth phase 2 (G2)
...................................................................................................................................
iv. Mitosis
...................................................................................................................................
v. Cytokinesis
...................................................................................................................................
4 a. What is replication ?
...................................................................................................................................
b. Why does the chromosomes need to be replicated ?
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
5 Why does the chromosome number of an organisms are must to be in constant from a
generation to the next generation? Explain.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
6 Explain the difference of cytokinesis in animal and plant cells.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
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 Mitosis 4
M
R
Interphase Explanations O
F
Y
Number of chromosome ..... G
O
1 ................................................................... L
2 ................................................................... IO
B
-
E
L
U
Number of chromosome ..... D
O
1 ................................................................... M
2 ................................................................... G
N
I
3 ................................................................... N
R
A
E
L

Number of chromosome .....

1 ...................................................................
2 ...................................................................

Number of chromosome .....

1 ...................................................................
2 ...................................................................

Number of chromosome .....

1 ...................................................................
2 ...................................................................
3 ...................................................................
4 ...................................................................

Use Ward’s Finger Model

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The significance of mitosis 4
i. ................................................................................................................................... M
R
ii. ................................................................................................................................... O
F
iii. ................................................................................................................................... Y
iv. ................................................................................................................................... G
O
L
Uncontrolled Mitosis—Cancer IO
B
-
What is cancer? E
L
.............................................................................................................................................. U
.............................................................................................................................................. D
O
Causes of cancer M
i. ......................................................................................................................................... G
N
I
ii. ......................................................................................................................................... N
iii. ......................................................................................................................................... R
A
Treatments—explain E
L
i. surgery ..................................................................................................................
ii. chemotherapy ..................................................................................................................
iii. radiotherapy ..................................................................................................................

Application of Mi tosis

Cloning—tissue culture

Purpose :................................................................................................................
Advantages i. ............................................................................................................
ii. ............................................................................................................
Disadvantages i. ............................................................................................................
ii. ............................................................................................................
Procedure
............................................................
............................................................
............................................................
............................................................
............................................................
............................................................
............................................................
............................................................
............................................................
............................................................
............................................................

............................................................
............................................................
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Cloning 4
1. What is cloning ? M
R
................................................................. O
F
................................................................. Y
................................................................. G
O
2. Draw a schematic diagram to show the L
cloning of Dolly . IO
B
3. What is the role of ultraviolet rays in -
cloning process? E
................................................................. L
U
................................................................. D
O
4. Advantages of cloning: M
i. ................................................................. G
N
I
ii. .................................................................
N
iii. ................................................................. R
A
5. Disadvantages of cloning: E
L
i. .................................................................
ii. .................................................................
iii. .................................................................

Practice

Graph shows the division of cell inside organism

X.

1. How many chromosomes in parent cell and

daughter cell?
i. parent ............
ii. daughter ............
2. What type of division involved?
....................................................................
3. Give your reason for answer in 1.
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
4. What happen to the chromosomes during
stage M1 and M2?
i. M1 …....................................................
.......................................................
ii. M2 …....................................................
....................................................... 6. Mark on graph the stage of:
5. i. What is organism X?
............................................................... i. Prophase
ii. Give your reason for answer in 5.i. ii. Metaphase
.................................................................... iii. Anaphase
.................................................................... iv. Telophase
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 Meiosis 4
M
Meiosis with P aper Cutti ngs R
O
F
1. Make sure your group have 8 paper cuttings with 2 size and 2 colours . For example, Y
large paper cuttings —2 blue and 2 red and small paper cuttings —2 blue and 2 red. G
O
2. Analogy 1 : each paper cutting represent a chromosome . L
3. Analogy 2 : paper cuttings with the same size are homologous or identical (same size and IO
B
shape). -
4. Analogy 3 : do the replication by adding paper cuttings with same size and colour. E
L
5. Analogy 4 : do the crossing over by “cut an d paste” the paper cuttings. U
D
6. Draw a cell, nucleus membrane and spindle fiber on the table by using chalk. O
7. Follow your teacher’s instruction and complete the worksheet for this activity. M
G
N
I
Worksheet N
R
A
E
1 2 3 4 L
Interphase Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I

5 6

Telophase I Prophase II

7 Metaphase II 8 Anaphase II

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 8 Telophase II 4
M
R
O
F
Y
G
O
L
IO
B
-
E
L
U
Meaning of terms D
O
M
Synapsis ..................................................................................................................... G
Chiasma ..................................................................................................................... N
I
N
Crossing over ..................................................................................................................... R
A
Variation ..................................................................................................................... E
L
Role of m eiosis
1 ............................................................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................................................
3 ............................................................................................................................................

Practice

1. Based on the diagram you’ve drew (in page 19 and 23), state the differences of mitosis
and meiosis based on:
i. number of chromosome
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
ii. genetic content
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
2. Draw the chromosome for stages below:
Mitosis - M etaphas e Meiosis - Metaphase I

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3. Based on drawing in 2, explain the difference in term of chromosome position .
4
........................................................................................................................................ M
........................................................................................................................................ R
O
4. Which cell division produce variation ? How? F
........................................................................................................................................
Y
G
........................................................................................................................................ O
L
5. Name the cell division, where the separa tion of hom ologous chromosome occurs? Name IO
B
the stage. -
........................................................................................................................................ E
L
Parent Gametes Offspring U
D
46 23 O
M
46
G
46 23 N
I
6. In human, the diploid (2n) number of chromosomes are 4 6. Based on diagram, explain N
R
how the number of chromosome is maintained (keep in constant) from a generation to the A
E
next generation. L
........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
7. State the tissue where the process of mitosis and m eiosis take place in animal and plant.
Animal Plant
Meiosis ....................................................... .......................................................
Mitosis ....................................................... .......................................................
8. Draw the chromosome of daughter cells inside the diagram below.

Metaphase I Daughter cell

Meiosis
1 2

3 4

Meiosis 1 2

3 4
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9. Compare mitosis and meiosis based on; 4
i. the difference in chromosome number in daughter and parent cell; M
ii. number of cell division; R
iii. number of daughter cell; O
F
iv. crossing over; and Y
v. the difference in genetic content in daughter and parent cell. G
O
Mitosis Meiosis L
Number of chromosomes in parent’s and IO
B
daughter’s cell are equal. -
E
L
U
D
O
M
G
N
I
N
R
A
E
L

NUTRITION

Four process involved in nutrition are:

i. ......................................................... ii. .........................................................
iii. ......................................................... iv. .........................................................

Types of Nutrition
Autotroph organisms are .......................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Heterototroph organisms are ................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

Nutrition Meaning and tw o example of organisms

Synthesis the organic compound (glucose) by oxidizing in organic
Chemosyntesis
substances such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3).

Photosynthesis

Holozoic

Saprophytism

Parasitsm Obtained food by living on or in the body of living organisms.

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 4


Balanced Diet NOTE
The role of water, carbohy- M
Meanin g of balanced diet drates, proteins & lipids aren’t R
O
............................................................................................
stated here because its already F
being stated in Chapter 4. Y
............................................................................................ G
O
............................................................................................ Draw a pyramid of food L
The necessity of balanced diet IO
B
............................................................................................ -
E
............................................................................................ L
............................................................................................ U
D
............................................................................................ O
M
G
N
I
N
Energy Value R
A
E
1. How to prove that food contain / produce ene rgy ? Explain. L
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
2. State the class of foods which does not contain/ produce energ y . Explain why?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................

3. Explain how does the factors listed below affects the requirement of energy .

Body size

Gender

Age

Occupation

4. In a rest condition (such as sleep) we still need energy. Explain why?

........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
5. Why does the Eskimo (live in Artic region) consume a lot of fatty food ?
i. ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
ii. ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
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 Calculation of energy value 4
M
R
O
F
Y
G
O
L
IO
B
Mineral -
E
L
Mineral Function Deficie ncy U
D
Bone and tooth formation, aids in blood clotting, Ricket (children), delayed blood O
Calcium
needed in muscle and nerve coordination. clotting and osteoporosis. M
G
Magnesium Activates most types of enzymes (as a cofactor) Retarded function of muscle. N
I
Component of haemoglobin needed for oxygen N
Ferum / iron Anemia. R
transport in the blood. A
E
Maintain the osmotic pressure and important L
Sodium Muscle cramps.
component in blood plasma.

Potassium Maintenance of acid-base and water balance.
Iodine Component of the thyroxine hormone.
Needed for muscle growth, bone and tooth
Phosphorus
formation, nucleotide and ATP synthesis.
Chlorine Maintenance of osmotic pressure.
Heart failure & muscular weakness.
Goiter (adult) & kretinisme (children)
Rickets & demineralization of bone
(lost of calcium)
Muscle cramps.

Vitamin

Vitamin Function Deficiency

A Needed for formation of light pigment in retina Vision problem (night blindness) and
Retinol and maintenance of epithelial tissue. scaling skin.

Beriberi (muscle weakness, nerve

B1
Thiamine Precursor of ametabolism.
carbohydrate coenzyme which functions in disorder, heart disorder, swollen feet
and loss of skin sensitivity.
Sore eyes and swollen tongues and
B2
Riboflavin Component of coenzymes in energy metabolism. skin lesions at the corner of mouth,
nose and ears.
Pellagra (skin and gastrointestinal
B3
Component of coenzymes in energy metabolism. lesions, nervous, mental disorders
Niacin
and loss of appetite).

B5 Component of coenzyme A, with a role in energy Muscle cramps, fatigue, impaired

Pantothenic acid metabolism. motor coordination.

Irritability, muscular twitching,

B6 convulsions, dermatitis, retarded
Coenzymes in amino acid metabolism.
Pyridoxine growth, kidney stones and pernicious
anemia.

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Vitamin Function Deficiency 4
M
B12 • A coenzyme in nucleic acid metabolism. Pernicious anemia, neurological R
Cobalamin • Synthesis of red blood cells. disorders and weight loss. O
F
1. Poor collagen formation. Y
2. Scaly skin. G
• Required in the synthesis of collagen. O
C
3. Scurvy : symptoms include L
Ascorbic acid •
•
Maintenance of cartilage, bone and dentin.
A strong antioxidant.
swollen,
loss. bleeding gums and tooth IO
B
4. Degeneration of blood vessels, -
muscles and cartilage. E
L
D Aids in the absorption of calcium and Ricet (demineralization of bone) U
♦
D
Calcipherol phosphorus ions for bones and teeth growth. ♦ Tooth decay. O
E Produce red blood cells.
M
Tocopherol Acts an antioxidant.
♦ Anemia. G
N
I
K Defective blood clotting which leads N
Phylloquinone
Important in blood clotting.
to excessive bleeding. R
A
E
L
Group W ork

Group Discussi on
Explain the necessity of diet on a person below:
1. Expectant mother.
2. Sumo wrestler.
3. Long distance runner.
4. Everest climber.
5. Old man.
6. Children.

Scrap Book
• Make a scrap book or booklet about the effect of vitamin and minerals deficiency

and
aboutmalnutrition
the picture. in human. Information mainly based on pictures and simple explanation
• Use internet search engine such as google.com , click on image and key in the key word
of image you want.
• Make sure the pictures that you want to download not less than 40 kb (file size) .
• The procedure of finding the information using internet will be provided.

Malnutrition
• Meaning ........................................................................................................................
• Causes ........................................................................................................................
• Effect ........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

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 Foods test —experiment 4
M
R
Reducing sugar test O
F
Material Y
G
...................................................................... O
Benedict solution L
Water
...................................................................... IO
B
...................................................................... -
Result E
L
...................................................................... U
D
Glucose solution ...................................................................... O
...................................................................... M
G
N
I
Non reducing sugar test N
R
A
E
Solution sucrose
L
Sodium Benedict solution
+ HCL
bicarbonate
Water

Material :.......................................................................................................................
Result :.......................................................................................................................

Millon test (protein)

Material

Millon solution ......................................................................

......................................................................
Water
......................................................................
Result
......................................................................
Egg white ......................................................................
......................................................................

Starch and Fat Test

Starch :.......................................................................................................................
Fat :.......................................................................................................................

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 Food Digest ion-Huma n 4
M
R
1. Name two organic polymer (large molecule ) found in food and its source. O
F
i ................................................................................................................................... Y
ii ................................................................................................................................... G
O
2. Can organic polymer absorbed into blood stream / cells? Why? L
...................................................................................................................................... IO
B
...................................................................................................................................... -
E
3. Why does the organic polymer need to be hydrolysed (brea k dow n) into its monomer? L
...................................................................................................................................... U
D
...................................................................................................................................... O
4. Why does the food need to be break down into a sm all piece s ? M
G
...................................................................................................................................... N
I
...................................................................................................................................... N
R
5. Complete the short notes below by stating the adaptation (characteristic + role) of an A
E
organ to perform its function. Fill in only the main idea and use a simple and short L
sentences .

Mouth
• Produce saliva to Oesofagus
• Consist of circular and longitudal muscle. Foods are moved
lubricate and digest by peristalsis action.
starch.
• Chewing breaks down
Liver
food into small pieces
to increase total surface .............................................................................................
area. .............................................................................................
.............................................................................................

Stomach
i. ........................................................................................
........................................................................................
ii. ........................................................................................
........................................................................................

Small Intestine
i. ........................................................................................
........................................................................................
ii. ........................................................................................
........................................................................................
iii. ........................................................................................
........................................................................................
iv. ........................................................................................
........................................................................................

Large Intestine
.............................................................................................

.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................

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Digestive enzymes 4
M
R
Gland Enzyme Substrate End product O
F
Salivary Amilase Starch Y
G
Stomach Rennin O
L
(gastric juice) Pepsin IO
B
Pancreas Amilase Starch -
E
(pancreatic juice) Trypsin L
U
Fatty acid + Glyserol D
O
Intestinal Asid amino M
Maltose G
N
I
Lactose N
R
Sucrase A
E
L
Experim ent — digestion of starch

Purpose
Test tube To investigate the digestion of starch.
Distilled water
Procedure
Yeast suspension 1. Apparatus as shown is prepared.
2. Iodine and Benedict test is done to the sample of
Visking tube water every 30 minutes.
Yeast suspension 3. Observation are recorded.
+ saliva
Note : Iodine test —> starch —> Dark blue
A B : Benedict test —> Glucose —> Copper

Observation A No change in color for Iodine and Benedict test

Inference A
(reason)
No change in color for Iodine test but the colour of water turn into
Observation B
copper when tested with Benedict solution.
Inference B
(reason)

Discussion

Conclusion

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 Practice 4
M
R
O
F
Y
G
O
L
IO
B
-
E
L
U
D
O
1. Label the digestive system above. M
2. State tw o the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. G
N
I
i. ................................................................................................................................... N
ii. ................................................................................................................................... R
A
3. Explain the role of bile in digestion process. E
L
i. ...................................................................................................................................
ii. ...................................................................................................................................
iii. ...................................................................................................................................
4. Explain two adaptati ons of small intestine to increase the absorption of digested food.
i. ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
ii. ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

Dige sti on in Ru minant & Roden t

Ruminant Rodent

mouth

anus

1. Label parts of ruminant’s and rodent’s stomach.

2. Draw an arrow to show the flow of food inside ruminant’s stomach.

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 3. Animals unable to produce cellulase to digest cellulose (component of plant cell wall) 4
into glucose. Explain how the ruminants digest the cellulose? M
R
......................................................................................................................................... O
......................................................................................................................................... F
Y
4. Compare the digestive system of ruminant and rodent based on: G
O
i. stomach structure L
................................................................................................................................... IO
B
................................................................................................................................... -
E
ii. Digestion of cellulose L
................................................................................................................................... U
D
................................................................................................................................... O
M
...................................................................................................................................
G
5. Why ruminant need more than one stomach ? N
I
......................................................................................................................................... N
R
......................................................................................................................................... A
E
L
Absorp tion & Assim ilat ion of Digested Food

1. Draw the structure of one villi inside the given space.

2. Three adaptations (characteristic + role) of villi to

increase the rate of food absorption are;
i. ......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
ii. ......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

iii. ......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

3. State the digested food absorbed by the structure below:

i. Blood capillary ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
ii. Lacteal ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................

Creative essay
If you’re the starch or protein (choose one), describe your experience in human digestive
system start from mouth until you’re inside the liver.


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The Role of Liver 4
M
Small intestine Liver Blood Cell / Ti ssue R
O
Glucose Glucose Glucose Energy F
production Y
G
Glycogen O
L
Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Protein synthesis IO
B
-
Urea E
Protein L
Plasma protein U
D
O
Other Functions What is? M
• Break down old red blood cell and haemoglobin. G
• Storage of blood (300 cm3 – 1500 cm3).
• Glycogen N
I
........................................... N
• Synthesis of plasma protein such as albumin and R
globulin. • Urea A
E
• Storage of vitamine A, D and B12. ........................................... L
• Storage of minerals, Fe and Cu. • Plasma protein
• Detoxification of drugs, alcohol and poisons. ...........................................

Defaecation

1. State tw o functions of large intestine .

i. ...................................................................................................................................
ii. ...................................................................................................................................
2. State the role of rectum .
.........................................................................................................................................
3. Why does the undigested food must be expelled (eli minated) out of the body?
.........................................................................................................................................
4. Explain the cause of constipation .
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................

Pro blems Related to Nutriti on

Problem Causes Symptom & Effe ct

Gastric

Anoreksia
nervosa

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 Problem Causes Symptom & Effe ct 4
Obesity M
R
O
F
Y
G
O
Belumia L
IO
B
-
E
L
U
D
O
Nutrient Requi rem ent in Plant M
G
1 Does the plant able to live only by using product of photosynthesis (starch) ? Explain. N
I
N
............................................................................................................................................ R
A
............................................................................................................................................ E
2 What is nutrients / minerals ? L
............................................................................................................................................
3 Complete the table below.
Macronutrient Micronutrient

Meaning

Minerals

The Role of Macronutrient

Minerals Function Effe ct of deficienc ies

• Synthesis of protein, chlorophyll &

Nitrogen (N) nucleic acid (DNA & RNA) ♦ Yellowish & stunted leaves (chlorosis)
• Growth of leaf & stem

• Synthesis of protein & nucleic acid ♦ Stunted growth

Phosphorus (P) (DNA & RNA) ♦ Poor root growth
• Enhanced cell division ♦ Formation of dull, dark green leaves

♦ Stunted growth
Potassium (K) • Synthesis of protein & starch
♦ Premature death of plants

♦ Stunted growth
Calcium (Ca) • Growth of shoot & root
♦ Leaves become distort & cupped

♦ General yellowing of leaves or entire

Sulphur (S) • Synthesis of protein
plant

Magnesium (Mg) • Synthesis of chlorophyll (constituent) ♦ General yellowing of leaves

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Lack (deficiencies) of mineral will cause several symptoms. Based on minerals and symptoms 4
given below, explain why the symptom occur ? M
1. Nitrogen—stunted growth
R
O
........................................................................................................................................ F
Y
2. Phosphorus—stunted growth G
O
........................................................................................................................................ L
3. Magnesium—yellowish leaves IO
B
........................................................................................................................................ -
E
L
U
D
Preparation of Cult ure Soluti on O
M
Knop Solution (complete solution) G
N
I
Calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2) 0.8 g N
R
Potassium nitrate (KNO3) 0.2 g A
Potassium dehidrogen fosfat (KH2PO4) 0.2 g E
Magnesium sulfat (MgSO4) 0.2 g
L
Ferum (III) fosfat (FePO4) trace
Distilled water 1000 cm3

1. Objective :.......................................................................................................................
2. Variables i. manipulated :......................................................................................
ii. response :......................................................................................
iii. constant :......................................................................................
3. Hypothesis :.......................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
4. What the purpose of covering jar with black paper?
........................................................................................................................................
5. Why does the root need to be aerated (provided with air)?
........................................................................................................................................
6. Name one mineral which provides elements listed below;
i) sulphur ........................................ ii) phosphorus ................................................
iii) nitrogen ........................................ iv) calcium ................................................
7. Based on Knop solution above, how do you prepare solution with lack of (without):
i. Nitrogen .............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
ii. Phosphorus .............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
iii. Calcium .............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................

iv. All minerals .............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................
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 Photosynthesis 4
M
R
Purpose O
............................................................................................... F
Y
Result and Discussion G
............................................................................................... O
............................................................................................... L
............................................................................................... IO
B
............................................................................................... -
Conclusion E
L
............................................................................................... U
D
O
Purpose M
............................................................................................... G
N
I
Result and Discussion
N
............................................................................................... R
............................................................................................... A
E
............................................................................................... L
Conclusion
...............................................................................................

Cross sectional of leaf

1. Label the cross sectional of leaf above. Label must include palisade mesophyll, spongy
mesophyll, epidermal cell, cuticle, vascular bundle (xylem and phloem) and stoma.

2. State the function of structures below:

i. Palisade mesophyll ...................................................................................................
ii. Spongy mesophyll ...................................................................................................
iii. Vascular bundle ........................................................................................................
iv. Stoma ........................................................................................................

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3. State three structural adaptations (characteristic + role) of leaf to increase the rate of 4
photosynthesis. M
R
i. ................................................................................................................................... O
ii. ................................................................................................................................... F
Y
iii. ................................................................................................................................... G
O
4. State the adaptations to carry out photosynthesis for plants given below: L
i. Seaweed (rumpair) IO
B
................................................................................................................................... -
E
................................................................................................................................... L
ii. Cactus U
D
................................................................................................................................... O
M
...................................................................................................................................
G
N
I
Mechanism of photosynthes is N
R
Structure of chloroplast A
2 4 H 2O E
L

24 H+ 24 OH-
Photolysis 6 O2

1 2 H 2O
24 e- 24 e-
Chlorophyll
Absorb energy from Light reaction
24 H sunlight

6 H 2O
Dark reaction


C 6 H 12 O 6 REMINDER
6 CO 2
Do not memorized the number
of molecules, ions and electron.
1. Based on flow chart, explain what happen during:
i. light reaction ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
ii. dark reaction ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
2. What is the role of sunlight in photolysis (light reaction)?
.........................................................................................................................................
3. Does the dark reaction occurs at night? Why?
.........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
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 4
M
R
O
F
Y
G
+ O
L
4. Label the flow chart above to shows the summary of photosynthesis. IO
B
5. Based on flow chart in page 39, summarized the chemical equation of photosynthesis. -
E
......................................................................................................................................... L
U
6. (a) What is the end product of photosyn thesis that useful to the plant? D
................................................................................................................................... O
M
(b) State the two roles of substance stated in 5 (a). G
i. .............................................................................................................................. N
I
ii. ..............................................................................................................................
N
R
7. Compare the light reaction and dark reaction based on: A
E
i. Substrate (substance used in reaction) L
ii. Site of reaction
iii. End product
iv. Time of reaction
• Note : use complete sentences .
Light reaction Dark reaction

Occurred in grana.

Factor affecting photosynthe sis

si si
s s
e e
th th
n n
ys ys
to to
o o
h h
p p
f f
o o
e
t e
t
a a
R R
Light intensity 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 ( o C)
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1. Plot the graph in page 40. 4
2. Explain the relation of; M
R
i) light intensity and rate of photosyn thesis . O
F
..................................................................................................................................... Y
..................................................................................................................................... G
O
..................................................................................................................................... L
ii) temperature and rate of photosynt hesis IO
B
..................................................................................................................................... -
E
..................................................................................................................................... L
U
..................................................................................................................................... D
3. Explain how the concentration of carbon dioxide become a limiting factor to the rate of O
M
photosynthesis. G
.......................................................................................................................................... N
I
N
.......................................................................................................................................... R
.......................................................................................................................................... A
E
.......................................................................................................................................... L

Technology in Food Produ ction

Grou p discussi on

• Explain how methods listed below increase the quality and quantity of food production.
i. Hydrophonics
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
ii. Aerophonics.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
iii. Breeding.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
iv. Tissue culture.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
v. Genetic engineering.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

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 Technology of F ood Pro cessing 4
M
R
Purpose Drying (dehydration) O
F
Purpose Y
1 ............................................................... ................................................................. G
O
............................................................... ................................................................. L
............................................................... ................................................................. IO
B
2 ............................................................... Method -
............................................................... ................................................................. E
L
3 ............................................................... ................................................................. U
D
............................................................... ................................................................. O
4 ............................................................... Advantages M
............................................................... ................................................................. G
N
I
.................................................................
N
Sample of food R
A
................................................................. E
Pasteuraization L
Purpose
Canning
To destroy bacteria and keeping the flavour
and nutrient Purpose
To kill microorganisms and its spore (survive
up to 120 oC).
Method (temperature )
Method (temperature )
63 oC in 30 minutes or 72 oC in 15 seconds
Packed in cans and steamed with high
temperature and high pressure.
Advantages
Advantages
Bacteria are destroyed but the nutrient (eg.
Keep food sterile (free from microorganisms)
protein) undamaged.
for a long period.
Sample of food
Sample of food
Sardines and pineapple
Milk and fruits juice.

Refrigeration Vaccum packa ging

Purpose
.................................................................
.................................................................
Method
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
Advantages
.................................................................
.................................................................
Sample of food
.................................................................
Purpose
.................................................................
.................................................................
Method
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
Advantages
.................................................................
.................................................................
Sample of food
.................................................................

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 RESPIRATION 4
M
R
1. What is the substance act as source of energy in living things? O
F
......................................................................................................................................... Y
2. Why substance in 1 contain energy? G
O
......................................................................................................................................... L
3. How to get energy from substance in 1 so that it can be use by living things? IO
B
......................................................................................................................................... -
E
4. State three the role of energy to living things. L
U
i. ................................................................................................................................... D
ii. ................................................................................................................................... O
M
iii. ................................................................................................................................... G
5. State two cells/tissues in human body which used a lot of energy. Explain why? N
I
N
......................................................................................................................................... R
A
......................................................................................................................................... E
L
Aerob ic & Anaerobic Respira tion

Glycolysis
Break down of glucose

Creb Cycle
The process which produce a lot of
energy.

Note : do not memorized both terms.

1. If you’re not breathing for a certain period of time, you will be weak, then
unconscious and finally die. Based on biology fact, explain why does it happen?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
2. Sprinter athlete (such as 100m) hold their breathe while running . Can energy be
produce in that condition (without air/oxygen)? Explain how?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
3. After reaching finishing line, the athlete will be puffing (breathing in a fast rate) and
exhausted. After a while, he/she will be recovered and back into normal condition. Explain
these phenomena based on biology fact.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
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 Chem ical Equation of Respiration 4
M
R
Aerobic Respirati on O
F
Y
G
O
L
Anaerobic Respiratio n I n Anim al & Yeast IO
B
-
E
L
U
D
O
M
G
Practice N
I
N
R
A
E
Apparatus A Apparatus B L

Questions 1 e. Name the other substance being produce.

a. Why does the glucose solution need to be
boiled ?
................................................................
................................................................
b. Which apparatus acts as control ? Explain
the purpose of using control.
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
c. What the purpose of using paraffin oil ?
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
d. What gas being produced? Give your
reason.
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
f. If paraffin layer is removed , what will you
expect?
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
g. How to increase the gas production?
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
h. If yeast is replaced with bacteria , what is
the expected result?
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................

................................................................ ................................................................

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2. Why does the unicellular organism such as yeast and bacteria are able to survive only 4
by performing anaerobic respiration ? [only produce small amount of energy] M
......................................................................................................................................
R
O
...................................................................................................................................... F
......................................................................................................................................
Y
G
3. During flood , most of plant will die. Explain why? [based on respiration] O
L
......................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... IO
B
-
4. Compare between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration based on: E
i) Substrate used L
U
ii) Product of reaction D
iii) The amount ATP produced
O
M
iv) Site of reaction. G
N
I
Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration N
R
Substrate used is glucose Substrate used is glucose A
E
L

Respiratory St ructure—Hum an

• Role of cartilage rings ?

................................................
................................................ larynx
................................................
Function of epiglottis ? epiglottis
•

................................................
................................................
................................................
• Function of diaphragm ? lung
................................................
................................................
................................................

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Explain the adaptations of alveolus to increase the Draw the cross sectional of alveolus 4
efficiency of gaseous exchange. M
i. ............................................................................ R
O
............................................................................ F
............................................................................ Y
G
ii. ............................................................................ O
L
............................................................................
............................................................................ IO
B
iii. ............................................................................
-
E
............................................................................ L
U
............................................................................ D
O
Respiratory Structure—Animals M
G
1 Explain the adaptations of respiration structure (way to increase the TSA/V) to N
I
facilitate the gaseous exchange. N
2 Explain how the gaseous exchange .
R
A
E
Unicellular organism—Amoeba L
1 .................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................
.................................................................................................

Earth worm
1 .................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................
.................................................................................................

spiracle

trachea

Insect-Cockroaches
1 ....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
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 Frog 4
1 ........................................................................... M
R
........................................................................... O
........................................................................... F
Y
2 ........................................................................... G
O
........................................................................... L
........................................................................... IO
B
draw gill filament
-
E
gill arch L
Gill raker U
D
O
M
gill G
gill arch
N
I
operculum N
R
A
E
Fish L
1 .........................................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................................
2 .........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................

Practice

1. Why does the unicellular organis m do not require a respiratory structure?

.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
2. Crocodile is able to chase its prey for a limited distance/time only , continue chasing

will cause death . Explain why?

.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
3. Whale use lungs for breathing. What happens if whale using gill for breathing?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
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 Gaseous Exchange in Huma n 4
M
Alveolus R
O
Partial O2  F
pressure Y
CO2  CO 2 O2 G
O
L
IO
B
-
E
L
U
Tissue D
O
Partial O2  M
pressure G
CO2  CO 2 O2 N
I
N
• Oxygen transported in form of .................................................... while carbon dioxide R
A
transported in form of .................................................., .................................................., E
L
and ..................................................
• Haemoglobin is a ................................... which contain ...............................

• The gaseous exchange between respiratory structure and blood involving .........................
........................................
• Diffusion occurred due to the .............................................................................................
• For example in alveolus, the partial pressure of oxygen is .............. then the blood
inside the blood capillary. As a result, oxygen ............................. into the blood and
combine with hemoglobin to form ...........................................
• In tissue, partial pressure oxygen is ................... compare to blood inside blood
capillary. As a result, ........................................... releases its oxygen. Oxygen
then ....................... into the tissue.
• Same condition is occur to the carbon dioxide.

1. Label the diagram above.

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48
2. Explain the condition of structures below during inhalation. 4
i. diaphragm ........................................................................................................... M
R
ii. intercostals muscle ........................................................................................................... O
iii. ribs ........................................................................................................... F
Y
iv. lung ........................................................................................................... G
O
L
Regulat ory Mechanism IO
B
-
1. What happen to the breathing and heart beat rate after doing vigorous activity?
E
......................................................................................................................................... L
U
2. Does the breathing and heart beat rate changed after reaction in 1 ? What happen? D
O
......................................................................................................................................... M
G
Respiratory centre N
I
N
R
A
E
Respiratory centre Medulla oblongata L
Chemoreceptor of medulla oblongata

Chemoreceptor of carotid body Intercostals muscle

Chemoreceptor of aortic bodies

Diaphragm

Regulation of carbon dioxide

• Carbon dioxide in the blood is in form of carbonic acid .
• The increase of carbonic acid will increase the acidity of blood (drop of pH) and this changes
is detected by (or stimulate the) chemoreceptor of respiratory centre in medulla oblongata.
• Respiratory centre send i mpulses to intercos tals muscle and diaphrag m muscle to
increase the relaxation and contraction of muscles. Hence, the rate of breathing is
increased .
• As a result, more carbon dioxide expelled out of the body and partial pressure of carbon
dioxide in blood is decreased.
• The reduction of partial pressure will reduce the acidity (or carbonic acid) and pH value of
blood is return into normal.

Regulation of oxygen
• Partial pressure of oxygen inside the blood is detected by carotid body and aortic bodies .
• Low partial pressure of oxygen stimulate the chemoreceptor of carotid body and aortic
bodies .
• Carotid body and aortic bodies send impulses to the respiratory centre and the
breathing rate is increased.
• The increase of breathing rate w ill increase the partial pressure of oxygen .
• The increase of the partial pressure of oxygen, will cause the chemoreceptor not
stimulated and the breathing rate return into normal.
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 Respira tion i n Plant 4
M
R
O
F
Y
G
O
L
IO
B
-
E
L
U
D
O
M
Cross sectional of leaf Cross sectional of lenticels G
N
I
1. State how the structures below gets its oxygen . N
R
i) leaf ....................................................................................................................... A
E
ii) stem ....................................................................................................................... L
iii) root .......................................................................................................................
2. Write down the chemical equation of anaerobic respiration in plant.
.........................................................................................................................................
3. Explain how submerged plant gets its oxygen.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................

Comparison—Respirati on & Photosynt hesis

Compare based on:
i. substrate ii. end product of reaction
iii. condition for reaction iv. site of reaction / organelle involved

v. occur in...
Respiration Photosyntesis

Use glucose and oxygen. Use carbon dioxide and water.

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 Respira tion & Photosynthesis 4
M
Photosynthesis produce glucose and oxygen that required by
glucose R
respiration, and respiration produce carbon dioxide that O
required by photosynthesis. oxygen F
Y
In darkness photosynthesis respiration G
O
• Photosynthesis stop and plant carry out respiration—use L
oxygen and release carbon dioxide. carbon dioxide IO
B
-
The increase of light intensity
E
• The rate of photosynthesis increase due to the increase of light intensity. L
U
• Production of oxygen will increase. D
• Respiration still occur—oxygen is used and carbon dioxide is released. O
• Carbon dioxide from respiration is used in photosynthesis and oxygen produced by photosynthesis
M
is used in respiration . G
N
I
Compensatio n point (photosynthesis = respiration) N
R
• All carbon dioxide produced by respiration is used in photosynthesis, while all oxygen pro- A
E
duced by photosynthesis is used in respiration . L
• At compensation point, no excess amount of oxygen because the rate of oxygen production (by
photosynthesis) is equal to the rate of oxygen usage (by respiration).
• Same condition occurs to carbon dioxide, the rate of carbon dioxide production (by respiration) is
equal to the rate of carbon dioxide usage (by photosynthesis). So, no excess amount of carbon
dioxide .
• At this point, all glucose produced by photosynthesis is used in respiration . As a result, no
excess amount of glucose for storage (starch production).
• So, the rate of photosynthesis must be higher then the rate of respiration to make sure
there are excess amount of glucose for storage in form of starch.
• Hence, the light intensity must be higher then compensation point, so that the rate of photosyn-
thesis is higher then t he rate of respiration .
2
O
C
f
2 o e
s
O k
e a
f e
o ta rc
e In in
m
u
l
o light intensity
v
2
O
C
f
o
e
se s
a
a
el rce
e
Graph 1 light intensity R in
Graph 2

1. Plot the graph above and mark the compensation point.

2. Based on graph, how do you determine the compensation point?
3. At low light intensity , certain plant become retarded or gradually die. Explain why? (based

on compensation point)

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 DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM 4
M
Decomposer Pyramid of Number R
O
Producer Consumer F
Forth trophic level
Y
(tertiary consumer)
se G
Biotic Component a
e O
rc L
Third trophic level d
e IO
(secondary consumer)
si B
Ecosystem -
sm
i E
Second trophic level n
a L
Abiotic Component (primary consumer) g
r U
o D
f O
o
pH Humidity
r
e M
b
m G
Temperature Topography u
N
N
I
N
First trophic level R
Light intensity Microclimate (producer) A
E
L
• Draw a food web based on pyramid of number above.

Energy Fl ow in Food Webs

energy input energy lost in energy lost in energy lost in energy lost in
(sunlight ) respiration respiration respiration respiration
90% 90% 90% 90%
10% 10% 10%
producer herbivores carnivores top carnivores

death excursion & death excursion & death excursion & death
defecation defecation defecation

energy lost in
decomposer —fungi, bacteria, worm & scavenger

Int eracti on Between Bioti c Com ponent

Commensalism
..........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
Mutualism

..........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................

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Saprophytism 4
.......................................................................................................... M
.......................................................................................................... R
O
Prey-Predator F
.......................................................................................................... Y
.......................................................................................................... G
O
Parasitism L
.......................................................................................................... IO
B
.......................................................................................................... -
E
L
Investigate the effect of competition U
D
O
M
G
N
I
Paramecium Paramecium Paramecium aurelia + N
aurelia caudatum P. caudatum R
Experiment A
E
L

Experiment 1 Experiment 2
Separated population Mixed population

Result
(plot the n n
o o
graph) ti ti
a
l a
l
u u
p p
o o
P P
Days Days

...................................................................................................................
Discussion ...................................................................................................................
(why the curve ...................................................................................................................
is like that?)
...................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................
Conclusion
...................................................................................................................

Colonisation & Succession

Explain the terms below:
i) habitat ......................................................................................................................
ii) species ......................................................................................................................
iii) niche ......................................................................................................................

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iv) population ...................................................................................................................... 4
v) community ...................................................................................................................... M
R
vi) ecosystem ...................................................................................................................... O
F
vii) colonisation ...................................................................................................................... Y
viii) succession ...................................................................................................................... G
O
L
Colonisation & Succession in Pond IO
B
-
E
Pioneer species L
U
D
s ca D
u
algae and submerged plant
O
cc u e
se p
M
e o
s s
p i
iso o tio die and submerge
n n G
N
n
I
d o
First successor species
p g f
N
o r e d
R
ce tt e
in a
ss g d
A
sh /d
E
L
e
a ca
lo
l y die and submerge
w e
Second successor species
/ d
d re o rg
u a
ce n
i
th cm
e a
d e
e tr die and submerge
p ia
th l
— in Third successor species
ni b
it a
ia se
te m
th e
e tn
Climax community

• Explain the adaptation of;

i) pioneer species (algae and submerged plant)
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
ii) primary successor species
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
iii) secondary successor species
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
• What are the changes that cause the succession in pond?

.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
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 Col onisati on & Succession in Mangrove . 4
d
n u M
r
e io
t
m R
h si & O
gi o r
e F
h p
g e tt Y
n d a G
it e m
t th ci O
g
e
f n L
kn o a
g IO
a se r
o B
b a
u d
-
e c a E
h e e L
T b d
U
D
Map below shows the effect of succession in mangrove after 20 years. Complete the diagram O
below by using appropriate symbol. M
• What are the changes after 20 years? G
N
I
B B B N
A Avicennia sp. B R
B
B
B A
S Sonneratia sp. E
B L
R Rhizophora sp.

B Brugueira sp.
Muddy and sand bank B B B B
B
B B B
F Forest Year 2000 Year 2020

high tide
Year 2020 Year 2000
low tide

• Avicennia sp. (pokok api-api putih) and Sonneratia sp. (pokok perepat) are the pioneer
species in the muddy and sandy bank. This species are able to stands a high salinity, wave
and wind.
• The extensive root system traps and collects the sediment, including organic matter from
decaying plant parts. The soil become more compact and firm (kukuh).
• This condition favours the Rhizophora sp. Consequently, the Avicennia sp. and Sonneratia
sp. are replace by Rhizophora .
• The prop roots (akar jangkang) of the Rhizophora sp. traps silt (selut) and mud and
creating firmer soil.
• The ground (or bank) getting higher and less submerged by sea water.
• The soil getting firm and hard and this condition favours the Brugueira sp.
• Consequently, the Rhizophora sp. is replaced by Brugueira sp.
• The root of Brugueira sp. traps silt and mud and further modified the soil structure .
• Over the time, plants like nipah and Pandanus begin to replace the Brugueira sp.
• The gradual transition and succession from a mangrove to a terrestrial forest and
eventually to a tropical forest —a climax community .

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 Popu lati on Ecology 4
M
R
Quadrate sampling technique Capture, Mark, Release O
and Recapture Technique F
Y
G
This technique is used to estimate
O
the population of animal such as ant, L
birds and mammals by using ink/
ring/tag . Some precaution and IO
B
Quadrate frame - metal / wood assumption to be considered; -
E
L
• The mark not harmed to the U
animal or predator. D
Quadrate frame—rope and stick • Animal captured randomly . O
Examples of Quadrate M
• Let the animal free to mixed
G
with srcinal population.
N
I
Quadrate for small organism • Assumption — no migration
N
(eg. fungus) and mortality due to disease. R
• Capture a large samples of A
Percentage coverage E
animal. L
Total coverage of • The experiment is repeated
all quadrate to increase the validity
Number of quadrate X 100% (kesahan) of data.
Example of coverage x quadrate area
No. of org. in first sample x
No. of org. in second sample
Density Frequency
No. of marked org. recaptured

Sampling of soil organisms

Tullgren Funnel
• The principle of both
instruments;
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
Bearmann Funnel
• The difference ;
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................
..............................................

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 The Effect of Abioti c Factors on Popu lation 4
M
R
Factors Effect O
F
pH Y
G
O
L
IO
B
temperature -
E
L
U
D
O
humidity M
G
N
I
N
R
light A
intensity E
L

Biodiversity
Definition
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

The importance
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

Protista
Kingdoms
......................
Paramecium Yeast
Amoeba Mold
Euglena Mushroom

...................... ...................... ......................

.......................... .......................... ..........................
.......................... .......................... ..........................
.......................... .......................... ..........................

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 Classifi cation of Organism s 4
M
R
O
Kingdom 1. Why does an organisms must be F
K Y
classified ? G
O
Phyllum P
.................................................. L
.................................................. IO
B
Class
.................................................. -
C E
.................................................. L
U
D
Order O 2. Why does the Latin language is O
M
used for naming the species?
F G
Family .................................................. N
I
.................................................. N
G R
.................................................. A
Genus E
.................................................. L
S
Species

Catego ry Housefly Human Corn / Maize Rat

Kingdom Animalia Animalia Plantae Animalia

Phyllum Arthropoda Chordata Trachaeophyta Chordata

Class Insecta Mamalia Angiospermae Mamalia

Order Diptera Primate Glumnifloflorae Rodentia

Family Muscidae Homonidae Maydeae Muroidae

Genus Musca Homo Zea Rattus

Species domestica sapiens mays rattus

Law of scientific names — Linnae us Binom ial System

• Species has two names - genus + species.
• Genus begins with capital letter and species all small letter.
• Written in italics (usually in printing) or underline (usually in hand writing).

Local name Printing Hand writing

Toad (katak puru) Bufo melanogaster Bufo melanogaster

Cockroach (lipas rumah) Periplaneta americana Periplaneta americana

Durian Durio zibethinus Durio zibethinus

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 The Impact of Microorganisms 4
M
Fungi & Algae R
O
F
Fungi Algae Y
G
................................................................... ................................................................... O
................................................................... ................................................................... L
................................................................... ................................................................... IO
B
................................................................... ................................................................... -
E
................................................................... ................................................................... L
U
................................................................... ................................................................... D
................................................................... ................................................................... O
M
................................................................... ...................................................................
G
N
I
Bacteria & Virus N
R
A
1. Label the bacteria structures. 2. Label the virus structures. E
L
Label — capsule, cell wall, flagella, Label — capsid dan nucleic acid (genetic
cytoplasm and genetic material-DNA/RNA. material-DNA/RNA)

4
1

3 6
7

1 – binary fission-bacteria, 2 – Streptococcus, 3 – flagella-bacteria, 4 – bakteriofaj,

5 – budding-yis, 6 – tobacco mosaic virus, 7 – bacteria spore.
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 Coccus Spirillum 4
Ca
ps diplococcus, M
N ul F streptococcus, R
o e la staphilococcus O
F
sp (s ge
ec po lla Aerobic
ifie re
) -p –m n
o Y
d
or rot
Bacillus Vibrio it G
ov
ga ec e a
ri O
ne t io
n
m
e s
e p L
lle nt p
a s
e Anaerobic IO
sh R B
Nutrition -
- auxotroph, parasite & Bacteria E
saprophyte & L
ion U
rit D
n e ut
io an
+ on O
fis
s br t ein can) –n M
ry em o
pr ly i n g ion G
na m – idog - l i v pirat
bi -n
o l l
a ept
n s N
I
– N o re
n NA l w (p oduce in N
it o s-
D l L i v in g – repr R
uc C e ride A
d l eu a host cell only.
ro uc c ch E
p N a L
Re lys si
te
po a Ou
p ar te
r
ll
l e st
A host
al )
ce
+ d
i A ls st ll—
a n
reminder sm )
in a
c
R
N mi la
be
co
e / p


e ic n
Th t A
me
o e a k
r l N k c c
a rys
Don’t use short form (p c
u (D c
a tt ta
in answering the di N tt a lliz
s a – e
examination and test. p – A
a A N
C N R
D

Protozoa

..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

Amoeba
Moves and captures its prey
by using pseudopodium
(false leg) also known as
phagocytosis.

Antibiotic effect
A substances produces by
microorganism to stunned/
stop/kill other microbe.
Based on picture-the effect
are vary.

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Experiment— handling microbe 4
M
Precaution— experiment involving microbe R
O
In experiment involving microorganisms, apparatus must be free from microbe (sterile) to F
prevent contamination and the validity of an experiment. Several precautions and steps have
Y
G
to be taken during experiment; O
L
IO
B
1. Wash your hand using antiseptic before and after the experiment. -
2. Table is cleaned by using antiseptic before and after the experiment. E
L
3. Food not allowed in the lab. U
D
4. Clean with antiseptic if the microbe culture is spilled. O
5. After the experiment, wash all apparatus with antiseptic. M
G
6. Don’t throw agar medium into the bin or sink. Discard by using antiseptic or burning. N
I
N
R
A
The formation of colony (spot) E
L

Term/ scale use d to describe the growth of microorganisms

Cloudy — clear, light & heavy
Numbers of colony — 2, 3, 4, ....
Size of colony — measure the diameter

1. Agars is used in experiment involving microbes which

contain agar and nutrient. What is the initial colour of
agars? What happens after the microbe colonize (growing)
in the agar?
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

2. The agars need to be sterile (free from microbe) before

the experiment. Why?
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................

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Experiment— gr owing microbe 4
M
1. Wash your thumb. R
O
2. Press (gently) the agar using your thumb. F
Y
3. Mark your thumb and group members on Petri dish. G
O
4. Overturned the Petri dish and store in dark place. L
5. Live for 3 days and record the result—numbers, size and colour of the colony. IO
B
-
E
Practice L
U
D
O
Experiment was carried out by growing the bacteria Bacillus subtilis (round and white colony) M
inside Petri dish which contain nutrient agar under different condition. Numbered of colony are G
measured after 24 hours. N
I
N
Temperature factor R
A
E
Petri dish A Petri dish B Petri dish C L
o o
5 C 37 C 60 oC
Condition (refrigerator) (oven) (oven)

Result

Observation
(state)

1. State the inference for the observation in:

i. Petri dish A ...................................................................................................

...................................................................................................
ii. Petri dish B ...................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
2. State the variables :
i. manipulated ...................................................................................................
ii. responding ...................................................................................................
iii. constant ...................................................................................................
3. State two hypothesis for this experiment.
i. .................................................................................................................................
ii. .................................................................................................................................
4. What the meaning of growth based on this experiment (defining operationally ).
.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
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 Useful Mi croorganism s 4
M
R
1. What are the role of bacteria and protozoa in the alimentary canal of ruminant? O
.........................................................................................................................................
F
Y
......................................................................................................................................... G
O
2. “Microorganisms helps the hum an digestion system ”. Explain this statement. L
......................................................................................................................................... IO
B
......................................................................................................................................... -
E
......................................................................................................................................... L
U
3. Sate the role of Trichonympha in the alimentary canal of termite. D
......................................................................................................................................... O
M
a G
ri N
e
tc I
a N
b R
Animals n
g A
y
i E
ifr L
it
n
e
.. D
.b
y
death &
rb
so
waste SOIL
b
a

Organism P

Organism Q

Bacteria Z

Bacteria X Bacteria Y

4. a. Complete the diagram above.

b. Name the:
i. Bacretia X ..............................................................
ii. Bacteria Y ..............................................................
iii. Bacteria Z ..............................................................
c. Give tw o example of organism Q and their role.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
d. What are the importan ce of nitrogen cycle to the human being?

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
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 Harm ful Microorganisms 4
M
Pathogens Disease Method of transmission Signs and symptoms R
O
Protozoa Malaria Vector. Anopheles sp. mosquito High fever , violent shiv- F
(Plasmodium sp.) ering profuse sweating. Y
G
Virus Dengue fever Vector: Aedes sp. mosquito Fever with severe body O
pain and rashes over L
parts of the body. IO
B
Bacterium Cholera 1. by drinking water or eating Profuse and watery di- -
(Vibrio cholerae) food contaminated with the arrhea , vomiting and leg E
cholera bacterium. cramps. L
U
2. faeces of an infected person. D
3. inadequate sewage treat- Rapid loss of body fluids O
ment and improper treat- leads to dehydration and M
ment of drinking water. shock. G
N
I
Fungi Ringworm Contagious and is spread through Rashes on the body N
(Tinea corporis) infected pets or through direct which look like red circular R
contact with infected individuals. lesions with a scaly bor- A
E
der. These infected areas L
may be itchy.
Bacteria related Food poisoning Contamination of cooked food Diarrhea , nausea, chills,
food poisoning is and inappropriate handling and vomiting and fever within
the most common preparation of food. 12 to 24 hours.
for example,
Salmonella sp.
Human Acquired Immune 1. Unprotected sex with an in- People with AIDS often
Immunodefi- Deficiency Syn- fected partner. suffer diseases of the
ciency drome (AIDS) 2. Blood transfusion from an lungs, brain, eyes and
Virus (HIV) infected person. other vital organs along
3. Transmission from a preg- with debilitating weight
nant mother to an unborn loss and diarrhea.
child.
4. Contaminated syringes, nee-
dles or other piercing instru-
ments.
Coronavirus Severe acute respi- Through the respiration droplets High fever (body tem-
ratory released into the air when an perature of more than
Syndrome (SARS) infected person coughs or 38.0 °C (100.4 °F).
is a viral respiratory sneezes.
illness After two to seven days,
SARS patients may de-
velop a dry cough. Most
patients develop pneumo-
nia.
Viruses Hepatitis A by contaminated food or water Jaundice , inflammation
and personal contact. of the liver, fever, fatigue,
diminished appetite, nau-
Hepatitis B contaminated sea and abdominal pains.
blood or needles, as well as
sexually Severe - lead to liver
cancer, liver failure, and
eventually death.

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 Controlling Pathogen —Sterili zation 4
M
Meaning ........................................................................................................................ R
O
........................................................................................................................ F
Y
Method Explanation G
O
Antibiotics L
IO
B
Antiseptics -
E
L
U
Disinfectants D
O
M
Autoclave Heated over 120 oC to kill microbe and bacteria spore.
G
In medical use-sterilized the instruments. N
I
N
Microorganism in Biotechnology R
A
E
L
Production of Vaccine
Mikroorganism ..............................................................................................................
Role ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
Production of Antibiotic
Mikroorganism ..............................................................................................................
Role ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
Cleaning Oil Spills
Mikroorganism .............................................................................................................
Role ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
Waste Treatment
Mikroorganism ..............................................................................................................
Role ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
Food Processing
Mikroorganism ..............................................................................................................
Role ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
Bioplastic (biodegradable) Industry
Mikroorganism ..............................................................................................................
Role ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
Production of Energy from Biomass-bioga s & biofuel
Mikroorganism ..............................................................................................................

Role ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
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 ENDANGERED ECOSYSTEM 4
M
R
O
The effect of unplanned F
management Y
G
O
L
Soil erosion Extinction of species Global warming IO
B
-
Flash flood Deforestation Climate change E
L
U
Landslides Thinning ozone layer D
O
M
air Water G
N
I
Pollution N
noise Thermal R
A
E
L
Group Project —Presentat ion

Topic (one topic for each group) Using search engine (Google
1. Soil erosion & landslides.
& M s Internet Explorer)
2. Flash flood.
3. Air pollution.
Searching for text /
4. Water pollution & eutrophication.
5. Thermal pollution & radioactive pollution. document.
6. Global warming & climate change.
7. Thinning of ozone layer. • Key in key word, pres Enter.
8. Deforestation and extinction of species. • Click on link you want or
Right click, Open in New
Format of presentation — comput er & booklet Window.
1. Introduction (meaning) • Save file— File, Save as...
2. Example (local / global) • Press Back Button to go to
3. Source
previous page.
4. Effect
5. Steps taken to overcome the problem.
Searching for picture.
6. Closing (conclusion)

NOTE : use picture in presentation & booklet. • Click on Images .

• Key in key word, pres Enter.
Search Engine • Click on picture you want or
www.yahoo.com Right click, Open in New
www.altavista.com Window.
www.google.com • Right click on picture you
want, Save Picture As...
Useful key w ord for internet searching • Saving / downloading.
soil erosion, flood, eutrofication, water pollution, air pollution, • Press Back Button to go to
thermal pollution, global warming, green house effect, climate, previous page.
world’s climate, el nino, la nina, deforestation, endangered
species.

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 Notes— based on presentati on 4
M
R
O
F
Y
G
O
L
IO
B
t -
n E
e
v L
U
re D
p
o O
t M
s
y
a
G
N
I
W
N
R
A
E
L

t
c
e
ff
E

)
s
e
rc
u
o
(s
s
e
s
u
a
C
s
- ie
ti & n f
u o o
h v
it
n
o d ti
f c si e o
o l n
a
st
n
o
o a o di fl a o tic s
e
r
e sl h m ti e
r ie
p
y a
n il
o dn sl
a rh
e lu
o fo
e tin
x cp
e
T m S la F T p D E s
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 The effect of polluted substances 4
Pollutan ts Source Effect to the living things M
R
O
Heavy metal F
Y
G
Smoke & O
L
haze
(jerebu) IO
B
-
E
Carbon
Fossil fuel burning L
monoxide U
D
O
Oxides of M
Fossil fuel burning G
sulphur
N
I
N
Oxides of R
A
nitrogen E
L
Nuclear power
Radioative
plant
Water borne
mikro-
organism

Chemical
Agriculture
fertilizer

Pesticides
(racun Agriculture
perosak)

Global W arm ing—G reen H ouse Effec t

Causes / source
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
How it happen?
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Effect
1 .........................................................................................................................................
2 .........................................................................................................................................
3 .........................................................................................................................................
4 .........................................................................................................................................
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 infrared red (heat) reflected to Ways to prevent 4
space
1 .................................................................. M
.................................................................. R
O
CO2 absorbed the reflected F
ray (heat) 2 .................................................................. Y
.................................................................. G
O
3 ..................................................................
L
.................................................................. IO
B
-
Atmosphere EARTH 4 .................................................................. E
L
.................................................................. U
D
O
Acid R ain M
G
n
oit
N O 2 gas N
I
Causes / source of acid rain gaseous N
a
u ....................................................................... R
q
e Nitrogen dioxide + water —> Nitric acid
l A
a ....................................................................... E
ic L
m Effects
e
h
c NO gas
in— Nitrogen monoxide + water —> Nitrous 1 ..................................................................
ar ..................................................................
acid + water —> Nitric acid
id 2 ..................................................................
c
a
f ..................................................................
o SO 2 gas
n 3 ..................................................................
io
t
a Sulphur dioxide + water —> Sulphuric ..................................................................
m
r acid 4 ..................................................................
o
F ..................................................................

Thinning The Ozone Layer

Note : high intensity of ultra violet light will damage DNA/nucleus/cells.

Source of CFC
Formation of ozone
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
oxygen molecule + oxygen atom —> Ozone
Effects

Destruction—by CFC
1 ..................................................................
CFC (strike by UV ray )—-> chlorine atom ..................................................................
2 ..................................................................
Ozone + chlorine atom (CFC )
..................................................................
—> oxygen molecule + chlorine monoxide
3 ..................................................................
Chlorine monoxide + oxygen atom —> ..................................................................
4 ..................................................................
oxygen molecule + chlorine atom ..................................................................

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Ways to prevent thinning of ozone layer 4
1 ......................................................................................................................................... M
R
O
2 ......................................................................................................................................... F
3 ......................................................................................................................................... Y
G
4 ......................................................................................................................................... O
L
IO
B
Biochemical Oxy gen Dem and (BOD) -
E
L
Definition U
.............................................................................................................................................. D
O
.............................................................................................................................................. M
Relationship with dissolve d oxygen level G
N
I
.............................................................................................................................................. N
.............................................................................................................................................. R
A
E
Eksperiment-measuring BOD value L
• Blue methylene will decolorises in a sort time due to low
level of dissolved oxygen where the oxygen usage by
microbe is high.
• This means the BOD value is high .
• The increase usage of oxygen will reduce the oxygen level
and increase the BOD value. [O2  — BOD ]

The effe ct of high BOD value to aquatic organism .

..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

Eutrophication occur due to the sudden in crease of algae population

and increased the BOD value (low level of dissolved oxygen).

Explain that phenomena. [algae is producing oxygen trough photosynthesis]

..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Why the presence of organic waste or fertilizer will increase the BOD value?
..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
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 Steps for Ma intai ning Stable Envi ronm ent 4
M
Why environment need to be maintained in stable condition ? R
O
.............................................................................................................................................. F
.............................................................................................................................................. Y
G
.............................................................................................................................................. O
L
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
IO
B
-
.............................................................................................................................................. E
L
Steps U
D
O
M
G
Implementation Education The use of Preservation and Biological The use of N
I
of lows technology conservation of control renewable N
the environment energy R
A
4R E
Concept of Land-Water- The efficient L
R ecycle-R euse-R educe-R enew Forest-Mangrove use energy

Technology- Preven tion of Po lluti on

1. Palm oil waste

• Converted into organic fertilizer (baja kompos).
• Breakdown by mikroorganism for production of methane .
• Used in palm oil plant to generate electricity.

2. Exhaust filter
• Complete the combustion of fuel by converting/changing carbon monoxide and other
hidrocarbons into carbon dioxide and water.

3. Funnel filter (penapis cerobong)

• Filters the acid rain gaseous such as nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen monoxide and sulfur
dioxide.

4. Fuel
• Using unleaded petrol .
• Using natural gas and biofuel .

5. Recycle
• Metal, paper and glass.

6. Modern equipments
• To detect the source and level of pollution.

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