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1 LECTURE METHOD is the oldest procedure of teaching. It is widely used in schools and colleges. It is a
good method its cover a wide topic at heights level of college or secondary schools and higher secondary
classes but its success depends on the personality and ability of students.
1 To motivate students.
To add supplement the students To help the students to use their time
reading. wisely
To make an importance matters To explain the major concepts of a
understanding. lesson
To provide background of a topic or to To develop reasoning skill of students
introduce the topic To have a classroom discussion
MERITS OF THE METHOD: To establishes face to face contact. It develops attention span. Students
develop listening and note taking skills.
Students can prepare the notes. It is easy method for new teachers.
DEMERITS OF THE METHOD: It is a teacher centered method not very good for SS. It is a monotonous
tiring and sometimes it becomes a boring method. It brings a lot of burden and reading to the teacher.
DISCUSSION METHOD: The word discussion means exchanging views and debate. Here the discussion
can be among the group of students as a whole group.
1. The teacher of S.S. can use this method when he is using a project method.
2. When he has to share information and ideas from a large group.
3. When one needs to solve a problem, or do thinking and analytical activity in the class.
4. When one obtain information and ideas from a large group of students.
5. When one needs to check or evaluate students’ progress.
FORMS OF DISCUSSION: Formal, debate, classroom, informal, panel, symposium.
1. Preparation:
To make discussion a success the teacher as well as the student must make a careful preparation. The
teacher should do in depth reading of the topic. She should do critical reading, should understand the
arguments well and know the gist of the lesson.
CONDUCTING DISCUSSION:
In this stage the teacher initiates the discussion. He controls process and keeps the students disciplined
and keeps the discussion under control or on the right tract.
• It is based of differences.
• It emphasizes independent study.
• It develops reasoning.
• It develops study habits.
• It is activity oriented.
• It teaches how to study purposefully.
• It helps the teacher to find leadership quality among students.
• It helps in clarifying ideas, issues etc.
• It creates better understanding of the topic, issues, events, ideas or concepts.
EXCURSION METHOD
The word ‘excursion’ means a journey, trip, tour planned for social studies students in which the
students actually visit places or site and has the first hand experience which excursion results in easy,
interesting and effective learning.
It provides ample opportunities to student for ‘seeing’ ‘hearing’ examining, gathering data, and asking
questions, such excursion are most conducive to learning.
1. Decides the get information and details of the site you plan to visit and think of objective for
organizing this trip.
2. Take principal’s permission, take parents’ permission and get an ok from the place you are going
to visit
3. Orient the student about the trip, give them the details, give them a list of the thing you need to
bring
4. Conduct the trip take chaperone with you. Guide the students at the place. Then ask the student
to write a report about their report.
• River Tapi, river Narmada ,Sardar Sarover , some Dame Site, Sea Shores, bird sanctuary, Gir lion
sanctuary.
• Cultural Heritage sites, Champaner, Ahmedabad. Dwarka temple, M. Abu Dera.
• Industrial sites – power stations, manufacturing industrial site, Fertilizer, food packing.
MERITS: DEMERIT:
Role playing, socio drama or creative dramas are used to present a specific situation for study and
discussion. There is no prepared script. It is unrehearsed, speaking parts are not memorized and
minimum properties are used.
1. Role play is a way of bringing situation from real life into the classroom.
2. A role in other words, they pretend to be different person.
3. A situation they pretend to be doing something different both a role $ a situation.
4. In role play, students improvise the situation is fixed but they make up the exact as they go.
Role Play should be followed by discussion about the theme of the role play.
Students can be interviewed about their role.
The audience can say about each role. They can also do the role play by other group of students.
PROJECT METHOD:
Project method is a direct outcome of pragmatism, especially of John Dewey’s educational philosophy.
Pragmatism believes in reality. It is scientific and empirical. It is based on the principle of learning by
doing.
Being influenced by John Dewey, Kilpatrick tried to give project method in 1918. This method is
democratic in nature and it emphasizes social skills and team work.
Source method is an activity oriented method. It is generally used in social studies subject also.
Generally sources mean a person, books or document or picture or actual objects that can provide
information for learning. It is learning directly from the actual sources for examples for social studies
they can be- A contract with the bank – or studying the sample of stone collected from the moon or an
object found from any ancient place can also be studied. One can also take students to museums to find
the objects to study.
It is very important to have a quality current event programmed in school. There are many things
happening around the world. In addition to that issues and events which the student need to understand
especially in the world around them.
Visual aids: Slides, charts, diagrams, film strips, sketches- models, transparency graphs and charts
pictorial material, globes, maps, exhibitions, museums- bulletin boards, excursion.
Audio- visual aids: Motion pictures, television, dramatization, role play. Audio aids, Tapes, CDs,
phonographs discs, radio.
EVELUATION:
TYPES OF EVALUATION:
1. Formative evaluation,
2. Evaluation done prior to any program,
3. Objective, Evaluation includes objective types of tests.
4. Subjective evaluation test items are mostly descriptive.
Summative evaluation
“According to NCERT Evaluation is the process of determining the extent to which an objective is being
attained, the effectiveness of the learning experiences provided in the class room and how well the goals
of education have been accomplished”.
STEPS IN EVALUATION:
Objective
Learning experience
Evaluation techniques
1) Grading students.
2) Maintaining standards.
3) To check effectiveness of the school programmed and the teacher’s performance.
4) To give appropriate guidance to students’.
5) To motivate students.
6) To improve teaching programmed.
7) To modify curriculum.
8) To modify teaching methods