V-1: “doodlebug” or “buzz bomb” – vengeance weapons Germ. research. teams : peenam-nde Tested over the Baltic in ‘42.

June/44: first fell on London

Carried 1,870 pound warhead , 360 mph, 150 mile range
V-2: 10.3.42- first successful launch at peenem-nde. 10.6.44- first fired against paris range 200 miles
airpower vs subs: Battle of Atlantic(39-40)Aircrafts spot subs on surface and shallow depths. airborne radar find subs
Pearl harbor What: japan attacked pearl harbor. dec 7, 1941. Aftermath: sank 4 US battleships, damaged 4 more, sank 3 cruisers, 3 destroyers, and one
minelayer, killed 2,402 and wounded 1282. Caused the US to enter WWII
Atomic bombs 8/6,9 ’45 on Hiroshima & Nagasaki- killed 100,000. to make Japan surrender, keep Soviets out of war & peace agreement, show US power
Invasion of Poland: post- WWI, some of Germ. given to Poland. Hitler wanted it back. start of WWII. 9.1.39. Germ. and Soviets invaded Poland, defeated the
army within weeks. Britain and France to declare war on Germany.
WWII: Sep 1, 1939-Sep 2, 1945; most of the world. Allies (US, UK, Soviets)Axis (German, Japan, Italy). U S and G.B. built their pre-war air power strategy
around strategic bombing. militaries believed with airplanes, could win a w. with single massive bombing mission, saving soldiers. ethical issues arose, making
political leaders hesitate to approve decisive actions killing civilians. Nagasaki, Hiroshima, Bombing of Tokyo, Dresden,controversial bombing campaigns.
Battle of Britain: (Luftwaffe and RAF-July-October, 1940) German plan to get command of air by destroying British fighter forces. entailed striking airfields,
shooting down interceptors, destroying the communications centers and radar sites, hitting aircraft factories. British plan equally simple-shoot down German
aircraft in numbers to prevent Germans from achieving objectives. After a change in strategy, Luftwaffe began to lose ground and Hitler called off the attacks.
-FM100-20: Manual promoting British doctrine stressing idea that Land Power and Air Power=equally important. Land forces w.o. air forces deemed inferior.
mobility of both must be used to max. ability. 1st priority, gain necessary degree of air superiority, 2nd pri= Interdiction and 3rd priority was close operation.
(Air Marshal Arthur Mary Coningham - 1st to sell this idea of equality)
THE COLD WAR (1945-1991) part 3 132-161Military Objectives in the post WWII world
* deter nuclear war. Deterrence:ability to create fear in potential aggressor that attack will cost more than it will gain
o Under the nuclear deterrence doctrine…..
+ first strike capability: such big strike, enemy can’t hit you back hard. No one came close to this during cold war. + second strike capability: having enough
weaponry in store that if your enemy strikes, you can hit him back harder + counterforce strategy: aiming at enemy’s weapons + countervalue targeting
strategy: aiming at their economy, population, culture, etc.+ mutual assured destruction (MAD): a doctrine of military strategy based on the theory of
deterrence in which both sides try to avoid the worst outcome by having just as many or more nukes as other side. ie: a threat – hopefully an empty one +
Nuclear utilization theory (NUT): doctrine of military strategy based on the opposite of MAD. There may be times to use nuclear weapons to defeat the enemy.
* defend vital national interests o ex: Containment (a part of “defend vital national interests”) in the Cold War:
+ pros: isolationism proven to fail, real&unavoidable commie threat, cost=low, nuclear war avoided, Free World! + cons: threat inflated, costs too high for
benefit, continental involvements illogical, both sides oversimplified intl’l conflict, losses>successes, alienated people, created domestic turmoil, both sides lost
+ criticisms: consid’d “American Way of War,” ideological simplicity, reluctance to suffer heavy casualties or serve in milit., and/or a reliance on technology.
Nuclear Strategists’ Creed: “Weapons that kill weapons are bad, weapons that kill people are good.” –logic of it is it shows the magnitude of nuclear warfare.
US Ballistic Missiles: development began during WWII. By 1950, the size of nuclear warheads had declined to the point that missile technology became more
practical/realistic, which also led to the development of tactical nukes (bombs that could be delivered by almost every aircraft). ICBMs advanced – these are
long-range missiles that deliver multiple nuclear warheads. Basically, a prime example of the development of nuclear warfare.
Lessons of WWII (that carried over into the Cold War) * efficacy of strategic bombing * importance of Independence for the Air Mission (mainly strategic
bombing) * role of technology (specifically in airpower)
Airpower even more important after WWII with increasing importance on nuclear weapons. During the Cold War, nuclear weapons viewed as power, more
“bang for your buck.” At that time, there no moral, political & military limits.
Korean War (1950-1953): airpower had unique role. planes not adequate for the missions – long flights from Japan, field capability, incompatible radio
systems to communicate with ground forces. interdiction not as useful as it was in Europe. instead, they used what they had and improved upon them. use of
strategic bombers in Korea raised problems, one- lack of suitable targets, most devastation did little to end war. An imp. develop. was use of helicopters for
tactical missions. Also creation of “Aviation Branch” of Army, now possesses more “aircraft” than entire US Air Force.
Arab-Israeli Wars (1948-1982): the use of airpower was limited and episodic – there were no comprehensive air campaigns because the air forces were
limited in numbers and technical sophistication.
Vietnam War (1959-1975): 1st US air units to arrive in Vietnam were Army helicopters to support advisory missions in 1961. Interdiction = impossible. In
guerrilla war primary use of air power to provide “flying artillery” for units and insert ground troops in difficult terrain – or pick them up. Vietnam raised
strategic questions about utility of strategic bombing and/or interdiction bombing in unconventional warfare, the psychological and moral implications of
bombing, and the complexities of using air power in a conflict where the political implications of the air war were so “sensitive.”
Colonel John Warden III –what: wrote The Air Campaign: Planning for Combat when: 1988 where: U.S. Significance: there was a need in the mid 1980’s to
work on a doctrine that identified strengths and weaknesses of air operations. It combined conceptualization and evolving technologies like precision guided
weapons and computer processing. The new approach after Vietnam created a whole new array of capabilities for the Air Force.
Warden’s theory of strategic attack (see above) Target: mind of enemy leadership then mechanism: partial/total system paralysis then desired result:
(in)voluntary policy change
The War of the Falklands- who: Argentines and British what-high intensity campaign by British naval and ground forces to reclaim the Falklands and South
Georgia Islands occupied by Argentines. When: 1982. Where: Falklands and South Georgia Islands. Significance: some saw this war as significant with
indications regarding the technological and doctrinal trends of the time. Specifically, the importance of this war was found in the role of guided weapons in
each phase of conflict.
Desert Storm- who: Iraq and US. What: battle to reinforce the Saudi Arabian border and liberate Kuwait after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. When: 1990.
Where: Kuwait. Significance: showed the importance of precision guided weapons for the U.S. in determining a decisive win. Also, the tonnage of bombs
dropped on Iraqi forces equaled 85% of what was dropped on the Axis powers in WWII.
Kosovo- who: NATO vs. Yugoslavian government. What: bombing of Kosovo to force withdrawal of Yugoslavian troops. When: 1999. Where: Kosovo.
Significance: This bombing sparked interest in the traditional debate of the ability of independent air power to be decisive. Also, this bombing marked the
second major combat operation in NATO’s history.
Afghanistan:U.S. vs. Taliban. What: allied air campaign,“war on terrorism”: 2001-2008. Signif: air campaign caused ppl question air power bc enemy = hard
to identify. aerial bombing kills more than intended target, but despite critics’ predictions, pin point bombing helped break Taliban’s will. Air pow = essential
in campaign b.c. of rugged terrain.
The 2nd war in Iraq: 2003-2008,who US, ability of US shock and awe campaign was publicised, but most effective= close air support. Apache attack
helicopters took many losses. UAVs proved important in iraq, used for reconnaissance.
June 2006 Air strike in Iraq: killed Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, commander of Al-Qaeda Iraq. 2 5-16s dropped 2 500 lb bombs. some critics called it overkill.
command of the sea; philos. in wwii in ‘40s, by all parties, ability to use sea however u want & deny it to enemies.
Carrier task force: us navy devel. in wwii, naval aviation. heart of us naval power from pearl harbor thru 2000. $40 bil. to build each, controversy over if they
were worth it. critics: missile ships provide same capabilities at less cost
turbojet airlineers: emerged in US and russia in 50s, like Boeing, marked beginnign of civil aviation.
3. atomic bomb hearlded in new age in warfare, air power was final abriter of conflict (buckley)
needed to manage new nuclear technology (buckley)
american nat security based on deterrence and collective defense (gross)
armed air force advocates began saying the only thing that could threaten US was a suprise attack from air, so US must develop atomic
deterrnece, thus land and maritime forces were retundant(buckley)
Americans had to buil a large peacetime military force for first time in republic’s history (gross)
during wwii USAAF said we needed standing postwar force to undertake large offensive combat operations. no time to mobilize scientific,
industrial and manpower resources.
An independent air force was created via the National Security Act of 1947, which established basic framework for postwar American defense
organization
After WWII Americans wanted to contain Soviet-inspierd communist expansion without starting another war. (NATO 1949). (gross)
Following the immense build up of aviation during the war and recognition of the strength of airpower, Truman created the Air Force to be
truly separate, giving it strategic and tactical aircraft
took several years of bitter arguments after WWII to sort out US national security policy. there were unresolved questions after WWII about
the role of air power and atomic bombs. Amid demobilization and dramatic declines in military spending, services fell into habit of arguing
about negotiation national strategy (gross)
achieved what airmen had been struggling for since end of WWI, Army Air Forces were transformed into the U.S. Air Force. legislation saved
naval aviation functions, aviation word serve both army and navy.
had to digest the implications of atomic weapons (gross)
Its first test in 1949, Airlifted supplies over the Berlin wall and ended the soviet blockade of Berlin (Gross)
repersented a shift to strategic bombing, us had the world’s most powerful air power, needed to organize to prevent nuclear war and contain
communism.
age of total war is gone but we cannot uninvent atomic capabilities (buckley)
Korea and Vietnam were limited and did not use air power as much, since age of total war is over (buckley and gross)

4. “Weapons that kill weapons are bad, weapons that kill people are good” refers to a nuclear strategy called deterrence, which is the ability to
create fear in the mind of a potential aggressor that an attack will cost more than it will gain and thereby prevent attack. Under the second strike
capabilitiy, a country has enough weaponry in store that if another country strikes first, that country can hit back harder. Under this theory,
nuclear weapons (weapons that kill people) will not be utilized. Weapons that kill people are “good” because their potential to incur amounts of
destruction and death will keep anyone from using nuclear weapons against them for fear of retribution. By constrast, typical weapons, like
bombs on industrial sites, do not deter as much because the outcome of such a strike is not as horrific. Historically, this is a valid doctrine
because there hasn’t been any nuclear warfare between countries with nuclear arms build up. In Nagasaki and Hiroshima, the U.S. knew the
Japan could not strike back, but in the Cold War, both sides had nuclear weapons and neither used them against the other, because of
deterrence. Buckley notes claims that the fear of nuclear warfare was crucial into keeping the USA and the USSR out of open military conflict.
So does air power and total war coupled with nuclear weapons mean full scale war was no longer viable? Since emergence of potential nuclear
destruction, liklihood of long attritional wars between major power sis almost eliminated, says Buckley.

5. The most important repercussion of the atomic bomb regarding the role of air power was its heralding in of a new age of warfare, whereit
was clear air power would be the final arbitrer of conflict. it developed a new independent air force in 1947. I define importance by the most
lasting repurcussion, which is why it’s the air force because it still exists today. the air force became influential in many future conflicts,
including the berlin airlift leading to the ending the blackate in berlin in 1949. it also led to the end of total war according to Buckley, because
the fear of nuclear warfare kept USA and USSR out of open nuclear conflict, making full scale war no longer viable. it also displayed the
power of US, leading to deterrence and the end of total war.

Kammhuber Line: German night air defense system, est. July 1940. Used to illuminate British fighters. Utilized night intruders - don't wait for the Brits to get
to Germany, instead get Brits when they take off. But didn't prove effective. Technology later improved night air raids. similar camouflage techniques:
"window," which means dropping aluminum strips to create coverage. another tactic is using clouds for coverage.
Bombing of Dresden: Feb. 13-15, 1945. Firestorms erupted and about 40,000 people died. Controversial because arguably the war was already coming to an
end - unnecessary. Also, Dresden is a civilian, cultural town, with no military advantages to destroying them.
The Blitz: The continuation of German attacks on Britain, primarily by night raids, from Oct. 1940-May 1941. Costly attack on Nov. 14 on Coventry. The
center of the city was gutted, the medieval cathedral destroyed, and British fighter production temporarily cut by 20%. The rate of the Blitz was dictated by the
weather. The rate increased in Feb. Randomly stopped, maybe b/c of cost?